BIO 111: Exam 4

GM bacteria - bioremediation

break down toxic chemicals in the environment; used successfully for large oil spills, and against toxic levels of mercury

GM bacteria - protection of plants

effects of freezing, insect predation

GM bacteria - production of biotechnology products

human insulin, vaccines for hepatitis B, clotting factors for hemophilia, human growth hormone, and interferons used in cancer treatment

cisgenic

is modified DNA to alter the physical characteristics of the organism

RNA interference

Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex.

Adaptation to changing environmental conditions Response to external stimuli Processing of energy and materials Reproduction

DNA functions to help cells sustain the activities required for life. Select all of the following activities of a cell that are required for life.

Bacteria can be modified with genes for enzymes that break down toxic chemicals, including mercury and oil, allowing bacteria to be used to remediate contaminated sites.

How can bacteria be genetically modified to be used to help the environment?

It helps determine if genes are present or not within a section of DNA.

How do DNA probes allow for the analysis of genes of interest?

They have had their PPO gene silenced, so it no longer produces the enzyme responsible for browning.

How have the gene in arctic apples been modified?

Information is stored in the order of the nitrogenous bases within a molecule of DNA. This order directs the formation of proteins, which control our traits.

How is information stored within DNA? Select the best response.

Those genes of interest must be incorporated into the genome of the plant.

Once scientists have identified genes of interest and isolated them from their original cells and introduced any necessary changes to them, what must occur before a GMO plant can be created?

1. Information within DNA is converted into a strand of mRNA 2. A strand of mRNA travels from the nucleus to a ribosome within the cytoplasm 3. Information within an mRNA molecule is converted into a polypeptide strand

Place the following stages of gene expression in order to summarize the process.

1. DNA polymerase and a primer are added to the DNA fragment to be sequenced. 2. DNA is replicated and fluorescent labeled nucleotides are added, halting replication with its addition, resulting in different length sequences of DNA that are complimentary to the original sequence 3. A laser and photo detector are used to read the colors of the fluorescently labeled nucleotide ending each sequence 4. A read out displays a series of peaks, each peak corresponding to a different nucleotide

Place the following steps in order to recall the process of DNA sequencing.

DNA is a double helix. The inner rungs of the DNA helix are composed of complementary nitrogen bases. DNA has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups.

Select all of the description of the structure of a DNA molecule.

They divide rapidly, allowing their products to be produced quickly. They can be grown in large quantities in a small amount of space. They have a small genome and contain plasmids.

Select all of the folllowing reasons why bacteria make ideal organisms for genetic modification.

Animals may be genetically modified with human genes for the purpose of growing organs for human organ transplant. Animals may be genetically modified with genes to produce biotechnology products, including proteins or pharmaceutical compounds. Animals may be genetically modified with human genes to study treatments for diseases, including cystic fibrosis and cancer.

Select all of the statements that are true and describe examples of genetically modified animals.

The instructions for protein synthesis are located within the nucleus, but the ribosomes needed for protein synthesis are located within the cytoplasm of the cell. The instructions in DNA are coded for with four different nitrogenous bases, but proteins are composed of amino acids.

Select all of the statements that reflect challenges that gene expression must overcome.

Plants are being modified to lack harmful chemicals contained in wild plants. Plants are being modified to resist the impacts of climate change.

Which statements best summarize the research being done to develop the next generation of GMO plants?

Polymerase chain reaction

Uses automated processes to create replicates of genes or DNA segments

DNA sequencing

Uses automated processes to determine the sequence of specific sections of DNA

Gene cloning

Uses bacteria to create exact copies of genes or segments of DNA

DNA probes

Uses fluorescent labeled single-stranded pieces of DNA to bind to specific target sequences and determine the presence of genes of interest

Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels Increases in global surface temperatures Changes in precipitation patterns, with some areas experiencing drought and others experiencing flooding

What are some of the impacts caused by global climate change that have necessitated the development of GMOs?

It determines the exact sequence of nucleotides in a gene or piece of DNA.

What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?

Watson and Crick discover the structure of DNA.

Which event came first in the creation of genetically modified organisms?

Genetically modified potatoes that do not produce harmful chemicals when fried. Crop plants that produce more food with fewer resources.

Which of the following describe examples of genetically modified plants?

They are genetically modified to produce hormones, vaccines, and blood clotting factors.

Which of the following is a reason why bacteria are genetically modified?

Genes for herbicide resistance may transfer from genetically modified plants to weed species, creating "super weeds" that are resistant to herbicides.

Which of the following is a risk associated with gene transfer?

There is a risk of harming non-target species, especially with GM herbicide resistant and Bt crops. There is a risk of adverse human reactions, including allergic reactions. There is a risk of gene transfer between plants.

Which of the following is a risk of using genetically modified plants?

They can be modified to resist herbicides and insect predation.

Which of the following provides an example of how plants can be genetically modified?

They inserted the genes from a frog into a plasmid and transferred the plasmid into E. coli bacteria. They used recombinant DNA technology to insert plasmids containing genes for antibiotic resistance into E. coli bacteria.

Which of the following statement(s) best describes the work of Boyer and Cohen.

Genes are specific sections of DNA that control the production of proteins or other products. Genes may produce proteins or other gene products, including RNA.

Which of the following statements is true regarding genes?

Using A. tumefaciens as a vector Microparticle bombardment RNA interference

Which process allows scientists to transform plants into genetically modified plants?

Uses primers to introduce changes to the nucleotide sequence and then replicates the novel sequence in large quantities.

Which process best summarizes site-introduced mutagenesis through PCR?

sexual reproduction

Which process is responsible for the genetic variation seen in species as the result of selective breeding?

Genes for biotechnology products of interest are removed from their original source, inserted into a plasmid and transferred into bacteria. Bacteria express these gene products during protein synthesis.

Which statement best describes how genetically modified bacteria are used to manufacture biotechnology products?

The sequence of nucleotides can be compared to determine the presence of mutations or differences that may result in genetic disorders.

Which statement depicts how DNA sequencing can be used to analyze genomes?

Using primers to introduce changes to the nucleotide sequence and then replicates the novel sequence in large quantities. Using the Cas9 enzyme to remove and replace specific sections of nucleotides.

Which statements describe processes that scientists use to introduce mutations into DNA?

transgenic

organism has DNA from two different species

GM bacteria - synthesis of organic chemicals

produce biofuels and other organic chemicals for use in manufacturing

intragenic

rearranged DNA

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Mutagenesis

the intentional introduction of a change into the genetic material of a cell or organism

gene transfer

the lateral movement of genes between species