BIO 111 Mastering Biology Module 5 (chapter 7) Reading Review
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
ATP
Energy from catabolism provides the energy to form ATP from ADP plus Pi. The breakdown of ATP to ADP plus Pi provides energy for cellular work. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of these statements?
ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store chemical energy for cellular work.
Structure A is _____.
ATP synthase
Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of
ATP, CO2, and ethanol.
What molecules belong in space A and B?
glucose and oxygen
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
glycolysis
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
oxygen
What process occurs in structure H?
photosynthesis
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
pyruvate ... NADH
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
6
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
2
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?
2
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
Select the correct statement about cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level.
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?
Fermentation
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy "currency" in the form of ATP?
Glucose
In the process of cellular respiration, what is consumed, and what is produced?
Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.
What process occurs in Box A?
Glycolysis
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
Glycolysis
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the __________.
H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase
A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?
It is stored in NADH and FADH2
Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis?
It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.
What does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? How might the amino acid sequences of the ATP synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
It suggests that the organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, arose from a(n) ENDOSYMBIOTIC relationship with BACTERIA early in evolutionary time. If the ATP synthases arose independently for each cases, i.e., through CONVERGENT evolution, you would expect very DIFFERENT amino acid sequences.
A man interested in losing weight and increasing his fitness followed a strict diet and exercise regimen for three months. Body fat analysis indicated that the man had lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat by following this exercise and diet program. What is the most likely form by which the fat left his body?
It was released as CO2 and H2O.
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
In cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain?
The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates.
Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation.
The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.
In most cells, not all of the carbon compounds that participate in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are converted to carbon dioxide by cellular respiration. What happens to the carbon in these compounds that does not end up as CO2?
The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules.
How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast?
The individual's ATP production will not change significantly.
Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct?
The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
True
True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
True
Two molecules with the chemical formulas C6H12O6 and C6H12O2 are probably
a monosaccharide and a fatty acid.
During intense exercise, as human muscle cells switch from respiration to fermentation, the cells will increase their catabolism of which of the following energy-containing molecules?
carbohydrates only
What molecules belong in spaces E and F?
carbon dioxide and water
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
What organelle is indicated by the letter C?
mitochondrion
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
During alcohol fermentation in yeast, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by which of the following processes?
reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
What process occurs within Box B?
the citric acid cycle
Which of the following is the most important result of the process of cellular respiration in biological systems?
transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work
The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?
water