Bio 112 chapter 13 Quiz/Multiple choice study test

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____. A. any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time B. AIDS should gradually become less variable with a lower mutation rate C. humans will develop weaker immune systems as an evolutionary response to natural selection D. individual humans will evolve to become immune to AIDS as long as they are exposed to it as young children

A

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift A. has more effect on the evolution of a small population. B. causes populations to become better adapted to their environments. C. occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population. D. always increases the frequency of brown alleles in the population. E. has more effect on the evolution of a large population.

A

In the normal course of evolution and adaptation, what is the most likely way for wings to develop in a tetrapod (four-limbed organism)? A. The forelimbs (or possibly hind limbs) will be used for the new purpose of flight. This new function will arise through many gradual steps, and there will be aspects of the wing that reflect its history and are not perfectly suited for flight. B. A new, third pair of limbs will form. Unlike the other four limbs, these wings will have a lightweight skeletal structure that is designed "from scratch" and is perfectly suited for supporting flight. C. A major mutation will produce new limbs, called wings, with a skeletal structure suited to flight. If this does not happen, flight cannot be achieved. D. The forelimbs (or hind limbs) will be used for the new purpose of flight. Natural selection will totally rearrange the elements of the skeleton to perfect the limb for its new function as a wing.

A

Organisms that possess homologous structures probably __________. A. share a common ancestor that also had this structure B. by chance had similar mutations in the past C. use these homologous structures for the same purpose D. live in a similar environment

A

Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated. A. The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency. B. The sickle cell allele frequency will not be affected. C. The sickle cell allele will increase in frequency.

A

Which of the following is a misconception regarding natural selection? A. Natural selection progressively refines organisms' adaptations, eventually leading to perfection. B. Natural selection can only act to diminish or amplify heritable traits. C. There is a struggle for existence among individuals because organisms tend to produce far more offspring than the environment can support. D. Individuals do not evolve; populations do.

A

Which would be a good example of intrasexual selection? A. Male elephant seals use their huge bodies to batter each other in battles for access to mates. B. Bright-colored male bluebirds are more attractive to mates than dull-colored individuals. C. Female birds discriminate among potential mates and choose their partners based on the quality of the song. D. Male elk suffer heavy wolf predation because of their large antlers, producing selection against increased antler size in the population.

A

How did Dr. Allison test his hypothesis that sickle cell disease was connected to malaria? Select all that apply. A. He expanded his study area beyond Kenya to the rest of East Africa to see if malaria and sickle disease were connected. B. He evaluated blood samples for malaria parasites and the presence of sickle cells. C. He looked for the underlying genetic mechanism causing sickle cell disease. D. He studied the way that the malaria parasite interacts with sickle cells.

A and B

How does Dr. Allison's work provide an example of natural selection in humans? Select all that apply. A. In areas without malaria, individuals with two sickle cell alleles reproduced at lower rates than those without sickle cell disease. B. In areas with malaria, individuals with one sickle cell allele reproduced at higher rates than those with no sickle cell alleles. C. In areas with malaria, natural selection causes individuals to acquire the sickle cell allele as protection against malaria. D. Natural selection caused the sickle cell allele to appear in east African populations

A and B

The Grants witnessed strong selection during droughts in 1977 and 1985. Compare the two droughts. Select all that apply. A. Both droughts resulted in changes to food sources that favored the survival of some medium ground finches over others. B. In both droughts, large-beaked medium ground finches had the highest survival rates. C. Both droughts events provided strong natural selection on medium ground finch populations. D. In both droughts, small-beaked medium ground finches had the highest survival rates.

A and C

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to predict: The frequency of homozygous recessive cats in the next generation. A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

A) .16

What is the frequency of cats with short tails in the population? A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

A) .16

Suppose that, with regard to a particular gene with two alleles, A and a, we know that 60% of the alleles in the gene pool of a particular large population are A. We observe this population for five generations, during which we know that no mutation, selection, or migration has occurred. After this period, the frequency of the a allele is expected to be _____. A) 0.4 B) 0.6 C) 0.16 D) 0.25

A) 0.4

Which three statements may correctly explain why the population size increases after time point C? select all that apply. A. Between time points C and D, drug-resistant bacteria were reproducing faster than non-drug resistant bacteria were dying. B. The few drug-resistant bacteria in the population reproduced, quickly leading to a large drug- resistant population. C. Bacteria that acquired a mutation that conferred drug- resistance had a growth advantage over non-resistant bacteria. D. The population increase just after time point C indicates that antibiotic use was discontinued. E. Because the population grew more rapidly after time point C, the bacteria must have acquired a second drug- resistance mutation.

A, B and C

What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? Select all that apply. A. Natural selection acts on traits. B. Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. C. Mutations are caused by selective pressure dependent on environmental conditions. D. Natural selection favors some mutations.

A, B and D

The film defines species as populations whose members don't interbreed. What keeps different Galápagos finch species from mating? Select all that apply. A. Males only court females that have a similar beak and similar size. B. Geographic isolation and different environments led to changes in traits that affected mating. C. Individuals recognize and only respond to songs of their own species. D. One population eats mostly small, soft seeds and the other population eats mostly large, hard seeds.

A, B andC

Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change? Select all that apply. A. genetic drift B. mutation C. natural selection D. gene flow

A, B, C and D

In 1977, medium ground finches on Daphne Major experienced a severe drought. The figure shows the beak depths of the initial population before the drought (red bars) and of the drought survivors (black bars). What do the data show? Select all that apply. A.More than one-half of the initial population died during the drought. B. Finches with larger beaks had a survival advantage in the 1977 drought. C. The most common beak size of the initial population was 8.8 millimeters. A very small proportion (~5%) of the initial population with this beak size survived. D. The most common beak size of the surviving population was 10.3 millimeters. A very small proportion (~5%) of the initial population with this beak size survived.

A, B, and C

In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you? Select all that apply. A. Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. B. Dark color evolved only once in rock pocket mice. C. Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. D. Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. E. There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur.

A, C, D and E

Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image?

A. B. C. D. ans: A

In human gamete production there is an average of _____ crossover events per chromosome pair. A. 2-3 B. 9-10 C. 5-6 D. 0-1 E. 10+

A. 2-3

_______________favors phenotypes at both ends of a range over intermediate phenotypes. This type of selection may occur when the habitat is varied. A. Disruptive selection B. sexual dimorphism C. Directional selection D. Stabilizing selection E. mate choice F. Intrasexual selection

A. Disruptive selection

BioFlix Activity: Mechanisms of Evolution -- Which Mechanism? New individuals move into a population. A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift

A. Gene flow

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called___________________________. A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

A. Natural selection

Evolution that occurs by ___________________ results in nonrandom reproductive success and adaptive change. A. Natural selection B. genetic drift C. gene flow D. microevolution

A. Natural selection

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions? A. Stabilizing selection B. Disruptive selection C. Directional selection

A. Stabilizing selection

As in the previous question, suppose there is a population of 100 rabbits that have different fur patterns. In this population several generations ago, there were 60 FF rabbits, 20 Ff rabbits, and 20 ff rabbits. Over time, the population changed, and now there are 40 FF rabbits, 40 Ff rabbits, and 20 ff rabbits. Has microevolution occurred? Why or why not? A. Yes, because the allele frequencies have changed. B. No, because the population size has not changed. C. No, because the number of ff rabbits has not changed. D. Yes, because time has passed.

A. Yes, because the allele frequencies have changed.

A large population of mice is isolated on an island. There are two varieties of the mice, brown and gray. Their fur colors closely match the gray rock outcrops and brown soils of the island. Hawks are their main predators. This situation most likely reflects the outcome of __________. A. disruptive natural selection B. genetic drift C. stabilizing natural selection D. directional natural selection

A. disruptive natural selection

Consider a population of birds living on an island. Suppose several individuals of the same species from a different population migrate to the island. Due to the arrivial of the new birds, the allele frequencies in the original population change. What mechanism of microevolution is at work in this example? A. gene flow B. natural selection C. genetic drift

A. gene flow

Can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?(flow Chart) 1. Unique collection of marsupial mammals in Australia 2. Resemblance of island species to nearby mainland species A.Biogeography B. Anatomical and molecular homologies C.Fossil Record D.Observation of natural selection in action

A.Biogeography

Can you identify the process by which camouflage causes a beetle population to undergo natural selection? (Flow Chart) Brown beetles survive to reproduce more often than green beetles do. The brown allele increases in frequency. A.Change in population B. Selective Pressure C. Environmental change

A.Change in population

Can you identify the process by which natural selection acts on an insect population exposed to pesticides? (flow chart) The surviving insects reproduce. the frequency of the resistant insects in the population increases. A.Change in population B. Selective Pressure C. Environmental change

A.Change in population

A geneticist studied a large grass population growing in an area of erratic rainfall and found that plants with alleles for curled leaves reproduced better in dry years and plants with alleles for flat leaves reproduced better in wet years. This situation would __________. A. lead to uniformity in the grass population B. preserve the variability in the grass population C. cause genetic drift in the grass population D. lead to directional selection in the grass population

B

How did the Grants test their hypothesis that differences in birds' songs can keep different species of finches from breeding with one another? A. They placed stuffed female finches onto branches to see if males would respond. B. They played the songs of medium ground finches and cactus finches through a loudspeaker to see which species responded to each song. C. They observed which birds were mating with each other and listened for the songs the birds were singing. D. They recorded birds singing on the island of Daphne Major to see which type of song was sung more often by each species.

B

In Europe at the time Darwin voyaged on HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted explanation of the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species _________ A.arose continually from nonliving materials by spontaneous generation B. had been created rapidly by a divine creator a few thousand years before C. had evolved from now-extinct organisms D. were all related to one another

B

Natural selection and evolution are two terms that are sometimes confused, even by first year biology students. What is the relation between natural selection and evolution? A. Any phenomenon that causes evolution is natural selection. B. Natural selection is one of several mechanisms of evolution. C. When natural selection is occurring, evolution is not, and vice versa. D. Natural selection happens over long periods of time; evolution is a short-term process.

B

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat? A. The HIV virus can survive harsh conditions for years as a dormant particle. B. The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation. C. The HIV virus replicates its genome with a great deal of precision (i.e., has a low mutation rate). D. The HIV virus has a special protein coat that protects it from attack by all known human immune defenses.

B

When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true? A. If dark-colored mice had a competitive advantage of 5%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have black fur. B. If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur. C. Dark-colored rock pocket mice, in this population, have fewer offspring than light-colored rock pocket mice. D. If dark-colored mice had a competitive advantage of 10%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have black fur.

B

Which best describes the fossil record? A. The fossil record is the sequence in which fossils are found in layers of sedimentary rock. It is chaotic (jumbled), making it difficult to find any consistent patterns in life's evolution. B. The fossil record is the highly ordered sequence in which fossils are found in layers of sedimentary rock. C. The fossil record is a database in which fossil names and dates are collected. D. The fossil record is a sequence of fossils arranged from oldest (top layers of rock) to youngest (bottom layers of rock).

B

Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies? A. There is a reproductive advantage to having a dark belly. B. There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators. C. Mutations causing dark bellies do not occur. D. White bellies are an important part of camouflage.

B

If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true? Select all that apply. A. The person is heterozygous at the hemoglobin locus. B. The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus. C. The person is susceptible to malaria. D. The person is protected against malaria.

B and C

What is the frequency of cats that are homozygous dominant in the population? A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

B) .36

Approximately one out of every 2,500 Caucasians in the United States is born with the recessive genetic disorder cystic fibrosis. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers? A) 96 in 100 B) 1 in 25 C) 1 in 50 D) 1 in 10

B) 1 in 25

Population of rabbits. There are ten individuals. Seven of them have brown fur. Three have brown fur with white spots. All spotted rabbits have the genotype double lowercase f. Four of the all-brown rabbits have the genotype double uppercase F, and three of them have the genotype uppercase F lowercase f. How many different fur color alleles are in this rabbit population? A)1 B)2 C)3 D)4

B)2

Population of rabbits. There are ten individuals. Seven of them have brown fur. Three have brown fur with white spots. All spotted rabbits have the genotype double lowercase f. Four of the all-brown rabbits have the genotype double uppercase F, and three of them have the genotype uppercase F lowercase f. How many different phenotypes are in this rabbit population? A)1 B)2 C)3 D)4

B)2

Can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?(flow Chart) 1. Similar forelimb anatomy in different species of mammals 2. Same genetic language of DNA and similar genes in yeasts. fruitflies and humans A.Biogeography B. Anatomical and molecular homologies C.Fossil Record D.Observation of natural selection in action

B. Anatomical and molecular homologies

Which of the following events could NOT be caused by a population bottleneck? A. Loss of alleles B. Increased population size C. Changes in allele frequency D. Reduction in genetic variability

B. Increased population size

A prominent tail helps the peacock attract mate. A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift

B. Natural selection

Camouflage enables this insect to evade predators. A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift

B. Natural selection

The bird's beak is well-suited for cracking seeds. A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift

B. Natural selection

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more ____________________ than other members of a population. A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

B. Offspring

Can you identify the process by which camouflage causes a beetle population to undergo natural selection? (Flow Chart) Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birdseed more green beetles. A.Change in population B. Selective Pressure C. Environmental change

B. Selective Pressure

The total collection of alleles in a population at a given time is the population's _________________. A. mutation B. gene pool C. population D. allele E. microevolution

B. gene pool

Evolution that occurs by ---------------- results in a change in a population's gene pool due to chance. A. Natural selection B. genetic drift C. gene flow D. microevolution

B. genetic drift

The evolution of populations due to chance is_______________ A. gene flow. B. genetic drift. C. genetic variation. D. has more effect in large populations than in small populations. natural selection.

B. genetic drift.

In sexual selection, individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates than other individuals. This often results in _________________, differences between the sexes in size, appearance, and behavior. A. Disruptive selection B. sexual dimorphism C. Directional selection D. Stabilizing selection E. mate choice F. Intrasexual selection

B. sexual dimorphism

Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____. A. nonsister chromatids of nonhomologous chromosomes B. sister chromatids of nonhomologous chromosomes C. nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes D. sex cells and somatic cells E. sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

C

Genetic evidence supports which of the following explanations for the presence of 13 different finch species on the Galápagos islands? A. Many years ago, more than 13 different species of birds migrated to the islands. The current 13 finch species are the only species that survived. B. Each of the 13 species migrated to the islands at different times over the years. C. Many years ago, a small population of a single finch species migrated to the islands and evolved into the current 13 species. D. The 13 species have existed on the Galápagos islands since the islands first formed.

C

Natural selection is best described as _____. A. a creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature B. a forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation C. a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations D. a completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution

C

Suppose that every few years, all people over 6 feet tall do not have any children. How will this affect the human population? A. Genetic drift will play less of a role in the evolution of humans. B. It will increase in number since shorter people use fewer resources than taller people. C. Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency. D. Gene flow will increase. E. The mutation rate will increase.

C

What was significant to Darwin about the fauna and flora of the Galápagos Islands? A. The organisms there were similar to fossils found elsewhere, indicating that the Galápagos chain held many ancient species. B. The organisms there were the same as those seen on similar island environments around the world C. The species were similar to South American species, indicating common descent, but they had been extensively modified and were well-adapted to island life. D. The species on the Galápagos Islands were not similar to those anywhere else, indicating that they had been created specifically to inhabit this environment.

C

Which example below presents a misconception about how antibiotic resistance develops? A. If people do not take the full antibiotic treatment as prescribed, some microbes carrying the potential for resistance may be more likely to survive and prosper. B. Heavy use of antibiotics in hospitals produces selection pressure for antibiotic resistance in resident bacterial populations. C. Individual bacteria and viruses become immune to antibiotics after they are exposed to them. Eventually the antibiotics are useless. D. Antibiotics are often added to livestock feed. This selects for antibiotic resistance in bacteria found in and around livestock facilities. Thus, many meat products sold in supermarkets contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

C

Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice? A. Individuals change color to blend in with the environment. B. There is dark lava rock in the area where they live. C. They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color. D. Predators eat light-colored rock pocket mice.

C

Why is natural selection considered to be the most important mechanism of microevolution? A. Natural selection allows individuals in a population to develop adaptations and thus evolve over their lifetimes. B. Natural selection relies on chance events to produce adaptions in populations. C. Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive changes in populations. D. Natural selection always causes recessive alleles to increase in frequency in the population.

C

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation and your answer to question 2 to estimate the frequency of the recessive allele t in the next generation. A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

C) .40

What is the frequency of the t allele in the gene pool of this population? A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

C) .40

Suppose there is a population of 100 rabbits. In this population, 60 rabbits are FF, 20 are Ff, and 20 are ff. What is the allele frequency for the F allele in this population's gene pool? A) 0.5 B) 0.6 C) 0.7 D) 0.8

C) 0.7

In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease, an autosomal recessive disorder. Heterozygous individuals not only don't have sickle-cell disease, but also are resistant to malaria. If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the population is heterozygous and resistant to malaria? A) 4% B) 16% C) 32% D) 80%

C) 32%

Population of rabbits. There are ten individuals. Seven of them have brown fur. Three have brown fur with white spots. All spotted rabbits have the genotype double lowercase f. Four of the all-brown rabbits have the genotype double uppercase F, and three of them have the genotype uppercase F lowercase f. How many different genotypes are in this rabbit population? A)1 B)2 C)3 D)4

C)3

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of _____________________ to the environment. A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

C. Adaptation

_________________favors phenotypes at one end of a range and is common in periods of environmental change. A. Disruptive selection B. sexual dimorphism C. Directional selection D. Stabilizing selection E. mate choice F. Intrasexual selection

C. Directional selection

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat,which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails? A. Directional selection B. Stabilizing selection C. Disruptive selection

C. Disruptive selection

All the genes in a population are that population's _____. A. genotype B. phenotype C. gene pool D. fitness E. Hardy-Weinberg

C. gene pool

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____. A. metaphase II B. anaphase I C. metaphase I D. prophase II E. telophase II

C. metaphase I

A mutation occurs when _____. A. population sizes are small B. individuals enter a population C. individuals leave a population D. there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene E. some individuals leave more offspring than other individuals

D

A population of small fish lives in a lake with a sandy bottom. The major predator of these fish is a wading bird that hunts by sight. Most of the fish are light sandy brown, but about 10% are mottled. The color pattern is heritable. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction? A. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the ratios will not change. B. There is no way to guess the result, because evolution occurs at random. C. As the sand-colored fish are eaten, more will be produced to keep their frequency at 90%. D. The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

D

Compare sickle cell disease and malaria. A. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both genetic diseases. B. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both inherited diseases. C. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both infectious diseases. D. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases.

D

Consider a hypothetical insect population of 100 individuals. Two equally represented alleles (A and a) exist for a particular gene. Which scenario is an example of microevolution in this population? A. Several insects migrate to a new location. The population is left with 80 insects, but the two alleles are still equally represented. B. The population doubles in size, and the two alleles are maintained at their original proportions. C. The population is reduced in size due to loss of their food source. Fifty insects remain, and the two alleles are still present in their original proportions. D. The population is exposed to a toxin that kills individuals with the A allele. After exposure to the toxin the population has 25 surviving individuals, and 95% of them have the aa genotype.

D

Consider a population of snowshoe hares in Montana. Their fur color changes in response to changes in day length. During the long summer days, they have brown fur, but as the days shorten in the fall, their fur turns white in preparation for winter. Then as the days get longer in the spring, their fur turns brown again. Their fur coloration acts as camouflage from predators. As climate change brings warmer fall temperatures to Montana, colder temperatures with snowfall are coming later in the year, and there may be less snowfall overall. As a result, the hares' fur color may be mismatched to the color of their surroundings, making them more visible to predators. Which snowshoe hares would have a reproductive advantage in this changing environment? A. Hares that change color in response to day length, as the current population does B. Hares with a mutation that prevents them from changing color from brown to white C. Hares with a mutation that prevents them from changing color from white to brown D. Hares with a mutation that causes them to change color in response to temperature rather than day length

D

Of the scenarios below, which represents the occurrence of evolution at its smallest scale? A. An individual organism begins as a single cell and develops into an adult, changing dramatically through a series of life stages. B. Over many thousands of years, the beak shape of a bird species changes to exploit a new food source. C. An adult human moves from near sea level to a city high in the Andes Mountains. Her physiology changes to improve her performance in the thin atmosphere. D. A pesticide spray is heavily used on a particular farm. Initially it kills 98% of the grasshoppers on contact. Over several generations, the local grasshopper population becomes resistant to the pesticide through inheritance of resistance alleles. Other nearby grasshopper populations do not change in any noticeable way.

D

Sickle-cell disease is a debilitating disease that results from being homozygous recessive for the "sickle-cell allele" of a hemoglobin gene. Why is the allele present and even common in many human populations? A. Because homozygous recessive individuals die, the recessive allele will eventually be lost from the population. B. In the heterozygous condition, the dominant allele will overcome the recessive allele and only the dominant allele will be passed on to offspring. C. Only homozygous dominant individuals will be able to survive and reproduce. D. The sickle-cell allele confers malaria resistance to heterozygotes. In some regions where malaria is common, heterozygotes have an advantage over both homozygotes, and their reproductive success maintains the recessive allele at a high frequency in the population.

D

The first tetrapods (four-legged animals) were amphibians, which evolved from a specialized group of lobed-fin fish. An unusual fossilized animal (named Tiktaalik) was recently found; this animal possessed a mixture of fish and amphibian characteristics. What is the term used to describe such an intermediate organism? A. homologous B. vestigial C. mutant D. transitional form

D

Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin? A. He based his theory on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. B. He worked out the principles of population genetics. C. He was the first to discover that living things can change, or evolve. D. He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.

D

Which of the following lists of assumptions was part of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? A) 1. Earth and its life are very old. 2. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support. 3. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 4. Mutation rates were higher in the past than they are now. B) 1. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 2. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 3. There is little genetic variability. 4. Organisms vary in heritable ways. C) 1. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 2. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 3. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 4. Mutations directly cause the changes in species. D) 1. Organisms vary in heritable ways. 2. Some traits improve the survival and reproduction of individuals who possess them. 3. Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support, so individual organisms must compete for limited resources. 4. Earth and its life are very old.

D

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to predict: The frequency of heterozygous cats in the next generation. A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

D) .48

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their _____________________ and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support. A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

D. Inherited traits

Can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?(flow Chart) 1. Development of Pesticide resistance in insects 2. Changes in average beak size in finches following dry or wet years A.Biogeography B. Anatomical and molecular homologies C.Fossil Record D.Observation of natural selection in action

D. Observation of natural selection in action

The top figure shows beak sizes of the 1976 finch population before the drought of 1977 (red bars) and after the drought (black bars). The lower figure shows the beak sizes of the offspring of the drought survivors in 1978. What do these figures tell us? A bar chart comparing the number of birds for 9 beak depths for the offspring of the drought survivors in 1978. For the beak depths of 7.3 and 7.8 millimeters, the number of birds is approximately 2. For the beak depth of 8.3 millimeters, the number of birds is 6. For the beak depth of 8.8 millimeters, the number of birds is 22. For the beak depth of 9.3 and 9.8 millimeters, the number of birds is 35 and 37 respectively. For the beak depth of 10.3 and 10.8 millimeters, the number of birds is 20 and 17 respectively. For the beak depth of 11.3 millimeters, the number of birds is 3. A.The finches that survived the drought (black bars) had offspring with much larger beaks. B. The offspring had a smaller range of beak depths--from smallest to largest--than their parents (black bars). C. In 1978, the offspring population is larger than the initial 1976 population before the drought. D. The overall beak depths of the 1978 offspring population are larger the original 1976 population.

D. The overall beak depths of the 1978 offspring population are larger the original 1976 population.

A(n)_______________is an alternative version of a gene. A. mutation B. gene pool C. population D. allele E. microevolution

D. allele

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. A. baleen B. blowhole C. tail D. flipper E. rib cage

D. flipper

Under some conditions, heterozygotes have greater reproductive success than homozygotes. What is this called? A. incomplete dominance B. polymorphism C. frequency-dependent selection D. heterozygote advantage

D. heterozygote advantage

A change in allele frequencies in a population over a span of generations is _____________________. A. Natural selection B. genetic drift C. gene flow D. microevolution

D. microevolution

Genetic variation in a population of animals or plants depends mainly on which of the following? A. migration of genes among the chromosomes B. mutation C. the organism being haploid D. sexual reproduction

D. sexual reproduction

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST likely to fossilize? A. teeth B. bones C. shells of clams and snails D. skin

D. skin

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? A. Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring. B. Green beetles migrate out of the population. C. A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance. D.Green beetles migrate out of the population, and brown beetles migrate into the population. E.Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

E

True or False. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones. True False

False

Of the choices listed below, which contributes the most to genetic variation among individuals in most prokaryote species? A. independent assortment of homologous chromosomes B. mutation C. genetic drift D. crossing over

B. mutation

Genetic drift is a process based on _____. A. immigration B. emigration C. mutation D. the role of chance E. differential reproductive success correlated to the relationship between a phenotype and the environment

D. the role of chance

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? A. Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. B. Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. C. Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. D. This is an example of genetic drift. E. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

E

What is the frequency of the T allele in the gene pool of this population? A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

E) .60

The _____________________ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time. A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

E. Diversity

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____. A. mutation B. natural selection C. genetic drift D. microevolution E. macroevolution

E. macroevolution

Which time point on the graph shows when the antibiotic was first added? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

1) B

Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans. A. genetic drift B. mutation C. natural selection D. gene flow E. disease

A. genetic drift

A(n) ____________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. A. mutation B. gene pool C. population D. allele E. microevolution

A. mutation

The original source of all genetic variation is __________. A. mutation B. meiosis C. natural selection D. recombination

A. mutation

By chance, some wildflowers in this population reproduce, while others do not. A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift

C. Genetic drift

A(n) _______________ is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area that interact with each other. A. mutation B. gene pool C. population D. allele E. microevolution

C. population

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection? A. Any traits that are produced by mutation and can be inherited. B. Traits that reduce the number of offspring an individual produces, thus helping to reduce the struggle for existence in the next generation. C. Traits that reduce the mutation rate and cut down on unnecessary variation within populations. D. Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

D

Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time is ________________. A. mutation B. gene pool C. population D. allele E. microevolution

E. microevolution

Genetic Variation from Sexual Recombination Which of these individuals is a homozygous genotype? a. Aa b. AG c. aG d. Gg e. AA

e. AA

Can you identify the process by which natural selection acts on an insect population exposed to pesticides?(flow chart) Some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to the pesticide. these insects survive. insects without the gene die. A.Change in population B. Selective Pressure C. Environmental change

B. Selective Pressure

In natural selection, _____ determine which phenotypes are successful. A. current conditions in the local environment B. chance events C. catastrophes that reduce the population to a very small number of survivors D. future (anticipated) environmental conditions

C

In some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies? A. Individuals with two sickle cell alleles have an evolutionary advantage because they do not get sickle cell disease or get infected with malaria. B. Individuals with two normal hemoglobin alleles get both sickle cell disease and are susceptible to malaria, so these alleles are eliminated from the population. C. Individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population. D. Sickle cell alleles are new mutations and not enough time has gone by for these alleles to be eliminated from the population by natural selection.

C

Can you identify the process by which camouflage causes a beetle population to undergo natural selection? (Flow Chart) A drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown A.Change in population B. Selective Pressure C. Environmental change

C. Environmental change

Can you identify the process by which natural selection acts on an insect population exposed to pesticides? (flow chart) Pesticide is applied to a population of insects A.Change in population B. Selective Pressure C. Environmental change

C. Environmental change

Evolution that occurs by gene flow results in a change in a population's______________ due to the movement of individuals into and out of the population A. Natural selection B. genetic drift C. gene flow D. microevolution

C. gene flow

The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____. A. mutation B. natural selection C. gene flow D. genetic drift E. all of these

C. gene flow

In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize? A. He hypothesized that malaria is a genetic disease. B. He hypothesized that sickle cell disease was an environmental, not a genetic disease. C. He hypothesized that malaria causes sickle cell disease. D. He hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease.

D

--------------- favors intermediate phenotypes, selecting against phenotypes at both ends of a range and reducing variation. A. Disruptive selection B. sexual dimorphism C. Directional selection D. Stabilizing selection E. mate choice F. Intrasexual selection

D. Stabilizing selection

Which of these gametes contain one or more recombinant chromosomes? 1. B, C, and G 2. B, C, F, and G 3. C, D, E, F, and G 4. A, B, and C 5. B, C, D, and G

2. B, C, F, and G

Different finch species have beaks of different shapes and sizes. What do these beak differences tell us? A. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that finch species adapted to different environments over many generations. B. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that several finch species with different beak types came to the Galápagos Islands from the mainland. C. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that all Galápagos finches share a common ancestor. D. Different finch beak shapes are evidence that individual birds changed their beaks so that they could feed efficiently.

A

A hypothetical population of 500 cats has two alleles, T and t, for a gene that codes for tail length. (T is completely dominant to t.) The table below presents the phenotype of cats with each possible genotype, as well as the number of individuals in the population with each genotype. Assume that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Recall that the Hardy-Weinberg equation is p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 Phenotype Genotype Number of indivuduals long tail TT 180 long tail Tt 240 short tail tt 80 What is the frequency of cats with long tails in the population? A) .16 B) .36 C) .40 D) .48 E) .60 F) .84 G) 80 H) 180 I) 420

F) .84

________________________is a type of sexual selection in which individuals of one sex (usually males) compete directly for mates. This may involve ritualized displays or physical combat. A. Disruptive selection B. sexual dimorphism C. Directional selection D. Stabilizing selection E. mate choice F. Intrasexual selection

F. Intrasexual selection

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is ''descent with____________________." A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

F. Modification

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, A. the frequency of the green allele will increase. B. the frequency of the brown allele will increase. C. this causes the population to evolve due to genetic drift. D. the frequencies of the brown and green alleles will not change. this causes the population to evolve due to gene flow.

A

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare? A. Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses. B. The viral populations would still be genetically identical to each other and would be unchanged from the time of infection. C. The viral populations would have evolved to a new and more dangerous strain, but that strain would be identical across all four patients. This is the strain of virus found in every person suffering full-blown AIDS.

A

Which of the following statements about the amoeba population described at the end of the tutorial is true? A. It is less vulnerable to extinction because it survived the catastrophe. B. It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation. C. It is healthier than the starting population.

B

Can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?(flow Chart) 1. Transitional forms that link whales with land -dwelling ancestors that are now extinct 2. Discovery of bones from many different dinosaur species A.Biogeography B. Anatomical and molecular homologies C.Fossil Record D.Observation of natural selection in action

C.Fossil Record

In a type of sexual selection often called___________________, individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. This choice is often based on the showy appearance or behavior of the male. A. Disruptive selection B. sexual dimorphism C. Directional selection D. Stabilizing selection E. mate choice F. Intrasexual selection

E. mate choice

. All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the ___________________of life. A. Natural selection B. Offspring C. Adaptation D. Inherited traits E. Diversity F. Modification G. Unity

G. Unity

Mutations are always __________. A. a change in an individual's DNA B. good C. neutral D. bad

A