BIO 112 Final ADAMS
Macroevolution
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation
Arthropods do not have
Mandibles
Snakes evolved from a four-legged ancestor and still have tiny hind leg bones. This is an example of ?
Vestigial trait
Fungi reproduction
asexual and sexual
Mollusks shells are produced by
the mantle
What is true about round worms, earthworms, and slugs?
Each has a complete mouth to anus alimentary canal
One species of crickets like sandy solid and another one prefers moist soil. What is this an example of?
Habitat isolation
In Platyhelminthes, digestion occurs in the
gastrovascular cavity
paraphyletic group
leave out a common descendant
What organisms has a chemical adhesive that works underwater?
mussels
synaptomorphy
novel or evolved character different from ancestor
Amoebozoa
pseudopodia, phagocytosis
ECTODERM
-gives rise to the central nervous system -gives rise to tissues lining organs and epidermis -forms in the gastrula stage -outer most layer in the gastrula embryo stage
ENDODERM
-is the most innermost layer in the gastrula embryo -forms the archenteron -forms in the gastrula stage -gives rise to the digestive tract and glands
In the Cnidarian life cycle,
-medusae bud off from polyps -medusae have gonads and produce gametes -polyps grow from ciliated larvae -polyps bud from other polyps
Theory of evolution (2 parts)
1. Descent with modification 2. Natural selection
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: 1. Brachiopoda 2. Ectopracta/bryozoan 3. mollusca 4. Annelida 5. Platyhelminthes 6. Nemertea 7. Rotifera
1. Lophophore 2. Lophophore 3. Trochophore 4. Trochophore 5. Trochophore 6. Trochophore 7. Trochophore
Assumptions of HWE
1. No selection 2. Infinitely large population 3. No mutation 4. No migration 5. Random mating
Digestive tract of a worm
1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. crop 5. gizzard 6. intestine 7. anus
Body Cavity 1. Nematoda 2. Platyhelminthes 3. Annelida
1. pseudocoelomate 2. acoelomate 3. coelomate
1. Myriapoda 2. Chellicerata 3. Crustacea 4. Hexapoda
1. two or more pairs of legs per segment 2. loss of antenna 3. biramous appendages 4. three body tagma
What animals is not in the phylum Mollusca?
Barnacle
Which of the following statements about Bryozoans is true?
Bryozoans build reefs and have lophophores that extend through a hard exoskeleton
What group does a scorpion belong to?
Chelicerate
What is a characteristics of sponges?
Choanocytes
What is the wrong definition?
Dioecious: males and females of the same species look different from each other
In the leaf litter of a forest, cockroaches are often aught and eaten by blue tailed skinks. Small cockroaches are faster and harder to catch than large cockroaches, but because adult skinks have fairly small mouths, the largest of the cockroaches cannot be swallowed and also typically escape. What is this?
Disruptive selection
Body is sac like, u-shape feeding and the anus is close to the mouth. They are coelomates, do not molt and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage
Eumetazoa and lophotrochozoa
evidence that walruses and dogs have common ancestry includes the fact that the walrus tusks grow from the same type of tooth buds that grow into the dogs's canine teeth. Therefore we can say that the walrus tusk and the dog canine tooth are:m
Homologous structure
Correct descending order?
Kingdome-phyla-class-order-family-genus-species
Heartworms of dogs, that have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that can shed. What phylum does this worm belong to?
Nematoda
Both male and female zonkey hybrids exists, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this?
Post zygotic isolation exists between the two horse species
Which of the following is closely related to the common animal ancestor?
Protist cell
What allows tardigrades to survive so long in extreme dry conditions
Their ability to live in a dehydrated state
Animals with radial symmetry do NOT have
a head
An organism with hard outer covering with calcium carbonate , open circulatory system, and gills which of the following structures will help us identify it?
a mantle
gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves all share:
a mantle
allopatric speciation
a physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations -also due to natural selection and genetic drift
an animal that is diploblastic could NOT possible have
a true coelom
Lamarck's ideas about evolution were similar to Darwins because they emphasized:
adaptation
Which of the following is the BEST example of microevoltuion?
antibiotics that once killed all strains of E. coil bacteria cannot now kill several resistant strains
In deuterostomes, the blastopore developed into the
anus
Organisms that belong to the same population
are likely to interbreed with each other
The breeding of plants and animals by humans for specific traits is called
artificial selection
According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur:
at least one gene, affecting one reproductive barrier, must change
Archaeplastida
autotrophic, cell walls with cellulose
which of the following if homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
bones in the flipper of a whale
Adaptation
changes to survive in current environment
intrasexual selection
competition
Intersexual selection
courtship
Hyphae
cytoplasmic threads with chitin cell walls
In many bird species, those pairs hat breed earlier in the season have higher reproductive success than those that breed later. breeding date is known to be heritable and evolving to an earlier date. This is most probably an example of:
directional selection
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with
epithelial tissue
ecological species concept
filling of ecological and competition of resources
Variation in allele diversity in sexually reproducing species originally arises from
genetic mutation
Mesoderm
germ layer that is the origin of muscle tissue
Nematodes and arthropods both _____.
grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton
prezygotic barriers
habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
Sponges are
have larvae that are motile and more move via the motion of cilia
Plesiomorphy
homologous characters shared with ancestor
Healthy corals are brightly colored because they
host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments
Monophyletic taxa
includes ancestors and all descendants
Polyphyletic group
includes species with different ancestors
Mycelium
main body of fungus
If bats were sorted by forearm length, fur color, and weight. It would be defining:
morphological species
Genetic variation
must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population
Two types of birds have two behaviors for foraging, producers or scroungers. when producers are most common, scroungers will have the highest fitness. When scroungers become more common, producers will have the highest fitness. What type of selection if this an example of?
negative frequency dependent selection
What is an allele?
one of a number of alternate forms of DNA sequence at a particular genetic locus
25 of the 33 species of bats in Texas belong to the family V. All 25 of these bat species must belong to the same ____
order
the cell found in bone that breaks it down is called
osteoclasts
Correct order of water flow through poriferans
ostia--> spongecoel --> osculum
Equation for allele frequency
p + q = 1
Equation for genotype frequency
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
morphological species concept
phenotypic differences (fossil species) -smallest set of organisms that look alike
What organism has the largest surface area to volume ratio?
platyhelminth
Opisthokonta
posterior flagellum
Genetic drift
random chance
postzygotic barriers
reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
Connective tissue typically have
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
Vestigial Structures
remnants of ancestral structures with no present adaptive function ex: our tail bone
Biological Species Concept
reproductive isolation -members share the same gene pool and there is gene flow between the two populations
Sympatric Speciation
same geographical area -pre and psot zygotic barriers
Chromalveolata
secondary endosymbiosis, chlorophyll
The distinguishing feature of of annelida compared to Nematoda is
segmentation
A bright colored tail feathers, this feathers then becomes more common in the population as a results of this:
sexual selection
For the process of speciation to result in a new species forming from two population, what must occur?
some type of reproductive barrier must arise between the populations
Purpose of glial cells
support nerve cells
Gene Flow
the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes
Cnidarians and Ctenophores are ALIKE in the following way
they are both diploblastic
What statement about analogies is correct?
they are derived by similar environmental constraints
What is least likely to be present in a Cephalopod?
torsion
Hexapoda uses ______ for respiration with the air entering their body through _____
trachea , spiracles
Phloem
transports sugars
Xylem
transports water and minerals
Excavata
unicelluar, flagella, no cell wall
Rhizaria
unicellular, axopodia, test
Convergence
unrelated species have similar adaptations under similar environmental conditions
what is an example of mechanical isolation?
white sage and black sage are pollinated by insect species of different sizes