BIO 112 Final ADAMS

Macroevolution

Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation

Arthropods do not have

Mandibles

Snakes evolved from a four-legged ancestor and still have tiny hind leg bones. This is an example of ?

Vestigial trait

Fungi reproduction

asexual and sexual

Mollusks shells are produced by

the mantle

What is true about round worms, earthworms, and slugs?

Each has a complete mouth to anus alimentary canal

One species of crickets like sandy solid and another one prefers moist soil. What is this an example of?

Habitat isolation

In Platyhelminthes, digestion occurs in the

gastrovascular cavity

paraphyletic group

leave out a common descendant

What organisms has a chemical adhesive that works underwater?

mussels

synaptomorphy

novel or evolved character different from ancestor

Amoebozoa

pseudopodia, phagocytosis

ECTODERM

-gives rise to the central nervous system -gives rise to tissues lining organs and epidermis -forms in the gastrula stage -outer most layer in the gastrula embryo stage

ENDODERM

-is the most innermost layer in the gastrula embryo -forms the archenteron -forms in the gastrula stage -gives rise to the digestive tract and glands

In the Cnidarian life cycle,

-medusae bud off from polyps -medusae have gonads and produce gametes -polyps grow from ciliated larvae -polyps bud from other polyps

Theory of evolution (2 parts)

1. Descent with modification 2. Natural selection

Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: 1. Brachiopoda 2. Ectopracta/bryozoan 3. mollusca 4. Annelida 5. Platyhelminthes 6. Nemertea 7. Rotifera

1. Lophophore 2. Lophophore 3. Trochophore 4. Trochophore 5. Trochophore 6. Trochophore 7. Trochophore

Assumptions of HWE

1. No selection 2. Infinitely large population 3. No mutation 4. No migration 5. Random mating

Digestive tract of a worm

1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. crop 5. gizzard 6. intestine 7. anus

Body Cavity 1. Nematoda 2. Platyhelminthes 3. Annelida

1. pseudocoelomate 2. acoelomate 3. coelomate

1. Myriapoda 2. Chellicerata 3. Crustacea 4. Hexapoda

1. two or more pairs of legs per segment 2. loss of antenna 3. biramous appendages 4. three body tagma

What animals is not in the phylum Mollusca?

Barnacle

Which of the following statements about Bryozoans is true?

Bryozoans build reefs and have lophophores that extend through a hard exoskeleton

What group does a scorpion belong to?

Chelicerate

What is a characteristics of sponges?

Choanocytes

What is the wrong definition?

Dioecious: males and females of the same species look different from each other

In the leaf litter of a forest, cockroaches are often aught and eaten by blue tailed skinks. Small cockroaches are faster and harder to catch than large cockroaches, but because adult skinks have fairly small mouths, the largest of the cockroaches cannot be swallowed and also typically escape. What is this?

Disruptive selection

Body is sac like, u-shape feeding and the anus is close to the mouth. They are coelomates, do not molt and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage

Eumetazoa and lophotrochozoa

evidence that walruses and dogs have common ancestry includes the fact that the walrus tusks grow from the same type of tooth buds that grow into the dogs's canine teeth. Therefore we can say that the walrus tusk and the dog canine tooth are:m

Homologous structure

Correct descending order?

Kingdome-phyla-class-order-family-genus-species

Heartworms of dogs, that have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that can shed. What phylum does this worm belong to?

Nematoda

Both male and female zonkey hybrids exists, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this?

Post zygotic isolation exists between the two horse species

Which of the following is closely related to the common animal ancestor?

Protist cell

What allows tardigrades to survive so long in extreme dry conditions

Their ability to live in a dehydrated state

Animals with radial symmetry do NOT have

a head

An organism with hard outer covering with calcium carbonate , open circulatory system, and gills which of the following structures will help us identify it?

a mantle

gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves all share:

a mantle

allopatric speciation

a physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations -also due to natural selection and genetic drift

an animal that is diploblastic could NOT possible have

a true coelom

Lamarck's ideas about evolution were similar to Darwins because they emphasized:

adaptation

Which of the following is the BEST example of microevoltuion?

antibiotics that once killed all strains of E. coil bacteria cannot now kill several resistant strains

In deuterostomes, the blastopore developed into the

anus

Organisms that belong to the same population

are likely to interbreed with each other

The breeding of plants and animals by humans for specific traits is called

artificial selection

According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur:

at least one gene, affecting one reproductive barrier, must change

Archaeplastida

autotrophic, cell walls with cellulose

which of the following if homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

bones in the flipper of a whale

Adaptation

changes to survive in current environment

intrasexual selection

competition

Intersexual selection

courtship

Hyphae

cytoplasmic threads with chitin cell walls

In many bird species, those pairs hat breed earlier in the season have higher reproductive success than those that breed later. breeding date is known to be heritable and evolving to an earlier date. This is most probably an example of:

directional selection

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

epithelial tissue

ecological species concept

filling of ecological and competition of resources

Variation in allele diversity in sexually reproducing species originally arises from

genetic mutation

Mesoderm

germ layer that is the origin of muscle tissue

Nematodes and arthropods both _____.

grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton

prezygotic barriers

habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

Sponges are

have larvae that are motile and more move via the motion of cilia

Plesiomorphy

homologous characters shared with ancestor

Healthy corals are brightly colored because they

host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

Monophyletic taxa

includes ancestors and all descendants

Polyphyletic group

includes species with different ancestors

Mycelium

main body of fungus

If bats were sorted by forearm length, fur color, and weight. It would be defining:

morphological species

Genetic variation

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

Two types of birds have two behaviors for foraging, producers or scroungers. when producers are most common, scroungers will have the highest fitness. When scroungers become more common, producers will have the highest fitness. What type of selection if this an example of?

negative frequency dependent selection

What is an allele?

one of a number of alternate forms of DNA sequence at a particular genetic locus

25 of the 33 species of bats in Texas belong to the family V. All 25 of these bat species must belong to the same ____

order

the cell found in bone that breaks it down is called

osteoclasts

Correct order of water flow through poriferans

ostia--> spongecoel --> osculum

Equation for allele frequency

p + q = 1

Equation for genotype frequency

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

morphological species concept

phenotypic differences (fossil species) -smallest set of organisms that look alike

What organism has the largest surface area to volume ratio?

platyhelminth

Opisthokonta

posterior flagellum

Genetic drift

random chance

postzygotic barriers

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Connective tissue typically have

relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Vestigial Structures

remnants of ancestral structures with no present adaptive function ex: our tail bone

Biological Species Concept

reproductive isolation -members share the same gene pool and there is gene flow between the two populations

Sympatric Speciation

same geographical area -pre and psot zygotic barriers

Chromalveolata

secondary endosymbiosis, chlorophyll

The distinguishing feature of of annelida compared to Nematoda is

segmentation

A bright colored tail feathers, this feathers then becomes more common in the population as a results of this:

sexual selection

For the process of speciation to result in a new species forming from two population, what must occur?

some type of reproductive barrier must arise between the populations

Purpose of glial cells

support nerve cells

Gene Flow

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes

Cnidarians and Ctenophores are ALIKE in the following way

they are both diploblastic

What statement about analogies is correct?

they are derived by similar environmental constraints

What is least likely to be present in a Cephalopod?

torsion

Hexapoda uses ______ for respiration with the air entering their body through _____

trachea , spiracles

Phloem

transports sugars

Xylem

transports water and minerals

Excavata

unicelluar, flagella, no cell wall

Rhizaria

unicellular, axopodia, test

Convergence

unrelated species have similar adaptations under similar environmental conditions

what is an example of mechanical isolation?

white sage and black sage are pollinated by insect species of different sizes