Bio 156 Exam 2

endomembrane system.

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Based on evolutionary relationships, which is the more likely ancestor to eukaryotic cells?

Archaeans

Where are ribosomes typically located in a cell?

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, Free in the cytoplasm

peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

What is the the function of chlorophyll?

Capture solar energy

Which enzyme found within the peroxisome functions to degrade hydrogen peroxide?

Catalase

Select the structures that are found in plant cells.

Central vacuole, Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Chloroplast, Mitochondrion

Which cellular organelle may function in the process of microtubule assembly and disassembly?

Centriole

Select all of the following structures that are found in animal cells.

Centrioles, Nucleoli ,Plasma membrane, Mitochondria

Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin

Which of these is a pigment located within the thylakoid membrane that functions to capture solar energy?

Chlorophyll

The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called

Chloroplasts

From which parent(s) are mitochondrial genes inherited?

Mother

organelle

The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called_______

Which of the following are true about cilia?

They are shorter than flagella. They all beat together in a coordinated manner.

According to endosymbiotic theory, organelles specific to plants called_______ probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.

chloroplast

A cell that has numerous mitochondria is most likely a cell that needs a large amount of

energy or ATP

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the nuclear_______

envelope

Catalase

enzyme found in peroxisome that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

True or false: All cells in a multicellular organism tend to have a similar number of mitochondria.

false

Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called _______ filaments.

intermediate

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

lipids, fat, and carbohydrate production

A protistan engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. Which organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down this molecule?

lysosome

A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a

lysosomes

The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the

nucleus

Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

A nuclear pore is best described as a(n):

opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus

nuclear pore

passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus

Vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids and contain an enzyme to break down the hydrogen peroxide byproduct of this metabolism, are called

peroxisomes

The smooth ER synthesizes primarily_____ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of_____ molecules.

phospholipids, proteins

Which cellular process occurs within chloroplasts?

photosynthesis

When ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm are attached to an organelle, that organelle now studded with ribosomes is then called______ endoplasmic reticulum

rough

List, in order, the BEST sequence of organelles/structures which can be used to synthesize and secrete a particular protein from a cell. Start at the top, with the organelle that synthesizes the product. Position 1 of 4 Rough ER correct toggle button unavailable Rough ER

rough ER, Transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicle

The action known as______ or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

secretion

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

The main function of a vacuole is:

storage

Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of

thylakoids.

The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell.

true

True or false: A sperm does not contribute mitochondrial genes when fertilizing an egg.

true

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.

true

True or false: Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain.

true

True or false: Vacuoles may function in storage or elimination of water from a cell and intracellular digestion.

true

A large membranous sac located in the cytoplasm of a cell:

vacuole

flagella

whip like tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Humans, oak trees and protists are all composed of which type of cell?

Eukaryotic cells

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

polyribosomes

A group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule.

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce:

ATP

The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is

ATP

Which molecule is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes?

ATP

Which of the following are components of the cytoskeleton?

Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

Which of the following statements are true statements that support the endosymbiotic theory? (Mark all that apply)

Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own ribosomes, Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are bounded by a double membrane which may have been derived during endocytosis, Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and shape,

Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell.

Cilia and flagella Organelle movement Cell shape

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

What is the the function of the mitochondria?

Convert substrates into ATP

Which of these cells have a membrane bound nucleus?

Eukaryotes only

True or false: Plant cells do not have centrosomes.

False

True or false: Ribosomes may occur singly in the cytoplasm or in groups called Golgi bodies.

False

True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall.

False

Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments?

Formation of cell-to-cell junctions Support the plasma membrane Support the nuclear envelope

Which organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following are components of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus, The nuclear envelope, Vesicles, Endoplasmic reticulum

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Cilia

Hair like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Select all the organisms that are composed of eukaryotic cells.

Humans Mushrooms Protists Oak trees

matrix

Innermost fluid filled compartment of the mitochondrion

Functions of the lysosome include

Intracellular digestion, Autodigestion

Which organelle is formed in the Golgi apparatus?

Lysosome

ribosomes

Makes proteins

nucleolus

Makes ribosomes / A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.

What is the function of the centriole?

Microtubule assembly and disassembly

centrosomes

Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis, contains centrioles.

Both cilia and flagella are composed of what type of cytoskeletal component?

Microtubules

Centrioles are formed from which of the following?

Microtubules

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle?

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?

Ribosome

List, in order, the BEST sequence of organelles/structures which can be used to synthesize and secrete a particular protein from a cell.

Rough ER, Golgi, secretory vesicle

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis and also an organelle

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

Which cellular organelle will attach to the chromosomes and ensures they are distributed evenly during cell division?

Spindle apparatus

What would be the result if a cell was unable to form a spindle apparatus?

The cell would be unable to separate its chromosomes during cell division

endomembrane system

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

nuclear envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the

nuclear pores

The openings in the nuclear envelope through which particles may pass

ribosomes.

The organelles that function in protein synthesis are called

secretion

The release of cellular products from a cell is called:

Nucleoplasm.

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

True or false: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA like chromosome found in a prokaryotic cell.

True

True or false: The Golgi apparatus produces both secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

True

Which protein forms microtubules in the cell?

Tubulin

Formerly called microfilaments ,______filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.

actin

Endoplasmic Reticulum

an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and protein synthesis

Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize _______ during a process called photosynthesis.

carbohydrates

lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called

cellulose

The main microtubule organizing center for a eukaryotic cell that lies near the nucleus is called the

centrosome

Evidence supports a similar process for the origin of the energy organelles, the _______that carry out photosynthesis and the _______ that carry out cellular respiration.

chloroplasts, mitochondria

The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus is called________ . When highly condensed, as it is in preparation of cell division, this material is called_________

chromatin, chromosomes

Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, undergoes coiling and condenses during cell division to form

chromosomes

The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the

cytoskeleton

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the

endomembrane system.

The inner fluid-filled space of a mitochondrion is called the

matrix

All eukaryotic cells convert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the

mitochondria

In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria

Molecules that can attach, detach, and reattach to actin filaments to produce movement are called:

motor molecules

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the:

nuclear envelope

During the evolutionary development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope and membranous organelles may have developed from the _________ __________of the original prokaryote.

plasma membrane

One side of the Golgi apparatus is directed toward the endoplasmic reticulum, while the other faces the?

plasma membrane.

A group of ribosomes that are attached to a single mRNA are called a_______

polyribosomes

motor molecules

proteins that can attach, detach, and reattach farther along an actin filament and also assist in movement.

In a cell, proteins are made at structures called

ribosomes

The rough ER differs from the smooth ER in that it is covered with:

ribosomes