BIO 162 TEST 1
are daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR. (Do not use an abbreviation, spell out the answer.)
(Adequate Intake) AI
This dietary recommendation is used to evaluate a person's current intake for a specific nutrient, recognizing that the further the intake strays from this value, the more likely the person will develop nutrition-related problems.
(Recommended Dietary Allowance) RDA
Place the 5 sections of the colon in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine after it leaves the small intestine.
1. Cecum 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon
most adults should target their diets to comprise of ________ Protein
10-35%
most adults should target their diets to comprise of ________ Fat
20-35%
How many calories per gram do carbohydrates provide?
4
most adults should target their diets to comprise of ___________Carbohydrates.
45-65%
Alcohol is a source of energy that provides ______ calories per gram.
7
The Recommended Dietary Allowances meet the needs of ____ of individuals.
98%
What is the term for the daily intake amount that is based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of the average nutrient intake that appears to maintain health? Multiple choice question.
AI (adequate Intake)
For each macronutrient, the _______ provide a range of intake associated with good health and a reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for the recommended intakes of essential nutrients.
AMDR's
In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into
ATP
What is the term for the daily intake amount that is based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of the average nutrient intake that appears to maintain health?
Adequate Intakes
_________ ___________are daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR. (Do not use an abbreviation, spell out the answer.) Listen to the complete question
Adequate, Intake levels
The DRIs apply to people in ____. (Check all that apply.)
Canada, USA
Which nutrient provides 4 calories per gram?
Carbs
Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?
Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.
Cholecystokinin
With __________, the inflammation and ulceration can extend throughout the GI tract and the ulcers can form fistulae between areas of intestine or even to organs outside the GI tract.
Crohn's disease
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.
DJI
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level and Estimated Energy Requirements are standards that are included in the _______________.
Dietary Reference Intakes
What is the name of the tool that supports overall health by providing guidance on the quantities of nutrients that are most likely to result in optimal health?
Dietary Reference Intakes
The latest recommendations from the Food and Nutrition Board are called ___________________________ , and they include 5 sets of standards.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
An RDA is based on a multiple of the _____.
EAR
What formula should be used to determine the RDA for a nutrient?
EAR × 1.2 = RDA
For most adults, the best estimate of energy needs in relation to the is the amount of energy required to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
EER (Estimated Energy Requirements)
_______ are estimates because energy needs depend on energy expenditure and, in some cases, the energy needed to support growth or human milk production.
Estimated Energy Requirements
True or false: Glucose, protein, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.
False
These accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process.
Gallbladder Liver Pancreas
Carbohydrates are broken down into
Glucose
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
Insoluble fiber Linked by beta bonds Made of glucose molecules
What are some limitations of nutritional assessments? (Check all that apply.)
It can be hard to make connections between diet and nutritional status. Nutritional assessments are not always specific. Signs and symptoms are not always evident.
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
Linked by beta bonds Made of glucose molecules Insoluble fiber
Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.
Lipase Amylase Mucus
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water are all considered ________.
Macronutrients
Which statement about minerals is true?
Minerals are required for normal body function.
are daily nutrient intake amounts that have been scientifically deemed sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97-98%) in a life stage. (Do not use an abbreviation for this answer.) Listen to the complete question
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?
Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber. Fiber has not been shown to be important in the treatment of IBS.
What are some reasons for using animals in scientific experiments? (Check all that apply.)
The disease in animals mimics the disease in humans. It is unethical to conduct experiment on humans.
Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine? Multiple choice question.
The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.
True or false: Proteins are made of amino acids.
True
Which of the following is used to evaluate the highest amount of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects?
Upper Limit (UL)
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
active absorption.
Medications such as _____ can cause constipation. (Check all that apply.)
antacids opioids antidepressants
The medications used to treat GERD include ____. (Check all that apply.)
antacids proton pump inhibitors
Digestive enzymes
are made of protein. catalyze chemical reactions.
select the two primary causes of peptic ulcer disease.
asprin, infection
Fill in the Blank Question HCl destroys most harmful_________ and viruses in foods.
bacteria
Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the
bile duct. pancreatic duct.
Select the six classes of nutrients.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.
The AMDRs include recommended intake ranges as a per cent of the total energy intake for which nutrients? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question.
carbs and protein
Which of the following carbohydrates is not digestible by humans?
cellulose
What are the Estimated Average Requirements?
daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stage
The 3 general categories of nutritional status are ____. (Check all that apply.)
desirable nutrition overnutrition undernutrition
The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include
destroys harmful bacteria and viruses. dissolves dietary minerals. inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.
Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ____.
digestive enzymes
The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.
duodenum
In a type of transport called _____________ absorptive cells engulf nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract and form a vesicle around the substance to bring it into the cell.
endocytosis
What is needed to facilitate active absorption? (Check all that apply.)
energy a carrier protein
bile duct. pancreatic duct.
enzymes
When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
The movement of a nutrient down a concentration gradient into the absorptive cells with the help of a protein carrier is
facilitated diffusion
The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are
fat or water soluble.
Lipids are broken down into
fatty acids and glycerol
Essential fatty acids, (a polysaccharide), and certain vitamins and minerals all have Adequate Intakes to set a daily intake amount for nutrients that do not have an established EAR.
fiber
What are some nutrients that have AIs? (Check all that apply.)
fluoride essential fatty acids
Bile storage is concentrated in the
gallbladder
Which GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen?
gastrin
Which value considers the amount of carbohydrates consumed so it better reflects a food's effect on blood glucose?
glycemic load
The Dietary __________ are the foundation of the U.S. government's nutrition policy and education. They reflect what scientific experts believe is the most accurate and up-to-date scientific knowledge about nutritious diets, physical activity, and related healthy lifestyle choices.
guidelines
A _______________ is a suggested possible explanation for the causes of a phenomenon.
hypothesis
What is the term for the second step in the scientific process? Multiple choice question.
hypothesis
What is the term for the process by which the participants in a study are notified of the study's purpose, procedures, known risks, and benefits so that they can make an informed decision regarding their participation?
informed consent
The dietary supplements of ____ can also cause constipation. (Check all that apply.)
iron calcium
All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the
liver
Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the
liver
Identify the lifestyle changes used to treat GERD. (Check all that apply.)
losing weight managing stress
Essential nutrients are substances that the body _____ or _____.
makes in quantities too small to support health cannot make
Essential nutrients are substances that the body _____ or _____.
makes in quantities too small to support health, or cannot make
What is the most likely source of protein for a North American?
meat
The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to
metabolize undigested food. make vitamin K and biotin.
A probiotic is a
microorganism that colonizes the large intestine and thereby improves intestinal tract health.
Micronutrients include ___.
minerals and vitamins
Which tools can help to identify foods that contain nutrients in recommended amounts? (Check all that apply.)
nutrient databases Daily Values food labels
What are the essential substances for health that the body cannot make or that it makes in quantities too small to support health?
nutrients
Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water are the six classes of essential ________ found in food.
nutrition
________ is defined as the "science of food." It studies the nutrients and substances of food, the process by which the body receives nutrients, and the connections to a person's health. Multiple choice question.
nutrition
Because they can be vague, the signs and symptoms take awhile to develop, and because the development of poor nutrition often happens long before any clinical evidence can be found, ________ assessments are often limited.
nutritional
A person's medical history can play significant roles in assessing ____.
nutritional status
The chemical structure of a(n) ________ compound contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
organic
The free movement of a nutrient from an area of higher concentration (in the lumen) to an area of lower concentration (in the absorptive cell) is called
passive diffusion
The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to
prevent the backflow of GI tract contents.
Which of the following are the possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed? (Check all that apply.)
production of glycogen released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs production of fat
Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called , which is produced by glands in the mouth
saliva
The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract.
small intesrtine
The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the
small intestine
Younger people most often develop ulcers in the
small intestine.
The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps
soften fibrous tissues. starch granules swell with water.
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the
stomach
The thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices.
stomach
Bicarbonate is a base with an alkaline pH that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it moves from the ______ to the _________
stomach, small intestine
According to the American Medical Association, what qualities define nutrition? (Check all that apply.)
the nutrients and substances found in food the science of food the process by which humans utilize food substances
The body's nutritional health is determined by ____.
the sum of its status with respect to each nutrient
Nutrients can be assigned to which three functional categories? (Check all that apply.
those that primarily provide energy those that keep the body functions running smoothly those that are important for growth and development
With __________, recurring inflammation and ulceration occur in the innermost layer of the large intestine.
ulcerative colitis
The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are
ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease
Most cases of diarrhea result from
viral infection. bacterial infection.
not required on food label
vitamin E, monosaturated fat
Which nutrient is sometimes overlooked as a nutrient?
water