Exam 3: Chapter 10
guilty
Bandura believes that self-reinforcement and self-punishment can work for people who are likely to feel ? if they violate standards that they have set for themselves
day before
Gary would love to go running each evening but always feels so tired after work that he just plumps down in his favorite chair when he gets home and has a glass of wine if Gary wishes to make a commitment to go running, such as arranging to go running with a neighbor, he is most likely to make this commitment the ? the run is supposed to take place
immediately
I offer to give people a thousand dollars people are told that they will receive the thousand dollars in either 3 months, 2 months, 1 month, or immediately between all the conditions we are likely to find the largest difference in level of excitement about receiving the money in 1 month(s) vs. ? between all the conditions we would find the second largest difference in level of excitement in 2 month(s) vs. 1 month(s)
1
I offer to give people a thousand dollars people are told that they will receive the thousand dollars in either 3 months, 2 months, 1 month, or immediately between all the conditions we are likely to find the largest difference in level of excitement about receiving the money in 1 month(s) vs. immediately between all the conditions we would find the second largest difference in level of excitement in 2 month(s) vs. ? month(s)
2
I offer to give people a thousand dollars people are told that they will receive the thousand dollars in either 3 months, 2 months, 1 month, or immediately between all the conditions we are likely to find the largest difference in level of excitement about receiving the money in 1 month(s) vs. immediately between all the conditions we would find the second largest difference in level of excitement in ? month(s) vs. 1 month(s)
1
I offer to give people a thousand dollars people are told that they will receive the thousand dollars in either 3 months, 2 months, 1 month, or immediately between all the conditions we are likely to find the largest difference in level of excitement about receiving the money in ? month(s) vs. immediately between all the conditions we would find the second largest difference in level of excitement in 2 month(s) vs. 1 month(s)
meliorate
Shona spends a lot of time cleaning her apartment, which she quite enjoys, and little time studying, which she does not enjoy chances are that this distribution of behavior, which results from the tendency to ?, will not maximize the amount of reinforcement in her life
will not
Shona spends a lot of time cleaning her apartment, which she quite enjoys, and little time studying, which she does not enjoy chances are that this distribution of behavior, which results from the tendency to meliorate, ? maximize the amount of reinforcement in her life
controlling
Skinner analyzed self-control from the perspective of a ? response that alters the frequency of a subsequent response that is known as the controlled response
controlled
Skinner analyzed self-control from the perspective of a controlling response that alters the frequency of a subsequent response that is known as the ? response
commitment
a ? response is designed to either eliminate or reduce the value of an upcoming temptation
concurrent schedule of reinforcement
a complex schedule consisting of the simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules, each leading to a reinforcer
bias from matching
a deviation from matching in which one response alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether that alternative contains the richer versus poorer schedule
overmatching
a deviation from matching in which the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus poorer schedule is more different than would be predicted by matching
small but cumulative effects model
a model of self-control in which each individual choice between a smaller sooner and larger later reward has only a small but cumulative effect on our likelihood of obtaining the desired outcome
less
a person is likely to be ? impulsive in a pleasant environment as opposed to an unpleasant environment
reinforcer
a problem with the use of self-reinforcement is that we may be tempted to consume the ? without engaging in the behavior this problem is known as short-circuiting the contingency
short-circuiting
a problem with the use of self-reinforcement is that we may be tempted to consume the reinforcer without engaging in the behavior this problem is known as ? the contingency
VI
a rat faced with a concurrent VR 60 VI 80-sec schedule will spend more time on the ? schedule than necessary to pick up all of the available reinforcers on that schedule this result is consistent with melioration theory but contradicts what is known as maximization (or optimization) theory
melioration
a rat faced with a concurrent VR 60 VI 80-sec schedule will spend more time on the VI schedule than necessary to pick up all of the available reinforcers on that schedule this result is consistent with ? theory but contradicts what is known as maximization (or optimization) theory
maximization
a rat faced with a concurrent VR 60 VI 80-sec schedule will spend more time on the VI schedule than necessary to pick up all of the available reinforcers on that schedule this result is consistent with melioration theory but contradicts what is known as ? (or optimization) theory
optimization
a rat faced with a concurrent VR 60 VI 80-sec schedule will spend more time on the VI schedule than necessary to pick up all of the available reinforcers on that schedule this result is consistent with melioration theory but contradicts what is known as maximization (or ?) theory
melioration theory
a theory of matching that holds that the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward those alternatives that have higher value regardless of the long-term effect on overall amount of reinforcement
melioration
according to ? theory, the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward that alternative that has a higher value this shifting will cease at the point where the two outcomes are approximately equal in terms of costs versus benefits
higher
according to melioration theory, the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward that alternative that has a ? value this shifting will cease at the point where the two outcomes are approximately equal in terms of costs versus benefits
approximately equal
according to melioration theory, the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward that alternative that has a higher value this shifting will cease at the point where the two outcomes are ? in terms of costs versus benefits
small but cumulative effects
according to the ? model, self control is a difficult task because each temptation has only a small but cumulative effect on our likelihood of obtaining the long term goal
proportion
according to the matching law, the ? of responses on an alternative matches the ? of reinforces obtained on that alternative
responses
according to the matching law, the proportion of ? on an alternative matches the proportion of reinforces obtained on that alternative
reinforcers
according to the matching law, the proportion of responses on an alternative matches the proportion of ? obtained on that alternative
small but cumulative
according to the small but cumulative effects model, self control is a difficult task because each temptation has only a ? effect on our likelihood of obtaining the long term goal
commitment response
an action carried out at an early point in time that serves to either eliminate or reduce the value of an upcoming temptation also called a precommitment response
less
an additional problem in self-control situations is that the delayed consequences tend to be ? certain than the immediate consequences
immediate
another problem is that melioration can result in too much time being spent on those alternative that provide relatively ? reinforcement and not enough time on those that provide delayed reinforcement
delayed
another problem is that melioration can result in too much time being spent on those alternative that provide relatively immediate reinforcement and not enough time on those that provide ? reinforcement
smaller sooner
as the ? reward becomes imminent, its value comes to outweigh the value of the other reward
reject
behavioral approaches largely ? the concept of willpower as an explanation for self-control
least
children who are ? successful at a delay of gratification task generally keep their attention firmly fixed on the desired treat
less
exposure to gradually increasing delays seems to make the delay function ? deeply scalloped
physical restraint
folding your arms to keep from chewing your nails is an example of the use of ? to control your behavior
bias
food patches that differ in the type of prey found within them may produce the type of deviation from matching known as ?
immediate
from a temporal perspective, self-control problems arise from the extent to which we are more heavily influenced by ? consequences
raise
from the perspective of the Ainslie-Rachlin model, the setting up and attainment of a subgoal related to a delayed reward serves to ? the delay function for that reward at early points in time, making it less deeply scalloped
less
from the perspective of the Ainslie-Rachlin model, the setting up and attainment of a subgoal related to a delayed reward serves to raise the delay function for that reward at early points in time, making it ? deeply scalloped
did
if a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is .26 if the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is .27 this pigeon ? approximately match proportion of responses to proportion of reinforcers obtained
proportion
if a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is .26 if the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is .27 this pigeon did approximately match ? of responses to ? of reinforcers obtained
responses
if a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is .26 if the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is .27 this pigeon did approximately match proportion of ? to proportion of reinforcers obtained
reinforcers
if a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is .26 if the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is .27 this pigeon did approximately match proportion of responses to proportion of ? obtained
.27
if a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is .26 if the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is ? this pigeon did approximately match proportion of responses to proportion of reinforcers obtained
.26
if a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is ? if the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is .27 this pigeon did approximately match proportion of responses to proportion of reinforcers obtained
latter
if confronted by a choice between one food pellet available in 10 seconds and two food pellets available in 15 seconds, a rat would likely choose the ? but if 9 seconds were allowed to pass before the rat could make that choice, then it would likely choose the former
former
if confronted by a choice between one food pellet available in 10 seconds and two food pellets available in 15 seconds, a rat would likely choose the latter but if 9 seconds were allowed to pass before the rat could make that choice, then it would likely choose the ?
VR25
in a choice between a VR25 and a VR75 schedule of reinforcement, your best strategy would be to choose the ? schedule 100% of the time
100
in a choice between a VR25 and a VR75 schedule of reinforcement, your best strategy would be to choose the VR25 schedule ?% of the time
changeover delay
in experimental studies of matching, the act of switching from one alternative to another results in a ?, which is a short period of time that must pass before any response can produce a reinforcer
undermatching
in general, food patches that are separated by a very great distance will produce ?, while food patches that are separated by a very short distance will produce overmatching
overmatching
in general, food patches that are separated by a very great distance will produce undermatching, while food patches that are separated by a very short distance will produce ?
concurrent
many behaviors are reinforced on a ? schedule in which two or more schedules of reinforcement are simultaneously available
simultaneously
many behaviors are reinforced on a concurrent schedule in which two or more schedules of reinforcement are ? available
twice
on a concurrent VI60-second VI120-second schedule, the pigeon should emit about ? as many responses on the VI60-second alternative as opposed to the VI120-second alternative
over
one problem with melioration is that this tendency may result in ? indulgence of a favored reinforcer with the result that we may experience long-term habituation to it this means that our enjoyment of life may be greatest when we do not have all that we desire
habituation
one problem with melioration is that this tendency may result in over indulgence of a favored reinforcer with the result that we may experience long-term ? to it this means that our enjoyment of life may be greatest when we do not have all that we desire
do not
one problem with melioration is that this tendency may result in over indulgence of a favored reinforcer with the result that we may experience long-term habituation to it this means that our enjoyment of life may be greatest when we ? have all that we desire
less
one strategy for increasing self-control is to make the delay function (or delay curve) for the larger later reward ? deeply scalloped
hard
outline the full set of consequences involved in choosing between studying and not studying: -studying: ~~immediate: ? work ~~delayed: good marks -not studying: ~~immediate: relaxation or fun ~~delayed: poor marks
good
outline the full set of consequences involved in choosing between studying and not studying: -studying: ~~immediate: hard work ~~delayed: ? marks -not studying: ~~immediate: relaxation or fun ~~delayed: poor marks
relaxation (or fun)
outline the full set of consequences involved in choosing between studying and not studying: -studying: ~~immediate: hard work ~~delayed: good marks -not studying: ~~immediate: ? ~~delayed: poor marks
poor
outline the full set of consequences involved in choosing between studying and not studying: -studying: ~~immediate: hard work ~~delayed: good marks -not studying: ~~immediate: relaxation or fun ~~delayed: ? marks
larger later
self control is shown by choice of a ? reward over a smaller sooner reward it can also be shown by choice of a smaller sooner punisher over a ? punisher
smaller sooner
self control is shown by choice of a larger later reward over a ? reward it can also be shown by choice of a ? punisher over a larger later punisher
more
some people believe that self-reinforcement is really a way of making the completion of a behavior ? salient, thereby enhancing its value as a secondary reinforcer
secondary
some people believe that self-reinforcement is really a way of making the completion of a behavior more salient, thereby enhancing its value as a ? reinforcer
early
such a response is most likely to be carried out at an ? point in time when the temptation is quite distant
distant
such a response is most likely to be carried out at an early point in time when the temptation is quite ?
controlling
suppose you post a reminder on your refrigerator about a long-distance phone call you should make this weekend posting the reminder is the ? response, while making the call on the weekend is the controlled response
controlled
suppose you post a reminder on your refrigerator about a long-distance phone call you should make this weekend posting the reminder is the controlling response, while making the call on the weekend is the ? response
sharply
the Ainslie-Rachlin model is based on the finding that as a reward becomes imminent, its value increases more and more ?, yielding a "delay curve" (or delay function) that is upwardly scalloped
scalloped
the Ainslie-Rachlin model is based on the finding that as a reward becomes imminent, its value increases more and more sharply, yielding a "delay curve" (or delay function) that is upwardly ?
more
the delay function for a 6-year-old child will likely be ? deeply scalloped than those for a 15-year-old, meaning that the 15-year-old is relatively less impulsive
less
the delay function for a 6-year-old child will likely be more deeply scalloped than those for a 15-year-old, meaning that the 15-year-old is relatively ? impulsive
more
the delay functions for a pigeon will likely be ? deeply scalloped than those for a human, which means that the pigeon is relatively ? impulsive
matching law
the principle that the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule
rules
the small but cumulative effects model highlights the potential usefulness of establishing clear ? for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, since the point at which impulsive behavior becomes harmful is not clear
is not
the small but cumulative effects model highlights the potential usefulness of establishing clear rules for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, since the point at which impulsive behavior becomes harmful ? clear
self-punishment
the use of ? may cause us to engage in the behavior and not punish ourselves
punish
the use of self-punishment may cause us to engage in the behavior and not ? ourselves
know
there is also some evidence that self-reinforcement is more effective when others ? about the contingency that we have arranged for ourselves
foraging
this experimental procedure seems analogous to ? situations in which an animal has to travel a certain distance from one food patch to another
travel
this experimental procedure seems analogous to foraging situations in which an animal has to ? a certain distance from one food patch to another
distance
this experimental procedure seems analogous to foraging situations in which an animal has to travel a certain ? from one food patch to another
overmatching
when a bear obtains 70% of its food from a nearby stream, it spends 80% of its time at the stream; when it obtains 30% of its food from the stream, it spends 25% of its time at the stream when a cougar obtains 20% of its food in a particular canyon, it spends 35% of its time in that canyon; when it obtains 65% of its food from that canyon, it spends 80% of its time in the canyon among the three types of deviation from matching, the bear shows evidence of ? while the cougar shows evidence of bias
bias
when a bear obtains 70% of its food from a nearby stream, it spends 80% of its time at the stream; when it obtains 30% of its food from the stream, it spends 25% of its time at the stream when a cougar obtains 20% of its food in a particular canyon, it spends 35% of its time in that canyon; when it obtains 65% of its food from that canyon, it spends 80% of its time in the canyon among the three types of deviation from matching, the bear shows evidence of overmatching while the cougar shows evidence of ?
bias
when greater responding is shown for a particular response alternative than would be predicted by matching regardless of the amount of reinforcement obtained from that alternative, we say that the organism has a ? for that alternative
overmatching
when the difference in the proportion of responding on richer vs poorer alternatives is greater than would be predicted by matching, we say that ? has occurred
undermatching
when the difference in the proportion of responding on richer vs poorer alternatives is less than would be predicted by matching, we say that ? has occurred
Housam
while waiting for dessert, Housam imagines that the Jell-O looks like wobbly chunks of glass by contrast, Ruby views the Jell-O as, well, Jell-O between the two of them, ? is less likely to get into trouble by eating the Jell-O before being told that it is okay to do so this is because delay of gratification can be enhanced by thinking about the desired reward in abstract rather than concrete terms
abstract
while waiting for dessert, Housam imagines that the Jell-O looks like wobbly chunks of glass by contrast, Ruby views the Jell-O as, well, Jell-O between the two of them, Housam is less likely to get into trouble by eating the Jell-O before being told that it is okay to do so this is because delay of gratification can be enhanced by thinking about the desired reward in ? rather than concrete terms
concrete
while waiting for dessert, Housam imagines that the Jell-O looks like wobbly chunks of glass by contrast, Ruby views the Jell-O as, well, Jell-O between the two of them, Housam is less likely to get into trouble by eating the Jell-O before being told that it is okay to do so this is because delay of gratification can be enhanced by thinking about the desired reward in abstract rather than ? terms
self control
with respect to choice between two rewards, selecting a larger later reward over a smaller sooner reward
impulsiveness
with respect to choice between two rewards, selecting a smaller sooner reward over a larger later reward
