Bio 181 final exam (units 13-16)
In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials.
true
Insulin is a ligand.
true
The resting potential of neurons is:
-60 mv (The answer is not on this list.)
List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.
1) Schwann cells: wraps around axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system, providing electrical insulation 2) Oligodendrocytes: have similar function for axons in the CNS 3)Astrocytes: contribute to blood-brain barrier, which protects brain from toxic chemicals in blood. Surround smallest blood vessels 4) Microglia: part of cellular immune system to protect brain (humoral immune system usually cannot cross blood-brain barrier)
When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system?
2
What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin?
4
The action potential is:
A result of the movement of ions
The central nervous system (CNS) contains:
Brain and Spinal Cord (There is no correct answer).
How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?
By wrapping tightly around the axon which causes depolarization to jump from space to space between the glial cells.
What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body?
Has the potential to raise glucose levels in your blood.
The post-synaptic cell can be:
In glands, muscle cells, neurons
Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved.
Insulin lowers the sugar level, glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose when needed to increase sugar level.
The neural tissues are:
Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain
Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.
The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. Spreads in one directions because channels close after firing of AP.
Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved?
This could cause osteoporosis. The hormones involved are parathyroid, Vitamin D, and calcitonin. The parathyroid gland is involved.
There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them.
a drop in partial pressure and Bohr effect.
One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the __________________ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes __________________ into the lungs.
alveoli, surfactant
In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is:
calcium ions
Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by:
circulatory system
Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney.
controls water, ions and other substances In the blood
When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process.
decreased blood flow to the tissue and accumulation of metabolic waste. There is also an autoregulation for the widening of vessels.
When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system?
diaphragmatic muscles
Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid
false
Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries.
false
Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus.
false
Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman' s capsule.
false
Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells.
false
Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire.
false
Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating.
false
Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel.
false
Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells.
false
Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin.
false
Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs.
false
The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered is trigger to act by exposure to epinephrine.
false
The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron.
false
The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal.
false
The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine.
false
The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs.
false
The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine.
false
The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood.
false
The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory.
false
The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure.
false
Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor.
false
When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume.
false
Insulin is produced by alpha cells.
false, beta cells
Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen.
hemoglobin
The terminal web:
is a site of exocytosis
There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by __________________.
myoglobin
What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly?
nervous system will stimulate contraction of the afferent arteriole which recedes urine production. The hormone system called renin-angiotensin-aldosterone can also be activated to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity?
pleural cavity
The heart contains two circuits. Name them.
pulmonary and systemic
The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the __________________ __________________.
sinoatrial node
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
speeds up the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3.
When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?
sympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell.
true
Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.
true
Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.
true
Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.
true
In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells.
true
In mammals ventilation is tidal.
true
Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons.
true
Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes.
true
Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth).
true
The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron.
true
The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney.
true
The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node.
true
The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.
true
The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs.
true
The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large.
true
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
true
The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine.
true
The kidney controls the water balance in the body.
true
The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day.
true
The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds.
true
The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle.
true
The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system.
true
The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline).
true
The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump.
true
The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP.
true
The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system.
true
The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen.
true
The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood.
true
Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs.
true
Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.
true
Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations.
true
Urine leaves our body through the urethra.
true
Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not.
true
Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis.
true
Vitamin D is really a hormone.
true
Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol
true
When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.
true
When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate.
true
When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting.
true
When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing.
true
The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _______________ and this enters the _______________ _______________.
ureter, urinary bladder
To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are __________________.
valves
Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen?
when blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas stops the release of insulin and cells begin using glycogen and fat for energy.