Psy 123

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "high road." This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________. "quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex "slow and analytical"; project to the cortex "slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala "quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala

"slow and analytical"; project to the cortex

How are the ACC/mPFC related to LPFC?

- LPFC is sensitive to goal/instruction difficulty (what you are trying to do) -ACC is sensitive to stimulus conflict (congruent vs incongruent color word) -LPFC activity is predicted trial-wise by prior ACC engagement -ACC activity is lower in incongruent trial preceded by an incongruent trial hard-> easier=high ACC hard to hard trial=lower ACC

Short term memory versus working memory

- STM is the maintenance of information no longer present in the environment (implies that a neural representation stays activated once the information is gone) -WM is the maintenance of information in STM

Why does dopamine signaling matter for PFC function?

-PFC has one of the highest density of dopamine receptors in PFC, dopamine acts like a clamp -turning PFC on and lock in a pattern of activity (UP STATE) -turning PFC off and allowing it to form a new patter (UPDATE) -when a stimulus is rewarding, PFC "locks in" to that pattern of activity- acts like a reward based switch for behavior

Explain how cognitive control is a whole brain network process.

-a cognitive control network uses the prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortex. it is more connected during a challenging working memory task -more complicated=connector hubs (BETWEEN NETWORK) -simpe=provincal hubs (WITHIN NETWORK)

What happened to HM after the surgery?

-develped anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories -general sparing of old memories -no change in iq or language abilities (deficient is specific to memory) -Hm could still follow a short conversation (means that some form of short term memory is distinct from long term memory).

How does midbrain dopamine neurons affect behavior?

-dopaminergic reinforcement learning are likely at play for determining what rule is currently influencing behavior the midbrain dopamine neurons -recieves sensory information -receive expected timing of a reward -sends dopamine widely throughout the brain -DA prediction signals (positive and negative) acts like an error signal (telling the rest of the brain when something when wrong or right) EX: monkey receives a reward and dopamine flows through brain. reward predicted and no reward occurs will have no dopamine flow throughout brain

what type of lesion would create emotional blunting?

-dorsolateral PFC lesion -laughs when talks about own mothers funeral and claims he does not feel grief

what are the contents of consciousness

-during any particular moment what am I conscious of? seeing a rainbow versus feeling pain

What is. not an emotion?

-emotions are not reflexes, inflexible, not bad, and are not noise in the system

What is the time course affect phenomena?

-expressions + autonomic changes: seconds -self-reported emotions: minutes to hours -moods: hours to months -emotional disorders: weeks to years -personality traits: years to lifetime

How does fear conditioning work? What types of the brain are triggered?

-fear conditioning makes rat learn to associate tone and shock -rat learns to associate the room with a shock without any fear -function of the amygdala nuclei are critical for emotional memory formation

what is the recurrent processing framework?

-feedforward sweep( v1 to motor cortex) : not sufficient for conscious access r experience even if it reaches PFC -local recurrent processing(between visual cortex):sufficient for some conscious experience:possibly phenomenal consciousness -reccurent widespread connectivity (from fronto-parietal circuitry) required for access

Why is patient H.M studied?

-following a bike accident at age 7 he developed seizures and the doctors recommended to remove medial temporal lobes bilaterally -removed cerebellum and part of hippocampus

How is the amygdala and fear conditioning related?

-inactivation of BLA (basolateral nucleus) prevents fear learning -inactivation of central nucelus also prevents fear learning

what is the sally-acne false belief task?

-investigates theory of mind -the task if used with children to determined whether they can interpret what sally is thinking about the location of the marble -because sally does not see none move the marble from. the basket to the drawer, sally should look for marble in the basket

What areas of the brain are responsible for cognitive control?

-involves the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and interconnected networks, including lateral, medial, and orbitofrontal PFC regions

how does foraging tasks related to neuron firing?

-monkey trying to forage in a computer based task -record from activity in anterior cingulate cortex -animal switches patch when neuron firing rate doubles

what does a ACC lesion patient experience?

-not inability to understand, but loss of goals to do anything - abulia (an absence of willpower or an inability to act decisively) -akinetic mutism (no action, no talking) they are able to perform actions, but only if they are assigned to them (not self initiated goals)

what is the occipital cortical region relation to emotion?

-occipital (visual) cortical regions show increased responses to emotional faces

What is cognitive control for?

-overcome automatic, stimulus-driven, habitual behavior -behave flexibly according to current context and goals -in other words, it promotes goal oriented behavior

how does stimulation of the medial PFC affect the patient?

-patient was asked to report how they are feeling to try to account for PFC -overwhelming feeling with 8m AMPS - chest pounding -more of a positive thing (sense of challenge or worry) -"getting up" responses (wanted to get up from bed and walk away)

how do patients in a coma differ?

-patients have wake sleep cycle, grimace, smile, but no response to external stimuli -just because you have activation systems does not mean you are conscious

How does persecution work in terms of the Wisconsin card sorting task?

-patients with lateral pre frontal cortex lesions know the rule has changed, but cannot help to do wrong things

how did the OFC lesion affect phineas gage?

-premorbid personality: gage was known as efficient, capable, well balanced -after the accident: fitful, impatient, profanity -no change in iq or fear conditioning, but poor decision making, increase impulsivity, impaired goal directed behavior, impaired theory of mind, disturbed social behavior

what are the memory benefits in regards to self-referential processing?

-processing information as self relevant, subsequent improvement in memory -if information is self-relevant and negative, there is an even greater performance benefit in individuals with depression compared to healthy controls

How does an OFC lesion affect self perception?

-provide inappropriate self disclosure compared to LPFC lesion or healthy controls -they lack insight when asked retrospectively about their performance in this task (they think they did amazing) -however when they watch videos of their interviews they r embarrassed

what areas of the brain has successful emotion regulation?

-recruits the PFC & relies on amygdala-PFC interactions

What is the subsequent memory paradigm?

-relies on the logic of incidental encoding -participants do a distractor task (identify which work does not match) saw that there was an increase of hippocampal engagement

What is required for cognitive control?

-representation of current goal -response planning -continuous monitoring/orienting -suppression of irrelevant information (includes irrelevant goals)

describe the greater failure to inhibit invisible vs visible distractors

-task-irrelevant signals around the threshold level may be sufficiently strong to be processed in the visual system, but NOT STRONG enough for the LPFC to notice and therefore to provide effective inhibitory control on the signals TASK: identify simtulus in the center while there is a distracting motion

what is the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC)?

-the minimal neuronal mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific conscious percept

what is the levels of consciousness?

-the physiological state of arousal, alertness, wakefulness etc a background condition for consciousness of any content

how does someone who is blindsight have conscious activity in the visual cortex?

-they are subjectively blind -cannot say they are seeing anything

What are the two theories of mind (ToM)?

1. experience sharing: akin to automatic emotion & action contagion/stimulation. maybe connection to ventral premotor areas/insula 2. mental state attribution theory:we use accumulated knowledge and folk theory to infer others' states. maybe connect to mpfc, sts, tpj

what are the areas within the amygdala?

1. lateral nucleus 2. basolateral nucleus 3. basomedial nucleus 4. cortical nucleus 5. central nucleus

What happened to Phineas Gage?

An iron rod goes through skull and landing 25 feet away. he does not lose consciousness and is treated with magnesium sulfate, calomel and rhubarb -developed hernia cerebra( BRAIN SWELLING THROUGH SKULL) -treated with silver nitrate a caustic agent and ice water packs to head -gage dies 12 yrs later from uncontrolled grand Mal seizures -suffered from OFC LESION

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks? Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate, and both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information. Both tasks have strong social cognition components. Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information. Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate.

Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information.

true or false: the PFC is the first region to fully develop phylogenetically (evolution) and ontogenetically (development)

False, it is the last region

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used approach to study access awareness? Fear conditioning. Bistable figures. Backward masking. Continuous flash suppression.

Fear conditioning.

how does frontotemportant dementia patients judge if social violations are acceptable under positive or negative?

Has a less intact perception of context appropriate negative events

In what way might the self-referent effect and the depth-of-processing effect be related? The self has elements that promote processing in a way that is distinct from other cognitive systems. The self is a special cognitive structure with unique mnemonic or organizational elements. Information processed in relation to the self may benefit from the wealth of information about the self in memory. Information processed in relation to the self may be skewed by our biased representations of our own personalities and traits.

Information processed in relation to the self may benefit from the wealth of information about the self in memory.

Noetic retrevival versus auto-noetic retrieval

Noetic: knowing facts/semantics auto-noetic (self-knowing): knowing something but with an associated re-experience of the original learningg episode -the idea that you reinstate the original context of a memory when you recall it

what is the PFC's role in STM?

Pfc does not maintain sims but perhaps it helps to reduce interference during a task

What is the difference between recollection and familiarity?

Recollection is auto-noetic, slower to occur, and experienced as remembering Familiarity is semantic, faster and experiences as recognizing or knowing

True or false: do people with amygdala lesions have lower intensity for fear and surprise faces?

TRUE, cannot eve seem to draw an afraid drawing and has trust issues ( will walk towards a stranger and stop significantly close to person when uncomfortable)

How did people with memory deficiets do on the mirror drawing task?

The first day they do well in the beginning, however as time goes on it gets harder for them

Which statement best characterizes the insula's role in emotional processing? The insula is primarily involved with decision making and the perception of emotions in other people, and thus is most associated with social cognition. The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state. The insula receives information about emotional state and feeds it back to the body, which produces interoception. The insula is primarily involved with the same domains of emotional processing as the amygdala.

The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state.

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of the brain areas that process emotions? In essence, the entire brain processes emotion in some way. The limbic system and Papez Circuit process emotion, with little known contribution from other brain areas The frontal cortex processes the most emotion, with emotional regulation coming from the limbic system and subcortical structures. The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas.

The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas.

In a priming task where a target word is preceded by a priming word, which of the following statements is correct? The priming effect can be observed when the the priming word is masked, no matter the priming word is in the same case as the target word or not. The priming effect can be observed when the the priming word is masked, but the priming word must be in the same case as the target word. None of the above is correct. The priming effect can only be observed when the the priming word is not masked.

The priming effect can be observed when the the priming word is masked, no matter the priming word is in the same case as the target word or not

In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT: The task is likely to require error correction. The task requires a response that competes with another strong habitual response. The task involves well-learned or automatic responses. The task requires planning and decision making.

The task involves well-learned or automatic responses.

The ________ is a small, almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the ________. amygdala; basal ganglia caudate; hippocampus amygdala; hippocampus caudate; basal ganglia

amygdala, hippocampus

If neuroimaging studies showed that entirely different brain regions were activated when a person experienced pain from those that are activated when a person viewed or imagined someone else experiencing pain, this would be inconsistent with mirror neuron involvement in empathic processes. indicate that this person felt different quantities of pain for self versus others. provide evidence for embodied simulation. indicate that this person does not experience empathy.

be inconsistent with mirror neuron involvement in empathic processes.

In an experiment by William Kelley and colleagues (2002), participants judged personality adjectives in relation to either themselves or the U.S. president. The results suggested that memory for words processed in relation to the self was ________ than that for words processed in relation to the U.S. president, and that the former condition resulted in greater neural activity in the ________ cortex. better; dorsolateral prefrontal better; medial prefrontal worse; medial prefrontal worse; dorsolateral prefrontal

better; medial prefronta

Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion? anger disgust contemplation surprise

contemplation

What is utilization behavior?

context inappropriate behavior due to lateral frontal lesion. -patient cannot help but interact with objects in the world in a stimulus-driven manner irrespective of context -internal behavior will always win -sees friends toothbrush and cannot help but use toothbrush

Which of the following is NOT thought to be an evolutionary pressure that gave rise to access-consciousness? cost of space cost of time cost of resources cost of prey

cost of prey

The experimental economics task known as the "Ultimatum Game" provides evidence that humans do not always make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses, unless they have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses, unless they have suffered damage to the amygdala. make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses. do not always make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses.

do not always make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses

what is a prerequisite for wakefulness and consciousness?

elevated activation of the reticular activation system -deep coma=no activation system

what is the limbic system?

emotional and cognitive system

what are the stages of memory?

encoding( storing a memory trace from perception) storage ( retaining that trace in memory, typically thought of as being latent and ready for use later) retrieval (recoding the encoded trace from storage)

After his injury, Phineas Gage experienced changes in all of the following areas EXCEPT ________. decision making cognitive control theory of mind fear learning

fear learning

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT disruption of working memory. perseveration in responding. deficits in planning complex behaviors. fluent aphasia

fluent aphasia

If you have an amygdala lesion, how does that affect your fear conditioning?

hands don't sweat to sound, but knows shock is coming

Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-dependent memories? inhibiting the parahippocampal cortex during encoding of emotional memories filtering emotional stimuli and preventing the hippocampus from processing them enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events encoding the temporal relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

he amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning. frontal lobe; hippocampus hippocampus; amygdala amygdala; basal ganglia basal ganglia; frontal lobe

hippocampus; amygdala

What is the default mode network?

increased DMN activation when performing Tass such as envisioning the self in the future or past, processing moral dilemmas, thinking about the intention of others

In the experimental economics task known as the "Ultimatum Game," one participant must choose how to split a sum of money with another player. The second player can choose to accept the offer-or to reject it, meaning neither player receives anything. Consideration of unfair offers is associated with activity in the ________, an area that has been associated with disgust. cingulate cortex insula superior temporal sulcus orbitofrontal cortex

insula

what is the purpose of the amygdala?

involved in processing emotionally salient events -multiple nuclei with distinct functions

What Is the acc??

is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. -saying acc is like saying the amygdala

In an ERP study, Knight and Grabowecky (1995) found that patients with prefrontal lesions produced ________ in response to ignored tones compared with attended tones during a listening task. evoked potentials that were briefer in duration smaller evoked potentials evoked potentials that were longer in duration larger evoked potentials

larger evoked potentials

How does LPFC function and self control correlate?

lateral PFC engagement during food decision in dieters: greater self control as indexed by the propensity to choose healthier vs tastier items

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________. central nucleus; lateral nucleus medial geniculate nucleus; lateral geniculate nucleus lateral geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus lateral nucleus, central nucleus

lateral nucleus, central nucleus

One concern with interpreting fMRI studies employing a "resting state" for comparison with cognitive activities of interest is that there is too little blood flow in the brain "at rest" for accurate measurements. participants in experiments are particularly prone to movement artifacts when "at rest." many processes are engaged "at rest," including self-referential processes. the brain uses considerably more blood and oxygen when it is "at rest."

many processes are engaged "at rest," including self-referential processes.

what is PFC's role in working memory?

more of. role in working memory and/or reactivating sensory information

The Sally-Anne task is used to test whether someone possesses unconscious biases against women. understands that people can have different mental states. follows social conventions for appropriate behavior. can form new declarative memories accurately.

nderstands that people can have different mental states.

what is the insults role in emotional responses?

primary gustatory cortex -reliable association with disgust behaviors -maybe more insulta=more intoned with emotional events -somebelieve that the insulation allows for interception knowing how you feel (physiologically)

what is dualism?

proposed a major distinction between physical and mental properties mental things have different essential properties than physical things MOST POPULAR THEORY OF MIND FROm 1600s to 1900s

What are the retrieval types?

recollection and familiarity

what does successful emotion regulation rely on?

recruits the PFC and relies on amygdala-PFC interactions

what brain regions support retrieval differ based on type of memory?

semantic memories depend more on areas of the brain beyond the hippocampus episodic memories continue to depend on hippocampal activity

Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.'s skin conductance response (SCR) and verbal report indicated that she did not have any explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did demonstrate an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square and demonstrated an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. she did not have an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square, nor did she demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about others, regardless of whether they are close. similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others. similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others, if they are close. three distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self, close others, and acquaintances.

similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions about the self and about others, if they are close.

Describe the Wisconsin card sorting task.

subject has to sort card according to rules only the experimenter knows. experimenter indicates whether participant is correct or incorrect. rules change whenever subject makes 10 consecutive correct responses

if you have a hippocampal lesion, how does that affect your fear conditioning?

sweats to CS, but does not have explicit shock contingency learning

Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces. the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions. the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces. the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.

the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expression

What does activation in hippocampus mean for memory?

the more active the hippocampus during retrieval, the more likely they are to be

Which brain region is the most susceptible to coup-contrecoup injury? the orbitofrontal cortex the parietal cortex the occipital cortex the temporal cortex

the orbitofrontal cortex

Which aspect of conscious experience is NOT well understood from a cognitive neuroscience perspective? All of the answer options are well understood. the subjective conscious experience itself accessing the contents of conscious experience representing contents of conscious experience

the subjective conscious experience itself

how does classic conditioning differ in patients with amnesia?

there is an eye puff which overlaps with sound at end. Depends on the cerebellum certain delays will trigger the hippocampus more so people with hippocampal damage cannot do it

what is the purpose of the hippocampus?

thought to be responsible for H/M's memory problems

Sensory activation is insufficient for access consciousness. True False

true

true or false: failure in filtering may be a by-product of PFC failing to instantiate the current goals/rule to maintain attentional set and select desired representation

true! inhibition is though to be a consequence of biased competition

true or false: the rTemporal parietal junction seems to show selective activation whenever thinking about other belief

true, simply reorienting attention produces highly overlapping rTPJ engagement compared to false belief tasks

true or false: regions closer to motor cortex have rules/perception

true: rostro-caudual= ABSTRACTION, medial later=GOAL HOT OR NOT, ventro-dorsal=WHAT/HOW

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be ________ of their social mistakes in the moment, ________ become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact. unaware; but they do aware; and they also aware; but they do not unaware; and they do not

unaware; but they do

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________. conditioned response; unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response; conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

A patient with a frontal lobe lesion kneels and prays when watching another person do the same thing in the middle of the cafeteria. This is an example of deficits in planning complex behaviors. utilization behavior. disruption of working memory. perseveration in responding.

utilization behavior

Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is ________, or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is ________, or how intense the emotional response is. arousal; valence benignity; excitation valence; arousal excitation; benignit

valence, arousal

What is a prepotent response?

when a stimulus has a response strongly associated with it that is either negative or positive. We experience conflict when prepotent responses are not aligned with our goals and requires cognitive control.