BIO 181 Week 02 Macromolecules

Which of the following is a polymer? Testosterone, a steroid hormone Fructose, a component of sucrose Triacylglycerol, or fat Cellulose, a plant cell wall component Glucose, an energy-rich molecule

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form? Enzymes Receptor proteins Chaperonins Fibrous proteins Antibodies

Chaperonins

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________. cellulose sucrose fatty acids DNA proteins

DNA

Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water? Hydrophilic Hydrogen-bonded Phospholipids Proteins Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules? Nucleic Acids Lipids Amino Acids Proteins Carbohydrates

Lipids

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes. They have to eat a lot of it. The flat teeth and strong stomach of herbivores break the cellulose fibers so that the cows get enough nutrition from the cell contents. Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units. All of the listed responses are correct.

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions. Water None of the listed responses is correct. H+ and OH- ATP Synthesis

Water

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________. a 2:1:2 ratio of; carbohydrates equal amounts of; carbohydrates less C and H than O in; lipids more C and H than O in; proteins a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

The peptide bond is __________. a hydrogen bond joining nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide a covalent bond joining nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid a covalent bond joining simple sugars together to form a polypeptide a hydrogen bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

The components of nucleic acids are __________. a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate a nitrogenous base, a hexose sugar, and a phosphate a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar a nitrogenous base and a phosphate a nitrogenous base and a hexose sugar

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein. an amino acid change in the α subunit; primary structure abnormal hemoglobin; quaternary structure multiple amino acid changes; primary structure a single amino acid change; secondary structure a single amino acid change; primary structure

a single amino acid change; primary structure

Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________. thymine and cytosine adenine and guanine guanine and cytosine adenine and thymine adenine and uracil

adenine and guanine

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________. amino acid molecules purines and pyrimidines fatty acid molecules DNA molecules sucrose molecules

amino acid molecules

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water. amino (-NH2); hydroxyl (-OH) carboxyl (-COOH); hydroxyl (-OH) carbonyl (-C=O); carboxyl (-COOH) carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH) hydroxyl (-OH); hydroxyl (-OH)

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________. glycogen cellulose collagen chitin linoleic acid

chitin

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________. testosterone cholesterol glycerol estrogen a phospholipid

cholesterol

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature. trans double bonds; liquids cis double bonds; solids cis double bonds; liquids single bonds; solids single bonds; liquids

cis double bonds; liquids

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond. ionic van der Waals covalent peptide hydrogen

covalent

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________. double helix; running antiparallel triple helix; running parallel double helix; running parallel single strand; coiled into a helix triple helix; as a twisted coil

double helix; running antiparallel

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________. membrane construction lipid storage energy storage and release structural molecules, such as hair and fingernails building genetic material

energy storage and release

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________. glycogen cellulose starch glucose chitin

glycogen

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________. glycosidic linkages ester linkages phosphodiester linkages ionic bonds peptide bonds

glycosidic linkages

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________. ionic bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet hydrogen bonds; β helix; α pleated sheet covalent bonds; β helix; α pleated sheet covalent bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________. complex nucleic acids escorts molecules called chaperonins a self-assembly process complex lipids

molecules called chaperonins

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds. hydrophobic ionic peptide hydrophilic disulfide bridge

peptide

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________. carbohydrates cholesterol phospholipids proteins triacylglycerols

phospholipids

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein. tertiary quaternary secondary primary None of the listed responses is correct.

primary

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________. they are all monosaccharides they are all polysaccharides they are all disaccharides they all contain fructose they are all indigestible by humans

they are all disaccharides

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction. None of the listed responses is correct. water heat H+ and OH- ATP

water