Bio 189: Chapter 13 - Evidence of Evolution
tiktaalik
"missing link" thought to be a transitional form between fish and amphibians
scientists use two methods to estimate the age of fossils. select the two correct methods from the choices below.
- absolute dating - relative dating
select all the forms of evidence scientists to use to support the theory of evolution
- bio geographical studies - fossils - embryological comparisons - molecular data
wallace's line
- deep water trench that separated the islands. - prevented the migration of species
why is the fossil record incomplete?
- erosion and movements of the earth's surface have destroyed many fossils that did form. - many organisms decomposed before they were buried in sediments - many fossils may never be discovered because they are buried deeply or submerged under water.
select all the ways that homology is used in studies of evolutionary relationships.
- fossil structures can be compared to structures in surviving species - physical features of modern organisms can be compared - gene sequences can be compared
match each eon with its correct description.
- hadean eon: 4.7 billion years ago to 3.8 billion years ago - archean eon: bacteria, and archaea first evolve - proterozoic eon: oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere and first eukaryotes evolve - phanerozoic eon: animals, and plats evolve
select all the following that are examples of vestigial structures
- hind limb bones in snakes - human embryo tails
common ancestry can be indicated by which of the following? Select all that apply.
- homologous structures - nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities
using the chart, select all the statements that are accurate about the evolutionary relationships presented.
- humans and chimps have the same amino acid sequence for the cytochrome c gene - rabbits are more closely related to humans than cows are - pigeons are more closely related to humans than bullfrogs are.
select all characteristics of homologous structures
- include genes and chromosomes - common evolutionary origin - may have different functions
select all of the following that are true about vestigial structure
- include pelvic and hindlimb bones in whales - persist in related organisms even when no longer used
select all the roles of plate tectonics in the distribution of organisms on earth
- land that was underwater can be exposed - mountain ranges emerge - oceans can separate continents that were once together
select all of the following that is homologous structures
- limbs of terrestrial vertebrates - middle ear bones of mammals and jaw support bones in primitive fishes
rank the eras of the geologic timescale from the oldest (at the top) to the most recent (at the bottom)
- paleozoic - mesozoic - cenozoic
match each era with a major event that took place on Earth during that era
- paleozoic era: vascular plants appear - mesozoic era: dinosaurs appear - cenozoic era: humans appear
true about vestigial structures
- persist in related organisms even when no longer used - include pelvic and hind limb bones in whales
select all of the following that is true about continental drift in earth's history.
- plate tectonics can cause a molten rock to emerge at the earth's surface - the continents were once united into one super continent
select all the following that are examples of convergent evolution
- spines and modified stems of unrelated desert plants - loss of pigmentation in cave animals - the shape of shark fins and shape of dolphin flipper
analysis of DNA sequences reveals that cells can gain new functions through which of the following? Select all that apply.
- the transfer of genes from one organisms to another - duplication of genes
select all of the following that is true about marsupials
- they were at one time more widespread than placental mammals - they include koalas and sugar gliders
carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5,730 years. A squirrel bone found in southwestern Colorado contains ¼ of the carbon-14 of a living squirrel. Approximately how old is the squirrel bone?
11,460 years
suppose a radioactive substance has a half-life of 25 years. If the original sample contained 100 grams of radioactive isotope, how much remains after three half-lives have elapsed?
12.5 grams
if the percent of the original amount of carbon-14 present in a fossil is 12.5%, how old is the fossil? The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.
17,190 years
if the gene sequences of two organisms differ by 4% to 6% and substitutions occur at a rate of 1% per million years, then how long ago did the species diverge?
4 to 6 million years
the age of the earth is approximately ___
4.6 billion years old
if a DNA sequence differs by four mutations in two species and mutations occur about once every 10 million years, then how long ago did the two species diverge?
40 million years ago
homologous genes can be identified in different organisms by locating a gene in one organism and then
Comparing it to known genes in databases
wallace's line, as shown on the map, represents
a deep water trench that prevented migration of species
___ dating involves assigning a specific age to a fossil by testing either the fossil or the sediments above and below it.
absolute
the type of dating that involves testing an actual fossil, or layers above and below it, and assigning an age to the fossil relative to the present is called ___ dating.
absolute
what can you conclude about the evolution of chimpanzees and humans from the skull comparisons in the figure?
although skulls in adults look different, comparisons of the fetal stage reveal homology
anatomical structures that have similar functions but that evolved independently are called ___ structures.
analogous
the wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly are considered ___ structures
analogous
fossil
any evidence of an organism from more than 10,000 years ago
soft bodied organisms
are much less likely to be preserved than are those with teeth, bones, or shells
absolute dating
assign an age to a fossil by testing either the fossil itself or the sediments above and below the fossil
the marsupial mammals of australia escaped competition from placental mammals because
australia remained isolated from the other continents
geographical barriers such as deep ocean trenches, mountains, and isolated islands greatly influence the distribution and origin of species on Earth. This field of biology is called
biogeography
continental drift is the term used to describe the fact that the ___ of the earth is in motion.
continents
___ produces analogous structures in organisms that do not share the same evolutionary lineage.
convergent evolution
the similar body shape of sharks and dolphins is an example of
convergent evolution
analyses of the protein ___ can be used to study evolutionary relationships among species because most organisms produce this protein for the electron transport chain in mitochondria.
cytochrome c
in evo-devo studies, researchers examine genes and how they affect
development
the similar structures in vertebrate embryos shows that ___ can reveal homologous structures and evolutionary relationships
development
geological timeline
divides Earth's history into segments defined by major events such as mass extinction
scientists use relative dating and absolute dating to
estimate when a fossil organism lived
the discovery of genes that contribute to embryonic development began a new field of biology called
evolutionary developmental biology
an extinct animal named Tiktaalik was an important discovery by scientists because it had characteristics of both ___ and ___
fish and amphibians
a(n) ___ is any evidence of past life that is more than 10,000 years old.
fossil
analogous structures have similar ___ but do not have a common developmental pathway.
functions
major geological and biological events of the past are used by scientists to describe the
geological time scale
vestigial structure
has no apparent function in one species, yet it is homologous to a functional organ in another
a(n) ___ gene is a type of gene that regulates development and that, when mutated, leads to organisms with structures in an abnormal or unusual location on their body.
homeotic
the development of limbs in a bird and no limbs in snake is controlled by
homeotic genes
___ structures in organisms reflect a common ancestry but they may have different functions.
homologous
the colored bones in the figure illustrate examples of ___ structures
homologous
in terrestrial vertebrates, the pattern of limb development in embryonic development are controlled by
homologous homeotic genes
a(n) ___ clock uses differences in DNA to determine when organisms diverged from a common ancestor.
molecular
differences and similarities in the DNA or protein of organisms is ___ evidence that can reveal evolutionary relationships
molecular
the study of fossils remain and other clues to past life on earth is referred to as
paleontology
development of young within a uterus is an adaptation of ___ mammals that enables the group to be the most successful mammal group on earth.
placental
what survival advantage allowed placental mammals to displace marsupial mammals on many continents?
placental mammals are born more fully developed than marsupials are
relative dating
places a fossil into a sequence of events without assigning it a specific age
according to the theory of ____, the earth surface consists of several rigid layers that move.
plate tectonics
two researchers found a fossil that was in the rock known to be at least 1 million years old. What isotope can they use to determine the age of the fossil?
potassium-40
the exact match in amino acid sequences of proteins found in closely related species is an example of how comparisons of ___ can indicate evolutionary relationships.
proteins
what type of absolute dating estimates the age of a fossil based on half-lives of a radioactive isotope?
radiometric dating
___ dating places fossils into a sequence of events without assigning a specific age.
relative
what is an example of protein sequence similarity among species?
sheep keratin and the keratin in human hair
prior to the formation of a land bridge about 3 MYA that allowed placental mammals to invade, marsupials were diverse and abundant on what other continents besides Australia?
south america
biogeography is the study of
the distributions of species across the earth
what occurred about 4.6 billion years ago?
the earth formed
fossils such as tiktaalik, can provide information regarding
the evolution of organisms
studies have shown that the formation of ___ explains the migration of animals between North America and South America and the possible cause of the extinction of most marsupial mammals on the South American continent.
the land bridge
a homeotic gene is one that might affect
the location of limbs in an animal
structures are called homologous if
the similarities between them reflect common ancestry
analogous
the structures evolved independently
paleontology
the study of fossil remains or other clues to past life
biogeography
the study of past and present distribution of organisms
theory of plate tectonics
the theory that pieces of Earth's outer layer are in constant motion
half-life
the time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to decay
an example of a pair of analogous structures is
the wing of a moth and the wing of a bat
homologous
two structures are termed homologous if the similarities between them reflect common ancestry
radiometric dating
type of absolute dating that uses radioactive isotopes as a "clock"
molecular clock
uses DNA sequences (or the proteins they encode) to estimate the time when multiple organisms diverged from a common ancestor
the deep water trench that has separated the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in the Malay Archipelago (Indonesia), preventing migration of organisms, is called ___ line.
wallace's
homeotic genes
which encode proteins that regulate development
convergent evolution
which produces similar adaptations in organisms that do not share the same evolutionary lineage