Bio 2 Exam 3

Ammonia _____. A.is soluble in water B.has low toxicity relative to urea C.is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea D.is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects

A

An osmotic gradient in the kidney medulla is established by A.Countercurrent exchange between ascending and descending loops of Henle B.Countercurrent exchange between the loop of Henle and collecting ducts C.Filtration of large proteins in the glomerulus D.Movement of water out of the collecting duct

A

Immunologists can breed mice that lack _______ in order to compare the immune response of normal mice to those that have no T cells. Immunologists can breed mice that lack _______ in order to compare the immune response of normal mice to those that have no T cells.

A

In response to dehydration, ADH A.Signals aquaporins to be added to cell membrane B.Signals aquaporins to be added to vesicles C.Stimulates production of angiotensin II D.Stimulates thirst response

A

In your group: A child falls while riding their bike. A scrape on their hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring? A.inflammatory response B.lytic response C.adaptive immune response D.autoimmune response

A

In your group: If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response? A.Memory B.Lysozymes C.Cytokines D.Defense against bacteria

A

In your group: Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If you observed them in the following solutions, at which sucrose concentration (in millimolars, mM) would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active? A.0.0 mM sucrose B.0.05 mM saline C.0.08 mM sucrose 1.0 mM saline

A

In your group: The MHC is important in a T-cell's ability to A.distinguish self from non-self. B.recognize specific parasitic pathogens. C.identify specific bacterial pathogens. D.identify specific viruses. E.recognize differences among types of cancer.

A

In your group: The lymphatic fluid A.is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine. B.is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. C.carries both red and white blood cells. D.functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. E.carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells.

A

In your group: When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from _____. A.the antibody having at least two binding regions B.disulfide bridges between the antigens C.bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules denaturation of the antibodies

A

In your group: When submerged, frogs receive most of their O2 from capillaries within the skin. Which of the following structures would contain blood with the highest O2 concentration in a submerged frog that is not able to breathe using its lungs? A.Right atrium B.Left atrium C.Aorta D.Ventricle E.Pulmonary vein

A

In your group: Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells? A.One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. B.One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). C.B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. D.T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow.

A

In your group: Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system? A.It is more difficult to deliver O2 to specific tissues when needed. B.There is no heart to pump the blood. C.Open circulatory systems lack hemoglobin. D.Nutrients cannot be delivered to tissues in an open circulatory system. All of the above

A

Innate immunity _____. A.is activated immediately upon infection B.depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen C.is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens is found only in vertebrate animals

A

Mammalian, bird, and crocodile hearts have four chambers with two separate atria and ventricles to ensure _____ distinct circuits for blood flow. A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Eight

A

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____. A.converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells B.bound to hemoglobin C.transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid D.simply dissolved in the plasma

A

Organisms living in a freshwater environment normally A.excrete copious dilute urine and retain salts B.excrete a small volume of dilute urine and retain salts C.excrete copious concentrated urine D.conserve both water and salts

A

Select the incorrectly matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood. A.amphibians—isotonic B.marine reptiles—isotonic C.desert mammals—strongly hypertonic D.marine mammals—strongly hypertonic E.terrestrial birds—weakly hypertonic

A

The reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and many other molecules needed by the body is driven by ______________. A.active transport carriers B.diffusion C.facilitated diffusion D.homeostasis

A

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? A.It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. B.It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. C.It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. D.It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

A

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria? A.Complement protein B.Macrophages C.Plasma cells D.Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

A

Which of the following do Helper T-cells not directly carry out? A.Phagocytosis B.Activate B-cells C.Activate cytotoxic T-cells D.Produce cytokines

A

Which of the following is not one of the reasons that closed circulatory systems are more efficient than open circulatory systems? A.Open systems rely exclusively on simple diffusion for transport, whereas closed systems rely on pumping mechanisms. B.Transport within closed systems is more rapid than in open systems. C.Blood can easily be directed to specific areas in closed systems, but not in open systems. D.Compared to open systems, closed systems operate better under higher pressure.

A

In your group: Starting with chamber 4, in what order does blood pass through the four chambers in this diagram? A.4, 2, 3, 1 B.4, 1, 3, 2 C.4, 3, 2, 1 D.4, 3, 1, 2

A,B

In your group: Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. A.higher PO2 B.greater bicarbonate concentration C.lower pH lower osmotic pressure

A.

In your group: Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune response? I) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins II) building the viral envelope with host proteins III) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses IV) infecting and killing helper T cells A.only I and III B.only I, II, and IV C.only I, II, and III D.only II, III, and IV

A.only I and III B.only I, II, and IV C.only I, II, and III D.only II, III, and IV

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____. A.frogs B.kangaroo rats C.humans D.freshwater fish

B

An important function of the proximal convoluted tubule is _____. A.Filtration of NaCl B.Reabsorption of water C.Countercurrent heat exchange D.Secretion of water

B

Beverages such as coffee, tea, and soda are diuretic and lead to a net loss of water A.True B.False

B

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. A.the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly B.the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing C.the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide D.stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing

B

From a health standpoint, which of the following is probably the healthiest to drink? A.Bottled water B.Tap water C.Sports drinks D.Energy drinks E.Vitamin water

B

In your group: African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? A.Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. B.Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. C.The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. D.Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

B

In your group: An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from _____. A.vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin B.injection of antibodies to the toxin C.injection of interleukin-1 D. injection of interferon

B

In your group: If you experimentally increase the concentration of Na+ outside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A.The membrane potential would decrease. B.The membrane potential would increase. C.The membrane potential would be unaffected. D.The answer depends on the thermodynamic potential.

B

In your group: Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism of transport? A.Potassium transport is a passive process. B.Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process. C.Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of the tubules. Sodium ions will follow potassium ions

B

In your group: When a T cell is activated by an antigen, it will most likely A.secrete antibodies B.proliferate C.die D.become a hybridoma E.become a plasma cell

B

In your group: Which of the following statements is most likely true? A.Neither new glial cells nor neurons are produced in the cortex of adult humans. B.New glial cells appear to be produced in the cortex of adult humans, but not new neurons C.Both new glial cells and neurons are produced in the cortex of adult humans. D.It is unclear if new neurons and glial are produced in the cortex of adults since humans do not photosynthesize and therefore do not incorporate 14CO2

B

In your group: You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? A.Your friend had antibodies to that virus. B.You had an adaptive immunity to that virus. C.Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. Your friend had allergies

B

Ion (leak) channels differ from gated channels in that the former A.use carrier proteins B.are always open C.only allow anions to pass through the membrane D.require ATP

B

Ions are able to move across the cell membrane when no channels are present A.True B.False

B

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A.Filtration B.Selective reabsorption C.Secretion D.Excretion

B

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. A.an open circulatory system B.a closed circulatory system C.a gastrovascular cavity D.branched tracheae

B

T cells of the immune system include _____. A.CD4, CD8, and plasma cells B.cytotoxic and helper cells C.plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells D.lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

B

Terrestrial organisms must conserve water. The least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste product? A.Carbon dioxide B.Uric acid C.Ammonia D.Urea

B

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____. A.urea can be exchanged for Na+ B.urea is less toxic than ammonia C.urea does not affect the osmolar gradient D.less nitrogen is removed from the body

B

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to the stability of all of the following except A.blood volume. B.immunity. C.blood pressure. D.electrolytic concentration. E.pH.

B

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. A.amphibians B.fishes C.mammals D.reptiles

B

The rate at which a gas diffuses between two locations is _______ the surface area involved. A.unrelated to B.positively related to C.the square root of D.negatively related to

B

Urea is _____. A.insoluble in water B.the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans C.the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds D.the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

B

Which of the following choices is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine? A.Bowman's capsule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → collecting duct B.Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct C.Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct D.Bowman's capsule → collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule E.collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule→ Bowman's capsule

B

Which of the following describes the resting potential of the neuronal cell membrane? A.The inside is 70 millivolts more positive than the outside B.The outside is 70 millivolts more positive than the inside C.The inside is 30 millivolts more positive than the outside D.The outside is 30 millivolts more positive than the inside

B

Which of the following is not a key trait of the adaptive immunity response? A.Ability to respond specifically to a wide diversity of foreign molecules and organisms B.Rapid response C.Generally long-lasting immunological memory D.The ability to recognize "self" from "nonself"

B

Which of the following is unique to the adaptive immune defense system? A.cells that ingest invading microbes B.antibody synthesis C.inflammation D.fever

B

Which of the following releases histamines? A.Mast cells B.B-cells C.T-cells D.Plasma cells

B

Which process drives the process of filtration from the capillaries into the glomerulus? A.Active transport B.Arterial blood pressure C.Venous blood pressure D.Osmotic pressure

B

A person with diabetes insipidus fails to respond to ADH. Which of the following is a symptom of this condition? A.Glucose in urine B.Copious hyperosmotic urine C.Copious dilute urine D.Small volume of concentrated urine E.Failure to urinate

C

Animals that have very long juxtamedullary nephrons likely live in ______ environments A.marine B.freshwater C.arid D.tropical forest

C

Functionally these spiracles in the ticks are most analogous to A.Air sacs in birds B.Alveoli in mammal lungs C.Stomata in plant leaves D.The collecting duct in kidneys

C

In the humoral response, B cells produce plasma cells, which in turn produce large quantities of ______ that are specific for foreign antigens A.agglutinations B.interferons C.antibodies D.macrophages

C

In your group: A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over twenty years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell? A.plasma cell B.thyroid cell C.memory cell D.macrophage

C

In your group: A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with _____. A.a vaccine B.sterile pollen C.antihistamines D.monoclonal antibodies

C

In your group: A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement? A.Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient. B.The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement. C.There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules

C

In your group: Based on the video, which of the following statements is most likely false? A.Most immune cells in the human body are associated with intestinal tissue. B.Peyer's patches in the intestinal wall sample antigens (bacteria and food) in the intestinal contents. C.Neutrophils only kill pathogenic bacteria by engulfing them, i.e. phagocytosis. Immune cells in the intestine bring bacteria from the intestinal contents inside the intestinal tissue itself.

C

In your group: In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. A.are the largest epithelial cells in the body B.are not in contact with interstitial fluid C.have plasma membranes of low permeability to water D.are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

C

In your group: Most of the neurons in the human brain are A.sensory neurons. B.motor neurons. C.interneurons. D.peripheral neurons.

C

In your group: Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? A.a vampire bat B.a salmon in fresh water C.a marine bony fish a shark inhabiting the Mississippi River

C

In your group: Which of the following is false about bumblebees? A.They can act partially as endotherms B.They are aerobic heterotrophs C.They lack a blastula during early development They typically excrete

C

Saltwater fish achieve water balance by A.Excreting water B.Retaining salts C.Drinking salt water and excreting salts D.Excreting salts with a nasal salt gland

C

The multiple cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron are called A.axons. B.cell bodies. C.dendrites. D.synapses.

C

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of most insects is based on the operation of _____. A.Protonephridia B.Metanephridia C.Malpighian tubules D.nephrons

C

The resting potential of a neuron is produced primarily by A.voltage-gated channels in the membrane B.chemically gated channels in the membrane permanently open C.potassium channels in the membrane D.the concentration difference in Na+ across the membrane E.blockage of the sodium-potassium pump

C

Where will most water be lost by these active ticks under dehydrating conditions? A.Through their mouth during exhalation from their lungs B.Through Malpighian tubules during uric acid production C.Through the spiracles of their trachea D.Through their cuticle

C

Which of the following best describes freshwater fish? A.hypotonic osmoregulators B.hypotonic osmoconformers C.hypertonic osmoregulators D.hypertonic osmoconformers E.isotonic osmoconformers

C

Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response? A.Histamine and other chemicals are released, which produce redness, warmth, and swelling. B.Neutrophils and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus. C.Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens. D.Invading agent causes the release of cytokines, which produce a fever.

C

_________ are molecules released by activated helper T cells A.Antigens B.Immunoglobulins C.Cytokines D.Antibodies

C

A decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____. A.dioxide molecules B.bind more oxygen molecules C.serve as a buffer D.give up more of its oxygen molecules

D

Dr. Kinkle's four-year old daughter Sally is having a temper-tantrum in Krogers since he won't buy her Fruit Loops (you know how he is). In a final attempt to get her way, she yells, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason Dr. Kinkle is unconcerned. A.It is impossible for Sally to control the contraction of her diaphragm and intercostal muscles since they are made up of smooth muscle. B.As Sally holds her breath, the decreasing levels of oxygen in her blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in her brain. C.Sally is too young to hold her breath for more than 30 seconds. D.As Sally holds her breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in her blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in her brain.

D

If the O2-binding curves were plotted for the following molecules at the pH levels indicated, with pO2 on the x-axis and % oxyhemoglobin saturation on the y-axis, which curve would be to the left of all the others? A.Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 B.Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 C.Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 D.Myoglobin at pH 7.6

D

In the vertebrate nephron antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts primarily in the A.loop of Henle B.proximal convoluted tubule C.glomerulus D.collecting duct

D

In which way are crocodilians different from other reptiles? A.They have open circulation B.They have bigger atria C.They have lungs but no gills D.They have a 4-chambered heart

D

In your group: An epitope is A.part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells. B.a protein protruding from the surface of B cells. C.two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma. D.that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. a mirror image of an antigen

D

In your group: Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen. I) Pathogen is destroyed. II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V) Only memory cells remain. A.I → III → II → IV → V B.II → I → IV → III → V C.IV → II → III → I → V D.III → IV → II → I → V

D

In your group: Immunological memory accounts for _____. A.the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self B.the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others C.the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines D.the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

D

In your group: The function of antibodies is to A.inject toxins into living pathogens. B.secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites. C.release perforins to disrupt infected cells. D.mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

D

In your group: The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except________. A.active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb B.the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons C.diffusion of urea from the collecting duct diffusion of salt from the

D

In your group: The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. A.results from active transport B.transfers large molecules as easily as small ones C.is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred D.is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

D

In your group: To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. A.open circulatory system B.Hemocoel C.two-chambered heart D.four-chambered heart

D

In your group: Which of the following is false about neutrophils? A.They are part of the non-adaptive immune response. B.They are produced by bone marrow stem cells. C.The are phagocytic and engulf foreign particles D.They are directly involved in antibody production.

D

In your group: Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? A.They secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls and engulf and digest the invaders. B.They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site. C.They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional neutrophils and macrophages. D.They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.

D

The immune response is mostly coordinated by A.coordinator T cells B.cytotoxic T cells C.inducer T cells D.helper T cells

D

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves A.sodium and potassium ions into the cell. B.sodium and potassium ions out of the cell. C.sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell. D.sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

D

Valuable molecules like glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are mostly reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron? A.Collecting duct B.Glomerulus C.Loop of Henle D.Proximal convoluted tubule

D

When an antigen first challenges the immune system, if the primary immune response produces B cells, what are the fates of those B cells?I. Some of the B cells become plasma cells that secrete antibodiesII. Some of the B cells become memory cells and can produce a swifter response if the body encounters that particular antigen againIII. Some of the B cells secrete chemicals called pyrogens that travel to the brain inducing a fever A.just II B.just I C.II and III D.I and II I, II, and III

D

Which structure is found in the renal medulla? A.Bowman's capsule B.Convoluted tubule C.Glomerulus D.Loop of Henle E.Both A and D

D

A two-cycle heart of a bird or a mammal is more efficient than the amphibian heart in all of the following except A.it can pump twice as much blood. B.it creates a true double circulatory system. C.it separates oxygenated and nonoxygenated blood. D.it increases the speed of the blood through the lungs. E.it exchanges gases by mixing aerated and nonaerated blood.

E

In your group: Which of the following statements about vertebrate circulatory systems is false? A.Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart. B.In birds and mammals, pressures in the pulmonary circuit are lower than those in the systemic circuit. C.The ventricle of turtles, snakes, and lizards is partly divided by a septum. D.Amphibians have two atria and one ventricle. In fishes, blood passes through the gills, returns to the heart, and then is pumped to the body.

E

Select the incorrectly matched organism and its nitrogenous waste product. A.most fish—ammonia B.mammals—urea C.reptiles—uric acid D.birds—uric acid E.insects—ammonia

E

Which of the following operates by passing fluids into a tube, and then secreting or reabsorbing specific substances? A.Flame cells of flatworms B.Metanephridia of annelid worms C.Malpighian tubules of insects D.Vertebrate nephrons E.All of the above

E

In your group: The transcription factor Tbx5 is involved in chromatin remodeling by the BAF complex which controls heart development. This is an epigenetic regulatory mechanism that involves A.changes in the DNA sequences B.coupling of transcription & translation C.unwinding of DNA from histone proteins D.sRNA modulation of genes

c