Bio 2 Midterm

What are Koch's postulates?

A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Salamanders are members of the order:

Caudata

Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plantswith stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

Cycadophyta

How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?

Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it:

contains a certain prophage DNA

Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?

black bread mold

Lungs first evolved in which group?

bony fishes

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph.

An examples of a plant disease caused by an ascomycete is:

chestnut blight.

Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of Bacteria?

gram-negative bacteria

The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:

jointed appendages

What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

lysogenic

Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are

monophyletic

Taxonomy is the science of:

naming, describing, and classifying organisms

Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?

oviparous

The female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the:

ovule of the ovary

The traditional class Reptilia is ____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of reptiles.

paraphyletic

When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ____ is employed.

parsimony

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:

phylogeny

The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the:

phylum chordata

What were the original two Kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms?

plantae and Animalia

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.

receptor

What type of root system is prevalent of eudicots?

taproot

Which protist group does not have flagellated cells?

red algae

What do ferns lack?

seeds

What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?

wheat rust

How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?

wind

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

Bacteria form endospores

How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.

Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?

They are acoelomates

Which statement about echinoderms is FALSE?

They show evidence of segmentation.

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

asci

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

basidiocarps

You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n):

cat

In primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ____, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast.

cyanobacterium

Which is a symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)?

degeneration of the brain and central nervous system

The fossilized form of ____ is used in commercially important products, such as filters, polishes, and insect killer.

diatoms

Sea anemones, unlike scyphozoans, have a partitioned gastrovascular cavity. This serves as a means of:

digesting very large food items

Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?

echinoderms

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:

feathers

What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?

gametangia

In the late 1970s Woese argued that there are two fundamentally different groups of prokaryotes by demonstrating:

gene codes of ribosomal RNA of different bacteria

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled as 4 is:

haploid

Black bread mold is ____, which means that it is self-sterile.

heterothallic

What is the nutritional mode of most bacteria

heterotrophy

Which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduced megaphylls?

horsetail

What molecular evidence have been found in cnidarians, which have radial symmetry, that is evidence to indicate cnidarians share a common ancestor with bilateral animals?

hox genes

All echinoderms are found:

in marine habitats

Color pigments produced by ____ are used to dye woolens and litmus.

lichens

The veliger larval form is unique to:

molluscs

Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.

mutualistic

When a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filamentof cells called a:

protonema.

Determinate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.

protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process

Which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells?

regressive hypothesis

Birds are most closely related to:

reptiles

Which are the animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel?

rotifers

After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?

seed

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

the plasma membrane

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule or slime layer.

Sponges have specialized cells, but those cells are not organized into:

tissues

What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?

to regulate fluid balance

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:

zygote

What term describes how most sponges can produce both male and female gametes?

hermaphroditic

The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups?

liverworts

Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom _____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor.

Protista

Which statement best describes the composition of cell walls found in water molds?

Some individuals have cell walls of chitin, and others have cell walls of cellulose.

An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is known as a(n):

centipede

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which protist group's life cycle is demonstrated in this figure?

green algae

Most mollusks are:

marine

What are the viruses that attack bacteria?

phages

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label denotes the nerve cord?

5

Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?

8

Refer to the accompanying figure. At what point is there potential to undergo mitosis to become a gametophyte?

9

Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?

Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

Which statement about the development of a coelom is FALSE?

It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers.

Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?

Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat.

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

Urochordates

Which statement about viruses is FALSE?

Viruses can manufacture proteins.

Which characteristic defines a virus?

Viruses cannot metabolize.

The volume of a typical bacterium is about _____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

a thousandth

Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C?

capsule

Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate?

horizontal gene transfer

In scyphozoans, the ____ is the dominant body form.

medusa

What does ssDNA stand for?

single stranded DNA

You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that this organism is known as:

Dictyostelium discoideum

Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over the counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?

Ephedra

Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?

Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids.

Which of the following phyla is unusual, as it is composed of a single species?

Ginkgophyta

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

ascospores

Plants are believed to have evolved from which group of algae?

charophytes

The surface of a Paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like ____.

cilia

Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?

Animals cannot respond to stimuli

Among the protist groups below, which has organisms that typically move with two or more flagella?

diplomonads

Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that forms a significant portion of the nanoplankton?

golden algae

Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____.

urochordates; Chordata

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure at point 6 in this life cycle?

zygote