Bio 2 Midterm
What are Koch's postulates?
A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms
Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Salamanders are members of the order:
Caudata
Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plantswith stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?
Cycadophyta
How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?
Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together
The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it:
contains a certain prophage DNA
Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?
black bread mold
Lungs first evolved in which group?
bony fishes
A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:
chemoautotroph.
An examples of a plant disease caused by an ascomycete is:
chestnut blight.
Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of Bacteria?
gram-negative bacteria
The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:
jointed appendages
What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?
lysogenic
Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are
monophyletic
Taxonomy is the science of:
naming, describing, and classifying organisms
Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?
oviparous
The female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the:
ovule of the ovary
The traditional class Reptilia is ____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of reptiles.
paraphyletic
When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ____ is employed.
parsimony
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:
phylogeny
The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the:
phylum chordata
What were the original two Kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms?
plantae and Animalia
The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.
receptor
What type of root system is prevalent of eudicots?
taproot
Which protist group does not have flagellated cells?
red algae
What do ferns lack?
seeds
What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?
wheat rust
How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?
wind
How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?
Bacteria form endospores
How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?
Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?
They are acoelomates
Which statement about echinoderms is FALSE?
They show evidence of segmentation.
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:
asci
Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:
basidiocarps
You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n):
cat
In primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ____, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast.
cyanobacterium
Which is a symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)?
degeneration of the brain and central nervous system
The fossilized form of ____ is used in commercially important products, such as filters, polishes, and insect killer.
diatoms
Sea anemones, unlike scyphozoans, have a partitioned gastrovascular cavity. This serves as a means of:
digesting very large food items
Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?
echinoderms
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
feathers
What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?
gametangia
In the late 1970s Woese argued that there are two fundamentally different groups of prokaryotes by demonstrating:
gene codes of ribosomal RNA of different bacteria
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled as 4 is:
haploid
Black bread mold is ____, which means that it is self-sterile.
heterothallic
What is the nutritional mode of most bacteria
heterotrophy
Which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduced megaphylls?
horsetail
What molecular evidence have been found in cnidarians, which have radial symmetry, that is evidence to indicate cnidarians share a common ancestor with bilateral animals?
hox genes
All echinoderms are found:
in marine habitats
Color pigments produced by ____ are used to dye woolens and litmus.
lichens
The veliger larval form is unique to:
molluscs
Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.
mutualistic
When a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filamentof cells called a:
protonema.
Determinate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.
protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process
Which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells?
regressive hypothesis
Birds are most closely related to:
reptiles
Which are the animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel?
rotifers
After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
seed
Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:
the plasma membrane
Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:
their capsule or slime layer.
Sponges have specialized cells, but those cells are not organized into:
tissues
What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?
to regulate fluid balance
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:
zygote
What term describes how most sponges can produce both male and female gametes?
hermaphroditic
The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups?
liverworts
Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom _____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor.
Protista
Which statement best describes the composition of cell walls found in water molds?
Some individuals have cell walls of chitin, and others have cell walls of cellulose.
An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is known as a(n):
centipede
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which protist group's life cycle is demonstrated in this figure?
green algae
Most mollusks are:
marine
What are the viruses that attack bacteria?
phages
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label denotes the nerve cord?
5
Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?
8
Refer to the accompanying figure. At what point is there potential to undergo mitosis to become a gametophyte?
9
Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?
Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
Which statement about the development of a coelom is FALSE?
It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers.
Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?
Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat.
The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:
Urochordates
Which statement about viruses is FALSE?
Viruses can manufacture proteins.
Which characteristic defines a virus?
Viruses cannot metabolize.
The volume of a typical bacterium is about _____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.
a thousandth
Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C?
capsule
Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate?
horizontal gene transfer
In scyphozoans, the ____ is the dominant body form.
medusa
What does ssDNA stand for?
single stranded DNA
You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that this organism is known as:
Dictyostelium discoideum
Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over the counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?
Ephedra
Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?
Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids.
Which of the following phyla is unusual, as it is composed of a single species?
Ginkgophyta
Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:
ascospores
Plants are believed to have evolved from which group of algae?
charophytes
The surface of a Paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like ____.
cilia
Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?
Animals cannot respond to stimuli
Among the protist groups below, which has organisms that typically move with two or more flagella?
diplomonads
Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that forms a significant portion of the nanoplankton?
golden algae
Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____.
urochordates; Chordata
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure at point 6 in this life cycle?
zygote