BIO 201 Exam 1

nucleic acids

-DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine -RNA: adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

plasma membrane structure

-intracellular face: faces cytoplasm -extracellular face: faces outward -phospholipids- 75% -20% cholesterol: stiffens membrane; prevents fluidity at high concentration because it prevents phospholipids from becoming tightly packed -5% glycolipids: phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells; cell eating

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes; cell drinking

Mitochondria

ATP synthesis; powerhouse of cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down; lacks ribosomes and synthesizes steroids and other lipids

Different ways of checking the body

Auscultations: Listening Palpitations: Feeling Percussions: Tapping Imaging Exploratory Surgery Dissection

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify free radicals, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals; oxidizes fatty acids

structure of nucleus

DNA Transcription: Process of DNA to mRNA Translation: Process of mRNA to tRNA

Differences between DNA and RNA

Deoxyribose vs Ribose Sugar Double Helix in DNA Thymine in DNA, Uracil in RNA

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorption, widespread sensory roles (hearing, equilibrium, taste, epithelial cells of intestines and kidneys)

Please list all the terms from the least complicated to most complicated I. Organism II. Tissue III. Atom IV. Organelles V. Organ and organ system VI. Cell VII. Macromolecule

III, VII, IV, VI, II, V, I atom, macromolecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organ and organ system, organism

tight junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid; Cell junction enables cells to communicate with each other, resist mechanical stress, and control what moves through gaps between them; intestines

Purines vs. Pyrimidines

Purines: A, G (2 rings) Pyrimidines: T, C (1 ring) G-C bond has 3 H bonds (higher melting temperature) A-T bond has 2 H bonds

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment; proteins and lipids: can differ along regions on cell; involved in intracellular communication

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small section of stomach, part of the colon, sections of small intestine

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm; Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes; functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm; parallel flattened sacs covered with ribosomes and produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane and synthesizes proteins

Glycocalyx

The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication; composed of carbohydrate moieties for membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins; chemically unique to everyone except identical twins function: cushion the plasma membrane; immunity to infection; defense against cancer; transplant compatibility; cell adhesion; fertilization; embryonic development

primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain; beads on a string - fresh out of RNA

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits; associations between multiple polypeptide chains

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner; move substances along cell surface; widespread sensory roles (hearing, equilibrium, smell, vision, kidney, respiratory tract, Fallopian tubes, ventricles brain and testes)

secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain; Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain; Globular (round) and Fibrous (elongated)

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function? a. Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits b. The heart and blood vessels circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells c. Atoms, the tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins d. The liver, brain, blood vessels, and stomach are each responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perfor

a. Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. a. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region b. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye c. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye d. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth

a. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region

If you have appendicitis (infection of appendix) you will have a sharp pain in the ___________ a. Right lower quadrant (RLQ) b. Left upper Quadrant (LUQ) c. Left lower quadrant (LLQ) d. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

a. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

There are 6 major elements makes approximately 98% of the body weight. Which one of the following is NOT one of them? a. magnesium b. phosphorus c. nitrogen d. oxygen

a. magnesium

Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells? a. microscopic anatomy b. gross anatomy c. developmental anatomy d. systemic anatomy

a. microscopic anatomy

Moving from simpler to more complex, which level of organization is immediately before (simpler than) the cell? a. organelle b. atom c. tissue d. molecule

a. organelle

Which of the following is NOT true for proteins? a. tertiary structure is only made out of beta sheets b. hemoglobin is an example of quaternary structure c. secondary structure of the protein can be alpha helix or beta chain d. primary structure consists of amino acid strings, looks like a bead on a necklace

a. tertiary structure is only made out of beta sheets

Which of the following is true for phospholipids? a. they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic side b. they are parent steroids c. they are type of cholesterol d. they have three fatty acid tails

a. they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic side

Energy storage in the adipocytes are called a. triglyceride b. phospholipids c. steroids d. eicosanoids

a. triglyceride

During normal metabolic reactions your body can create free radicals. a. true b. false

a. true

anion

atom that gain electron

cation

atom that has net positive charge

Which one of the following statement is/are wrong (you may choose more than one right answer) a. Disturbance of homeostasis will not negatively influence our body b. Majority of the feed back mechanism in human body is negative feedback mechanism c. In positive feedback mechanism , response reduces or shut downs the stimuli d. Homeostasis is maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite the continuous changes in the environment

b. Majority of the feed back mechanism in human body is negative feedback mechanism c. In positive feedback mechanism , response reduces or shut downs the stimuli

Please choose the right description a. Lateral means toward the mid-line of the body b. Anterior is same as ventral in human c. Posterior is front of the body d. Proximal is further from the origin of the body

b. anterior is same as ventral in human

Nucleotide can possibly consist of ______________, _________________, and _____________. a. sucrose, polysaccharide, and lipids b. deoxyribose, adenine, and phosphate c. deoxyribose, uracil, and phosphate d. ribose, thymine, and phosphate

b. deoxyribose, adenine, and phosphate

Starch is energy storage for animals. a. true b. false

b. false

pH of the pure water is approximately 10 a. true b. false

b. false

The heart is located in the ________ cavity a. abdominal b. thoracic c. cranial d. vertebral

b. thoracic

metabolism

both breaking down and synthesizing reactions

catabolism

breaking down reactions

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? a. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle b. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body c. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body d. The body is erect with feet together and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward

c. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body

Which one of them is NOT conjugated carbohydrate? a. glycoprotein b. glycolipid c. glycogen d. proteoglycan

c. glycogen

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. a. cells b. cell chemistry c. tissues d. the gross structures of the body

c. tissues

Polysaccharides

cellulose, starch, glycogen

pseudopods

cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell varying in shape from fine, filamentous to blunt fingerlike processes; change constantly

3 major components of cytoplasm

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Which of the following best defines anatomy? a. It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells b. It is the study of tissues c. It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities d. It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another

d. It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective. a. The skull is formed by 22 facial and cranial bones. b. The pancreas lies deep to the stomach within the abdominal cavity. c. The chambers of the heart and blood vessels leading to and from the heart are separated by valves composed of fibrous connective tissue. d. The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel

d. The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel

Damage to axial region can possibly mean _________ a. damage to foot b. damage to right arm c. damage to hand d. damage to neck

d. damage to neck

Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide? a. sucrose b. lactose c. maltose d. galactose

d. galactose

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. a. developmental b. microscopic c. systemic d. gross

d. gross

Based on the Biological Hierarchy of Organization, tissues join together to form what structures? a. cells b. organelles c. molecules d. organs

d. organs

__________________ are main lipids in plasma membrane. a. fatty acids b. eicosanoid c. triglyceride d. phospholipid

d. phospholipid

It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________. a. to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology b. it makes for more efficient use of students' and teachers' time c. anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing d. physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy

d. physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy

Marfan's Syndrome

defect in elastic fiber (genetic mutation in the gene for fibrillin: glycoprotein, scaffold for elastin) -Clinical signs: hyper extensible joints, usually tall stature, long limbs, vision problems, serious heart problems

embryology is a

developmental anatomy

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right; line through navel (umbilicus)

embryonic germ layers

ectoderm: outer layer gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system mesoderm: move loosely organized; eventually turns inter gelatinous tissue mesenchyme - cardiac muscle, bone and blood endoderm: mucous memla or digestive and respiratory tracts and digestive glands

isotop

elements that differ from one another only in number of neutrons

Cytoplam

fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Centrioles

form mitotic spindle during cell division; unpaired centrioles form basal bodies of cilia and flagella

Divides body into anterior and posterior section

frontal (coronal) plane

Monosccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

conjugated carbohydrate

glycoprotein, glycolipid, proteoglycan

studying the cadavers can classify as

gross anatomy

atomic nucleus

has protons and neutrons

axial region

head, neck, trunk

transverse (horizontal) plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

horizontal plane

hypertrophy

increase in cell size -Muscle growth through exercise -Accumulation of body fat

Ribosomes

interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptide; produced in the Golgi complex

Cytosol

intracellular fluid around organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

left porting of liver, majority of stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of colon, and parts of small intestine

histology is a type of

microscopic anatomy

Divides body into right and left section (perfectly in the middle)

mid-sagittal plane

Osmosis

net flow of water from from more watery side to less watery (down the gradient); moves from more watery side with lower concentration of solute to less watery side with higher concentration of solute

isotonic

no net movement of water

Divides body into right and left section (Off center cut)

para-sagittal plane

anatomical position

person standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, and palms and face directed forward

Endocrine system

secretes hormones

covalent bond

sharing one or more pairs of electron

flagella

sperm motility; undulating, snakelike motion

inclusions

storage products or other products of cellular metabolism or foreign matter retained in cytoplasm

anatomy deals with

structure

disaccharidases

sucrase, maltase, lactose

Respiratory system

supplies oxygen to the body

Skeletal system helps

supporting the body

anabolism

synthesis reaction

Integumentary system helps

synthesizing vitamin D

Functions of membrane proteins

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions; cut along this plane gives a frontal or coronal section

Hypotonic

water flows into cell - too many solutes inside cell -Cell in hypotonic solution absorbs water

Hypertonic

water flows out of the cell - too many solutes outside cell

ionic bond

weak attraction between an anion and a cation

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between polarized molecules

Van der Waals bond

weak attraction due to random disturbances in electron cloud