BIO 202 Homework 2

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

-Liquid at room temperature -oil -found primarily in plants and plant products -double bonds within carbon backbone -trans fats are a synthetic form that has a higher melting point

Saturated Fatty Acid

-no double bonds within carbon backbone -solid at room temperature -comes primarily from animals and animal products

_____ are the building blocks of proteins. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound to a positively charged ___ group and a negatively charged _____ group and a side chain.

Amino acids; amino; carboxyl

Polysaccharide

Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen

_____ is ______ and most organisms lack the necessary enzyme to hydrolyze the beta-D glucose monomers. It is used primarily for ____ in plants.

Cellulose; unbranched; structural support

Monosaccharide

Glucose, Fructose, C6H12O6

_____ is a polysaccharide that is stored in muscle tissue. It is ______ allowing hydroxyl side groups to be readily exposed to water in the surrounding tissue, for easy hydrolysis

Glycogen; highly branched

_____ formed by _____ reactions link amino acids together, forming a linear chain.

Polypeptides; dehydration

____ is a polysaccharide that is found primarily in plant cells as a form of energy storage. It is _____ and as a result, it is not very soluble in water.

Starch; moderately branched

Disaccharide

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, C12H22O11

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s).

amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

When proteins are denatured, which type of bond is not disturbed?

covalent bonds

If two proteins have the same complement of amino acids, what would increase the likelihood that the two proteins would behave differently, e.g., have different functions?

different sequence of the amino acids within the molecules

A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell.

false

Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules.

false

Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile.

false

The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond.

false

An athlete asks you tells that even though he loses so much water when exercising, he still manages to gain muscles. His perception is that muscles are made up of mostly water. You explain that

his body must make bonds through a condensation reaction creating muscles and producing water.

In the secondary structure of a protein, what bonds, other than peptide bonds, are formed?

hydrogen bonds

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids____

hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

hydrophobic portions

A gram of fat stores _____ energy than a gram of starch due to ______ within fat molecules relative to starch molecules.

more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds

The most stable of the following DNA molecules is

one with most C and G

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

The correct structure of DNA nucleotides can be presented as

phosphate-sugar-base.

The _____ of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that are attached together by ____ bonds.

primary structure; peptide

The _____ of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein

quarternary structure

In the ______ of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanism of amino acids rotating around bonds and folding into a alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet structure and stabilized by ___ bonds

secondary structure; hydrogen

In the _____ of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a complex ____.

tertiary structure; 3-dimensional shape

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

the protein is denatured

A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds.

true

Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron).

true

The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched.

true

The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds.

true