BIO 202, Unit 1, Adrenal Medulla Hormones

sympathetic

The ______ nervous system has branches that extend into the adrenal medulla to trigger the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

The _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system is for fight or flight, and the ______ branch of the autonomic nervous system is for rest and digest.

adrenal medulla

The central part of the adrenal gland is called the ____ ____.

sympathetic

The fight or flight response is part of this branch of the autonomic nervous system.

blood, body fluids

The sympathetic nervous system reduces digestive activity and urine output to divert _____ to more vital areas and conserve _____ _____.

norepinephrine

The sympathetic nervous system releases this catecholamine into the adrenal medulla that trigger medullary chromaffin cells to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

synaptic knobs

The sympathetic nervous system secrete norepinephrine through these.

medullary chromaffin

These are the hormone secreting cells of the adrenal medulla.

epinephrine, norepinephrine

These two hormones are associated with short-term stress.

cortisol

This hormone is associated with long-term stress.

catecholamines

This is a catch-all term for epinephrine and norepinephrine.

adrenaline

This is another name for epinephrine.

noradrenaline

This is another name for norepinephrine.

hyperglycemia

This is increase blood sugar.

sympathetic

This is the part of the flight or flight response that is fast acting and is only active locally.

norepinephrine

This neurotransmitter is involved in the fight or flight response in the sympathetic nervous system.

autonomic

This part of the nervous system controls the body's unconscious actions.

adrenal medulla

This takes longer to produce catecholamines, but they travel all over the body and their effects last longer.

sympathetic

While catecholamines associated with the adrenal medulla are not considered essential life, you still need norepinephrine excreted by this part of the nervous system.

80, 20

About __ percent of catecholamines produced by medullary chromaffin are epinephrine and __ percent are norepinephrine?

glucose

As with cortisol, catecholamines increase levels of this in the blood.

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

CRH signals the anterior pituitary to release this hormone in response to long-term stress.

heat

Catecholamines cause sweating because increased cellular metabolism creates _____.

vasoconstriction

Catecholamines cause this in order to increase blood pressure.

amino acid-based

Catecholamines fall into what major class of hormones?

metabolism

Catecholamines increase blood pressure because you need to move products associated with increase cellular ______.

oxygen, nutrients, wastes

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase blood pressure to allow faster transport of ____, ____ and ____.

catecholamines

In a flight of fight response, these hormones produced by adrenal medulla increase blood flow tin brain, heart and skeletal muscles and divert blood away from skin and GI tract.

bronchi

In a flight or flight response, catecholamines cause these parts of the lung to dilate to allow for better gas exchange.

coriticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

In response to long-term stress, your hypothalamus secretes this to signal the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.

epinephrine

Is epinephrine or norepinephrine more abundant?

catecholamines

Medullary chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla produce this type of hormones.

hypothalamus

Neurons in this part of the brain are the first to respond to stress and signal the sympathetic nervous system.

hyposecretion

__________ of catecholamines is not associated with any health problems.

hypersecretion

____________ of catecholamines can cause hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, increase heart rate, nervousness, hypertension, sweating.