BIO 202, Unit 1, Adrenal Medulla Hormones
sympathetic
The ______ nervous system has branches that extend into the adrenal medulla to trigger the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
The _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system is for fight or flight, and the ______ branch of the autonomic nervous system is for rest and digest.
adrenal medulla
The central part of the adrenal gland is called the ____ ____.
sympathetic
The fight or flight response is part of this branch of the autonomic nervous system.
blood, body fluids
The sympathetic nervous system reduces digestive activity and urine output to divert _____ to more vital areas and conserve _____ _____.
norepinephrine
The sympathetic nervous system releases this catecholamine into the adrenal medulla that trigger medullary chromaffin cells to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
synaptic knobs
The sympathetic nervous system secrete norepinephrine through these.
medullary chromaffin
These are the hormone secreting cells of the adrenal medulla.
epinephrine, norepinephrine
These two hormones are associated with short-term stress.
cortisol
This hormone is associated with long-term stress.
catecholamines
This is a catch-all term for epinephrine and norepinephrine.
adrenaline
This is another name for epinephrine.
noradrenaline
This is another name for norepinephrine.
hyperglycemia
This is increase blood sugar.
sympathetic
This is the part of the flight or flight response that is fast acting and is only active locally.
norepinephrine
This neurotransmitter is involved in the fight or flight response in the sympathetic nervous system.
autonomic
This part of the nervous system controls the body's unconscious actions.
adrenal medulla
This takes longer to produce catecholamines, but they travel all over the body and their effects last longer.
sympathetic
While catecholamines associated with the adrenal medulla are not considered essential life, you still need norepinephrine excreted by this part of the nervous system.
80, 20
About __ percent of catecholamines produced by medullary chromaffin are epinephrine and __ percent are norepinephrine?
glucose
As with cortisol, catecholamines increase levels of this in the blood.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
CRH signals the anterior pituitary to release this hormone in response to long-term stress.
heat
Catecholamines cause sweating because increased cellular metabolism creates _____.
vasoconstriction
Catecholamines cause this in order to increase blood pressure.
amino acid-based
Catecholamines fall into what major class of hormones?
metabolism
Catecholamines increase blood pressure because you need to move products associated with increase cellular ______.
oxygen, nutrients, wastes
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase blood pressure to allow faster transport of ____, ____ and ____.
catecholamines
In a flight of fight response, these hormones produced by adrenal medulla increase blood flow tin brain, heart and skeletal muscles and divert blood away from skin and GI tract.
bronchi
In a flight or flight response, catecholamines cause these parts of the lung to dilate to allow for better gas exchange.
coriticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
In response to long-term stress, your hypothalamus secretes this to signal the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.
epinephrine
Is epinephrine or norepinephrine more abundant?
catecholamines
Medullary chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla produce this type of hormones.
hypothalamus
Neurons in this part of the brain are the first to respond to stress and signal the sympathetic nervous system.
hyposecretion
__________ of catecholamines is not associated with any health problems.
hypersecretion
____________ of catecholamines can cause hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, increase heart rate, nervousness, hypertension, sweating.
