BIO 208

Which RNA viruses can make protein directly from their genome? A. + sense ssRNA B. - sense ssRNA C. dsRNA D. + sense ssRNA and dsRNA E. All of them

+ sense ssRNA and dsRNA

Based on the clinical signs and symptoms of a patient with HIV, what would you predict his CD4 helper T cell count to be? A. <200/microliter of blood B. 800-1000/microliter of blood C. CD4 helper T cells are not found in the blood. They would be expressed in urine D. 10,000/microliter of blood

A. <200/microliters of blood

In which stage toes formation of mature viruses occur? A. Assembly B. Biosynthesis C. Attachment D. Penetration E. Release

A. Assembly

What type of vaccine would be used to vaccinate for varicella-zoster virus in infants? A. Attenuated virus vaccine B. Subunit vaccine C. Genetically engineered vaccine D. Inactivated virus vaccine

A. Attenuated virus vaccine

Why did his sexual partners believe they were not infected with a STD? (Gonorrhea) A. Clinical signs/symptoms in females are often not detectable, especially early in the infection. B. His partners had been drinking beer and felt they were invincible, but not very coherent. C. Females develop signs of blindness and cataracts. D. The female partners were on birth control pills and thought they were protected against STDs.

A. Clinical signs/symptoms in females are often not detectable, especially early in the infection.

Which of the following events might trigger induction of a temperate bacteriophage? A. Exposure to UV light B. Bacterial conjugation C. Normal cell division of an infected cell D. An infected cell entering the logarithmic phase of growth

A. Exposure to UV light

CD4 is predominately found on... A. Helper T-cells B. Cytotoxic T-cells C. All T-cells D. B-cells E. All lymphocytes

A. Helper T-cells

What does the incidence of gonorrhea in 2010 mean? A. Number of cases of gonorrhea diagnosed in 2010 B. Total number of people with gonorrhea in 2010 C. Number of people treated for gonorrhea in 2010

A. Number of cases of gonorrhea diagnosed in 2010

How is the lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle with respect to the infected host cell? A. The host cell dies during the lytic stage. B. The host cell can only divide during the lytic stage. C. The viral DNA may integrate into the host genome during the lytic stage. D. The host cell is allowed to live during the lytic stage.

A. The host cell dies during the lytic stage.

Even though Escherichia coli can cause, on occasion, severe human disease, there is no vaccine developed for it. Why do you think this is? A. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because it is an advantageous part of our normal intestinal flora. B. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because there are simply too many strains to make an effective vaccine that would eliminate it. C. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because there are not very many antigenic determinants on the surface of the cell that are suitable for making antibodies. D. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because there is a capsule that coats the surface of the cell, hiding the antigens from the immune system.

A. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because it is an advantageous part of our normal intestinal flora.

How are viruses different from cells? A. They require a host in order to reproduce. B. They do not contain genetic material. C. They do not contain enzymes. D. They do not contain protein.

A. They require a host in order to reproduce.

What is the function of the structural elements of a virus? A. To package and protect the viral genome B. To provide a source of energy for the virus C. To use all of the cell proteins

A. To package and protect the viral genome

What is the word used to refer to diseases transmissible from animals to humans? A. zoonoses B. endemic disease C. epidemic disease D. notifiable disease

A. Zoonoses (zoonotic)

Based on the recommendations in this textbook, which antibiotic would be the treatment of choice for this disease (gonorrhea)? A. cephalosporin B. doxycycline C. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole D. erythromycin

A. cephalosporin

The formation of a new virus in the pig is an example of

Antigenic shift

__________ are the primary means by which Neisseria gonorrhoeae attaches to the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract. A.Flagella B. Fimbriae C. Endotoxins D. Capsules

B. Fimbriae

Thrush, diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, and difficulty breathing; along with the presence of Pneumocystis jiroveci in cultures of pulmonary fluid, and the sharing of heroine needles should indicate that one should be tested for which of the following? A. AIDS B. HIV C. Measles D. Hanta virus infection

B. HIV

Which of the following families of DNA viruses is the most prevalent in humans? A. Polyomaviridae B. Herpesviridae C. Poxviridae D. Rhinoviridae E. Adenoviridae

B. Herpesviridae

All of the following are true of HHV-1 and HHV-2 latency and reoccurrence except... A. Latent virus is due to virus remaining following primary infection B. Recurrent infection is more severe than primary infection C. Stress and trauma are possible causes of latent reactivation D. Approximate two-thirds of patients with HHV-1 and HHV-2 experience a recurrence

B. Recurrent infection is more severe than primary infection -Virus hides in nerve after primary infection. Does not infect anything

What would be the fate of a lytic bacteriophage if the host cell died prior to the assembly stage? A. The virus would infect new hosts B. The virus would not be able to infect new hosts C. The cell could still be revived by the virus

B. The virus would not be able to infect new hosts

Which virus is responsible for shingles? A. Papillomavirus B. Varicella-zoster virus C. Orthopoxvirus D. Epstein-barr virus

B. Varicella-zoster virus

Is the grandfather with shingles contagious? A. No. The twins would not develop chicken pox after their visit with him B. Yes. The twins would probably develop pox after 2 weeks after their visit C. Incorrect. Review the mode of transmission for the varicella-zoster virus D. No. The twins would probably develop measles 2 weeks after their visit

B. Yes. The twins would probably develop pox after 2 weeks after their visit

Lysogenic viral DNA integrating into the host genome is referred to as A. lysogeny. B. a prophage. C. lytic. D. induction.

B. a prophage.

Which nucleic acid is part of the varicella-zoster virion? A. ssDNA B. dsDNA C. dsRNA D. ssRNA

B. dsDNA

How did this couple become infected with C. jejuni? A. ingestion of contaminated strawberries B. ingestion of contaminated, raw milk C. ingestion of turkey leftovers D. drinking bottled water

B. ingestion of contaminated, raw milk

Bordetella pertussis causes disease by A. the development of pneumonia. B. interfering with the action of the ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea. C. irritating the diaphragm, which leads to severe coughing attacks. D. forming a pseudomembrane that obstructs the larynx. E. suppressing the production of mucus by the respiratory lining.

B. interfering with the action of the ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea.

The signs and symptoms of infection with Helicobacter pylori are the result of A. the production of toxins by H. pylori in contaminated food. B. invasion by H. pylori into the mucosa of the stomach. C. the production of exotoxins by H. pylori in the intestines. D. invasion by H. pylori into the mucosa of the large intestine. E. damage to the lining of blood vessels by H. pylori.

B. invasion by H. pylori into the mucosa of the stomach.

What is the recommended schedule for the first chicken pox vaccine in infants? A. 6 months of age B. 2 days of age C. 12 months of age D. 5 years of age

C. 12 months of age

The disease known as shingles results from ... A. A recent HHV-3 infection B. Reinfection with HHV-3 C. Activation of latent HHV-3 D. An autoimmune response to HHV-3

C. Activation of latent HHV-3

Who do you think would be more likely NOT to recognize the symptoms of gonorrhea: a man or a woman? Why? A. Because of a woman's anatomy, it is harder for her to contract gonorrhea from a man, so she would be less likely to suspect it as a cause for her symptoms. B. Because men normally have discharge from the penis on a regular basis, a man may not recognize this as abnormal and fail to seek treatment. C. Because of her particular anatomy, the normal discharge associated with the female reproductive tract, plus the fact that more women are asymptomatic for gonorrhea, a woman would be less likely to recognize the symptoms as being gonorrhea and seek treatment. D. Because males most often have pain with urination as one of their main symptoms, they could confuse these symptoms with those of a urinary tract infection rather than gonorrhea.

C. Because of her particular anatomy, the normal discharge associated with the female reproductive tract, plus the fact that more women are asymptomatic for gonorrhea, a woman would be less likely to recognize the symptoms as being gonorrhea and seek treatment.

Many of the most severe strains of influenza A have originated in Asia. Asia is a major originator of pandemic strains and a major site of antigenic shift. Which of the following reasons could be a cause of this? A. Most Asian countries do not have large-scale vaccination programs for influenza B. Individuals in Asia are more susceptible to influenza that on other continents C. In Asia, the population density of humans, domesticated birds, and pigs is very high D. Water sanitation in most Asian countries is not as standardized as it is in other countries

C. In Asia, the population density of humans, domesticated birds, and pigs is very high

Which of the following statements is true? A. It is possible to have AIDS without being infected with HIV B. It is impossible to have HIV and AIDS at the same time C. It is possible to be infected with HIV without having AIDS D. Patients who are HIV positive but are not actively ill are not able to infect others

C. It is possible to be infected with HIV without having AIDS

What gram positive bacteria (covered in class) causes gastroenteritis by intoxication (no bacterial growth, just toxins) only? A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis B. Streptococcus pyogenes C. Staphylococcus aureus D. Clostridium difficile

C. Staphylococcus aureus Doesn't survive well in the gastrointestinal tract. Usually transmitted through food that has been contaminated with the toxin (even after being cooked - bacteria is killed, but toxin remains)

How is pneumonic plague transmitted? A. bite of a tick carrying Yersinia pestis B. bite of a flea carrying Yersinia pestis C. inhalation of respiratory aerosols from a person infected with Yersinia pestis D. contact with the blood of a person infected with Yersinia pestis E. fomite contact

C. inhalation of respiratory aerosols from a person infected with Yersinia pestis (bubonic -> tick or flea)

_________ kill virally infected cells CD4+ Cytotoxic T cells CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells CD4+ Helper T cells CD8+ Helper T cells Plasma cells

CD8+ Helper T cells

The host DNA is usually degraded during whig stage? A. Attachment B. Assembly C. Release D. Biosynthesis E. Penetration

D. Biosynthesis

What organism causes thrush? A. Escherichia coli B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae C. Streptococcus mutans D. Candida albicans

D. Candida albicans

Virulence factors associated with this organism (gonorrhea) include all of the following, EXCEPT __________. A. fimbriae B. capsule C. endotoxin D. flagella

D. Flagella

Pneumocystis pneumonia is caused by an opportunistic_______. A. Bacterium B. Protozoan C. Virus D. Fungus

D. Fungus

How did this patient most likely acquire the HIV infection? A. HIV is transmitted within the yeast that causes thrush B. HIV is transmitted by aerosol in the Pneumocystis organisms C. HIV was transmitted to this patient through homosexual sex D. HIV was transmitted to the patient through IV drug use in the "shooting gallery"

D. HIV was transmitted to the patient through IV drug

What is the fate of the prophage during the lysogenic stage? A. It is packaged into viral proteins and maintained until the host is exposed to an environmental stress. B. It is released from the cell by lysing the cell. C. It is degraded by the activity of host defense enzymes. D. It is copied every time the host DNA replicates.

D. It is copied every time the host DNA replicates.

A patient comes to his primary care provider very ill with an infection. The primary care provider would be most likely to suspect HIV/AIDS if the patient was diagnosed with which of the following infections? A. O157:H7 Escherichia coli B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus D. Pneumocystis pneumonia

D. Pneumocystis pneumonia

Because Campylobacter species have an animal reservoir, disease caused by these organisms are considered ________ diseases Animal Dead-end Zoonotic Self-limiting

Zoonotic

Which for of nucleic acid(s) are primarily restricted to viruses? dsDNA dsRNA ssRNA ssDNA ssRNA and dsDNA dsRNA and ssDNA

dsRNA and ssDNA Recognized as foreign by our immune system

Of the pathogenic forms of Escherichia coli, the strain O157:H7 is the primary cause of hemorrhagic colitis, or bloody diarrhea, and can progress to the often fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). What is the main reason for the severity of illness from this strain of E. coli? A. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to hide from the host immune system. B. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to kill off the nonpathogenic strains of E. coli and colonize the host. C. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to adhere very tightly to the cells lining the gut, which allows it to multiply rapidly. D. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to produce Shiga-like toxin, which causes an intense inflammatory response in the gut.

D. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to produce Shiga-like toxin, which causes an intense inflammatory response in the gut.

How is gonorrhea transmitted? A. This is a disease transmitted by eating contaminated hamburger. B. This disease is spread by aerosol transmission on a windy day. C. This disease is spread through contaminated swimming pool water. D. This is most commonly transmitted by unprotected sex.

D. This is most commonly transmitted by unprotected sex.

What conditions may trigger reactivation of latent herpesvirus infections? A. Fever B. Severe stress C. Major hormonal changes D. Immune suppression E. All of the above

E. All of the above

In which stage is the viral DNA introduced into the cell? A. Release B. Biosynthesis C. Attachment D. Assembly E. Penetration

E. Penetration

Gram negative pathogens can cause disease symptoms through the production of... Endotoxins Exotoxins Endotoxins and Exotoxins Neither type of toxin

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Why is it important to get a new flue vaccine every year? A. Antigenic shift creates completely new surface proteins every year, allowing for evasion of the immune system. B. The immune system fails to generate memory B cells when inoculated with this vaccine. Thus, the immune system can't "remember" the influenzavirus. C. The immunity provided by the flu vaccine lasts only though the flu season D. Every season, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins on the viral envelope of influenza are subject to slight changes by mutation, allowing evasion of the immune system.

Every season, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins on the viral envelope of influenza are subject to slight changes by mutation, allowing evasion of the immune system.

Unlike other members of its genus, Yersinia pests can be transmitted by all to the following modes except... Direct contact Fecal-oral Vector Aerosols

Fecal-oral

Most enteric pathogens are Gram positive rods Gram negative rods Gram positive cocci Gram negative cocci

Gram negative rods (gut pathogens)

Which of the following are hosts for Salmonella enteric serovar typhi? Reptiles Humans All mammals Both reptiles and humans

Humans

Neisseria gonorhoeae is able to withstand the immune system by all of the following means except... A. Inactivation of complement B. Survival in phagocytes C. Variation of surface antigens D. IgA protease

Inactivation of complement

IgA is most commonly associated with... Allergies Eukaryotic infections Mucosal immunity Vaccination

Mucosal immunity

Helicobacter is a(n) Thermophile Acidophile Alkalinophile Neutrophile

Neutrophile Because it neutralizes the stomach acid surrounding the bacteria

Humans are the sole hosts of Salmonella typhi. True or false?

True