BIO 225 Final

Which of the following is not a noninvasive procedure?

Injection

In which of the following scenarios would you expect to see a more robust level of neurogenesis following injury?

Injury to the radial nerve in the hand from a cut.

Measuring the size of the body and/or its parts is known as anthropometry. Which of the following would NOT be an example of an anthropometric measurement?

Intelligence

The longest stage of the cell cycle is

Interphase

Which statement is inaccurate regarding the function of blood?

It carries hormones from exocrine glands to cells throughout the body.

Which of the following is a function of CCK?

It causes the feeling of fullness after eating

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is correct?

It is usually continuous with the rough ER. It is a double membrane. It has many openings called nuclear pores.

Ryan is an 8 year old third-grader who is allergic to peanuts. If Ryan accidentally touches or eats a peanut, his mom uses an EpiPen to prevent Ryan's bronchi from constricting and reducing the flow of oxygen to his lungs. Speculate about the action of an EpiPen.

It mimics the action of postganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitters.

Which of the following functions about the plasma membrane is correct?

It regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell. It plays a role in communication among cells. It separates the external environment from the internal environment.

The spinal cord in the adult normally extends to which vertebral level?

L2

Comparing cardiac and skeletal muscles, which is most accurate?

Cardiac muscle contains gap junctions, and skeletal muscle does not

Which statement differentiates connective tissue from epithelial tissue?

Connective tissue has more extracellular matrix than cells, and epithelial tissue has more cells than extracellular matrix.

Which of these pairs is a mismatch?

Cranial nerve III = optic nerve

Which of the following pancreatic cells secrete somatostatin?

D cells

A nucleosome is

DNA wrapped twice around a histone

Which of the following does not occur as part of the thermoregulatory responses of the skin?

Dermal blood vessels dilate in response to low environmental temperatures.

Which of the following statements about the nucleus is correct?

Each nucleus contains thousands of genes.

Ephedra was removed from the American market because of its agonistic adrenergic effects. Which did ephedra do?

Ephedra mimicked the effects of norepinephrine.

Which of the following statements about glucose and aging is correct?

Excessive sugar levels lead to irreversible cross-links with proteins

Which of the following extends and abducts the hand at the wrist?

Extensor carpi radialis longus

After menopause, bone deposition by osteoblasts outpaces bone resorption by osteoclasts.

False

An important function of the esophagus is to secrete digestive enzymes that are carried with the food to the stomach for digestion.

False

Cells have the ability to divide an unlimited number of times.

False

Many new body organs are formed during the fetal period.

False

Most cells are fairly similar in size, shape, and function.

False

Opening and closing of the eyes are actions provided by the same muscle.

False

Pancreatic acini are clusters of exocrine cells that produce the hormones glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin.

False

The carotid arteries branch off of the ascending aorta and travel to the head.

False

The dermis is avascular, while the epidermis is well supplied with blood.

False

The hyoid bone articulates directly with the mandible.

False

The main distributing artery of the thorax is the ascending aorta.

False

The pectoral girdle articulates directly to the vertebral column.

False

The skin aids in thermoregulation through the release of sweat from sudoriferous glands and sebum from sebaceous glands.

False

The skin is quite uniform in thickness over all the areas that it covers.

False

The testes of a full-term male infant have not descended into the scrotum by the time of birth.

False

There are several theories about the aging process, but it is clear that the primary factors responsible for this process are environmental.

False

True or False: Both skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue contains endomysium, perimysium and epimysium.

False

When a person goes from a resting state to an exercising state, their cardiac output goes down.

False

____________ can do work for a moderate length of time such as a 200 meter dash.

Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers

Cells that do not divide readily, like neurons and muscle cells, are thought to be arrested permanently in

G0 growth phase.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for stimulating the secretion of saliva?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Hot flashes between the ages of 40 and 50 in most women are associated with bursts releases of

GnRH

Pulses of __________ initiate changes associated with puberty.

GnRH

Emily is three years old and fell off of a slide at the playground. Emily most likely sustained a __________ fracture.

Greenstick

In some elderly people, collagen fiber synthesis slows, in part because of diminished production of

Human growth horomone

Which of the following is NOT a correct match for cranial nerve function?

IX - diaphragm control

How many motor neurons would be in a pathway that innervates the gastrocnemius?

1

What is the effect of GnRH during the female reproductive cycle?1. stimulates release of FSH from the pituitary2. stimulates release of LH from the pituitary

1 and 2

Which of the following is CORRECT of the false (greater) pelvis? 1. bounded by the abdominal wall anteriorly 2. bounded laterally by the superior portions of the ilia 3. bounded by the sacrum and coccyx posteriorly 4. bounded by pubic bones anteriorly

1 and 2

The mechanism(s) listed below which contribute to lymph return to the blood is/are: 1 respiratory pump (inhalation) 2 heart contraction 3 muscle pump (contraction of skeletal muscles) 4 lymphatic "heart" 5 facilitated diffusion

1 and 3 only

The blood vessels responsible for conveying blood away from the heart are: 1. arteries 2. veins

1 only

Which of the structures listed below is a/are component(s) of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system? 1. alveoli 2. bronchi 3. larynx 4. nose 5. trachea

1 only

Which of the following are TRUE about muscle cells? 1. able to contract when stimulated 2. able to respond to stimuli by producing electrical stimuli 3. able to return to their original length and shape after contraction or extension 4. able to stretch, within limits, without being damaged

1, 2, 3 and 4

Which of the activities listed below are functions of the Lymphatic System? 1 transports lipids to the blood 2 transports lipid-soluble vitamins to the blood 3 drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood 4 initiates specific immune responses against particular microbes and abnormal cells 5 stores energy in the form of fat

1, 2, 3 and 4 only

Which of the following are physical characteristics of blood? 1. it is more viscous than water 2. its temperature is about 38ºC (100.4ºF) 3. the pH is slightly alkaline 4. it is about 8% of one's total body weight 5. its color is always a bright red

1, 2, 3 and 4 only

Which of the choices below are TRUE statements about the hyoid bone? 1. attachment site for some tongue muscles 2. attachment site for some muscles of the neck 3. attachment site for throat muscles 4. it articulates with both a cervical vertebra and the mandible 5. it does not articulate with any other bone

1, 2, 3 and 5 only

Which of the functions listed below is/are associated with skeletal muscle? 1. aid the return blood in veins to the heart 2. produce body movements 3. produce heat 4. regulate the volume of hollow organs, e.g. heart, stomach, and urinary bladder 5. stabilize body position

1, 2, 3 and 5 only

Which of the following are among the factors that can influence the range of motion of a synovial joint? 1. contact between different bone surfaces 2. arrangement and tension of associated muscles 3. flexibility of the ligaments that contribute to the structure of the joint 4. lack of use 5. placement of soft tissues such as fat or muscle

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Which of the items listed below is/are an advantage of a cord-blood transplant over a bone marrow transplant? 1. Stem cells are easily collected from the umbilical cord at birth. 2. Stem cells from the umbilical cord are less likely to cause graft-versus-host disease .3. Stem cells from the umbilical cord are less likely to transmit infections. 4. Stem cells from the umbilical cord can be frozen and stored indefinitely. 5. Stem cells in the umbilical cord are more abundant than stem cells in red bone marrow.

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Which of the occurrences listed below are associated with aging in humans? 1. decreased compliance of the aorta 2. reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size 3. reduced cardiac output 4. a decline in maximum heart rate 5. reduced cerebral and renal blood flow

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Which of the substances listed below are transported in blood? 1. carbon dioxide 2. various nutrients, such as vitamins and glucose 3. hormones 4. oxygen 5. heat

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Which of the following is a/are function(s) of the internal structures of the nose? 1. filtering incoming air 2. moistening incoming air 3. detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli 4. warming incoming air 5. modifying speech vibrations

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Which of the structures listed below develop(s) from the midgut?1. ascending colon2. cecum3. appendix4. ileum5. jejunum6. stomach

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 only

Which types of arteries supply blood to a long bone? 1. periosteal arteries 2. nutrient artery 3. epiphyseal arteries 4. metaphyseal arteries

1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following are aging's contribution to diminished mobility? 1. decrease in synovial fluid production 2. thinning of the articular cartilage 3. attitude changes 4. decreased flexibility of ligaments 5. accumulated "wear and tear"

1, 2, 4 and 5 only

Which of the following are TRUE statements about platelets? 1. they participate in the formation of a blood clot 2. they contain a very large nucleus 3. they are formed under the influence of the hormone thrombopoietin 4. they (when aged or dead) are removed from the circulation by macrophages in the spleen and liver

1, 3 and 4 only

Which of the choices listed below is a/are changes that occur in the lymphatic and immune system with age? 1 B cells become less responsive. 2 Fewer autoantibodies are produced. 3 T cell populations decrease. 4 Existing T cells become more responsive to antigens .5 The immune response to vaccines decreases. 6 The immune system exhibits increased levels of function.

1, 3 and 5 only

Which of the following are classified as granular leukocytes? 1. eosinophils 2. lymphocytes 3. neutrophils 4. monocytes 5. basophils 6. reticulocytes

1, 3 and 5 only

Which of the following are TRUE statements about red bone marrow? 1. highly vascularized 2. stores fat 3. site of production of red blood cells 4. the marrow in the medullary (marrow) cavity becomes inactive as an individual grows 5. is the only bone marrow in newborns

1, 3, 4 and 5 only

Which of the choices listed below are hormones produced by the ovaries? 1. estrogens 2. follicle-stimulating hormone 3. inhibin 4. luteinizing hormone 5. progesterone6. relaxin

1, 3, 5, 6

Which of the following nerves arise from the brachial plexus? 1. ulnar nerve 2. femoral nerve 3. median nerve 4. obturator nerve 5. axillary nerve 6. musculocutaneous nerve 7. sciatic nerve 8. radial nerve 9. tibial nerve 10. common fibular nerve

1, 3, 5, 6, and 8

Which of the characteristics listed below is associated with pain arising from stimulation of receptors in muscle tissue? 1. acute, sharp, or pricking pain 2. begins a second or more after a stimulus is applied 3. gradually increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes

2, 3 only

Which of the structures listed below are epidermal derivatives? 1. arrector pili muscle 2. hair follicles 3. sebaceous glands 4. sudoriferous glands

2, 3, 4

Which of the choices listed below are characteristics shared by all epithelial tissues? 1 contain a high amount of extracellular matrix (substance between cells) 2 avascular (no blood vessels) 3 cells closely joined together 4 form surface layers 5 found immediately next to blood-vessel rich connective tissues

2, 3, 4, 5

Which of the items listed below is a/are thymic hormone(s) that assume a role in immunity? 1. colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) 2. thymic factor (TF) 3. thymic humoral factor (THF) 4. thymopoietin 5. thymosin

2, 3, 4, 5

At rest, the kidneys receive _________ percent of cardiac output.

20 to 25

Both the eyes and ears begin to develop around _______ days after fertilization.

22

The primitive atrium appears on day _____ of fetal development.

22

Following exposure to a foreign antigen, are you more likely to see a significant spike in the number of plasma cells in a

25 year old marathon runner

How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach contain?

3

he right lung has ___________ lobe(s).

3

The anatomical structures that make up the prominent projection on the anterior part of the neck known as the "Adam's apple" include1. sternocleidomastiod2. clavicle3. thyroid cartilage4. larynx

3 and 4

A muscle with an origin in the supraspinous fossa and an insertion at the head of the humerus 1. causes adduction of the shoulder joint 2. causes depression of the scapula 3. is part of the rotator cuff

3 only

Which of the following cranial nerves are associated with eye movement? 1) Olfactory (I) 2) Optic (II) 3) Oculomotor (III) 4) Trochlear (IV) 5) Trigeminal (V) 6) Abducens (VI) 7) Facial (VII) 8) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 9) Glossopharyngeal (IX) 10) Vagus (X) 11) Accessory (XI) 12) Hypoglossal (XII)

3, 4 and 6

Mature alveoli start to form at approximately what point during fetal development?

30 weeks

By the age of 70, vital capacity can decrease by as much as

35%

Which of the following is FALSE? 1. Each nerve fiber sits in a loose connective tissue called the endoneurium.2 . The axon and its associated glial cells form the nerve fiber. 3. The perineurium packages groups of nerve fibers together into bundles called fasiculi. 4. The epineurium is the innermost connective tissue covering.

4 only

Which of the structures listed below develop(s) from the respiratory diverticulum (lung bud)?1. cartilage of the larynx2. cartilage of the respiratory tree3. parietal pleura4. respiratory epithelium5. smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles6. visceral pleura

4 only

Put the steps of the skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle contraction cycle in order:1. Power stroke2. Cross-bridges3. Detachment4. ATP hydrolysis

4, 2, 1, 3

The rate of demineralization in females accelerates around age

45

The formed elements make up approximately _______ of the total blood volume.

45%

Decreased male sex drives typically occur about the age of

55

The pH of the blood is very important to many physiological and chemical functions in the body. Which of the following reflects the normal pH of blood?

7.4

After which of the following weeks of embryonic development does the cloacal membrane rupture to form a continuous tube from mouth to anus?

7th week

The fetal period takes place during which of the following durations?

9-38 weeks

At the onset of menarche, ovulation fails to occur _____% of the time

90

Which of the following is an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A vesicle forms around a substance that is bound to a membrane receptor. Ligand binds to a protein receptor before it is internalized. A vesicle is taken into the cell after a ligand binds to a membrane receptor.

The terms hypochondriac, epigastric, inguinal and lumbar are best associated with the ________ cavity.

Abdominopelvic

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release _____________.

Acetylcholine

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the hematocrit?

An increase in the hematocrit value above 54% represents anemia.

Tay Sachs disease is a disorder that occurs in the lysosomes of affected people. Based on this information, which of the following would be a true statement about people who suffer from Tay Sachs disease?

An organelle in the cytoplasm is directly affected by this disease.

Plasma cells, which are critical for antibody production, are derived directly from

B lymphoblasts

Axons of _________ decussate in the brain or spinal cord.

second-order neurons

During ovulation, what structure is discharged from the ovary?

secondary oocyte

During ovulation, ___________ are released from the _____________.

secondary oocytes; ovaries

The products of meiosis I during spermatogenesis are

secondary spermatocytes

The salivary glands, liver, and pancreas facilitate which of the following digestive processes?

secretion

Functions of the menisci (singular = meniscus) include all of the following EXCEPT:

secretion of synovial fluid

The vestibular nerve conveys signals from receptors located in the ________, whereas the cochlear nerve conveys signals from receptors located in the ________.

semicircular canals; cochlea

A patient who suffered from a lesion of the dorsal root would present to the clinic with a _________ deficit.

sensory

The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway carries this/these type(s) of nerve fibers

sensory

Which of the following is a correct pathway for a reflex arc?

sensory receptor → sensory neuron → integrating center → motor neuron → effector

Which of the following is the correct sequence for a reflex arc?

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

From superficial to deep, what is the correct order of layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

The tunica vaginalis a

serous membrane

The patella is considered a/an

sesamoid bone

The most prominent of the vertebral spines is the

seventh cervical vertebra

The trapezius muscle of the neck is named according to its:

shape

The _________ of telomeres occurs with aging and eventually leads to cell death. A

shortening

The glenohumeral joint is also known as the

shoulder joint

Which of the following joints has the greatest degree of flexibility?

shoulder joint

During a microscopy lab, a student examines a tissue sample. The student notices that the cells in the sample are tightly packed together, square in shape, and form a single layer. Identify the type of tissue.

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A blood vessel has three layers. The intima is the inner layer composed of endothelium. Which type of epithelium is this?

simple squamous

The endothelium of blood vessels and the mesothelium of the parietal pericardium are composed of

simple squamous epithelium

The glomerular capsule consists of a visceral layer composed of

simple squamous epithelium

The majority of pacemaker cells in the heart occur in the

sinoatrial node

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of tissues comprising the human body?

skeletal

Which of the following types of muscular tissue is best associated with the movement of our hands and legs?

skeletal

What type of muscle tissue would you expect the constrictor muscles of the pharynx to be?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following would be a somatic nervous system effector?

skeletal muscle

The cerebellum primarily influences _________________ activity.

skilled movement

The principle organ of the integumentary system is ____.

skin

With aging the relative number of ____________ muscle fibers appears to increase.

slow oxidative

The type of muscle fibers associated with aerobic, endurance-type activities such as running a marathon are:

slow oxidative (type I) fibers

Marathon runners would be expected to have higher percentages of _________ compared to short-distance sprinters.

slow oxidative fibers

A disorder that destroys the myelin sheath of interneurons in the CNS would have which type of effect?

slower rate of action potential transmission

Which region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is responsible for most digestion and absorption of nutrients?

small intestine

Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?

small pelvic outlet

Which muscle tissue has the least amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum?

smooth

Which muscle inserts to the calcaneus via the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon?

soleus

Skeletal muscle contractions will not occur (paralysis) if there is injury or damage of _________ neurons.

somatic motor

Contraction of skeletal muscles is a/an

somatic reflex

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx move structures associated with

speech

When some of the ductus deferens is removed

sperm cannot leave the male reproductive tract

A cell's shape is related to its function. Identify the cell that uses a long tail (flagellum) for locomotion.

sperm cell

Which of the following bones includes the space that contains the pituitary gland?

sphenoid

The foramen rotundum is a foramen of the

sphenoid bone

These structures connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands in all parts of the body. What are they called?

spinal nerves

This muscle's sole action is to extend the head and vertebral column

spinalis capitis

In which of the following scenarios does dynamic equilibrium maintain body (mainly the head) position?

spinning in a circle

In the elderly, the loss of ability to detect higher pitched sounds is likely due to damage in which of the following structures of the internal ear?

spiral organ

After platelets die, which organ removes them from circulation?

spleen

During labor, the cervix dilates to 10 cm during the

stage of dilation

In which of the following scenarios would you expect the skin to reduce the production of sweat?

standing outside on a cold day

After a vasectomy, sperm production

stays the same

The process of replacing bone marrow is called:

stem cell transplant

The accessory nerve is motor to

sternocleidomastoid

The manubrium, body, and xiphoid process form the:

sternum

Which of the following is NOT classified by shape as a long bone?

sternum (breastbone)

The lesser omentum arises as an anterior fold in the serosa between which of the following two organs?

stomach and duodenum

Infants can sometimes have a condition called pyloric stenosis (narrowing). This condition makes it difficult for chyme to pass out of the _____ into the _____.

stomach, duodenum

The pancreas is located behind the_____ in the _____ space.

stomach, retroperitoneal

Which of the following layers of the epidermis is essentially lacking in thin skin, but is thick on the anterior surface of the hands and fingers and on the soles of the feet?

stratum lucidum

Which of the following types of fractures is difficult to detect with an X-ray and usually shows no visible signs on examination?

stress fracture

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of connective tissue?

structure of extracellular matrix determines much of the tissue's qualities

Which of the suprahyoid muscles do not depress the mandible?

stylohoid

The projection that's palpable on the distal end of the bone on the median aspect of the wrist is the

styloid process of ulna

Which line separates the epigastric region and the umbilical region?

subcostal line

Which enteric system plexus innervates the mucosa and submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract?

submucosal

All of the following are able to adduct the arm at the shoulder joint EXCEPT

subscapularis

Which of the following is another name for sweat glands?

sudoriferous

The gluteus maximum is ____ to the gluteus medius.

superficial

Trace the flow of venous blood draining from the small intestine back to the heart.

superior mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, liver, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, heart

The cranial nerves that control the extrinsic ocular muscles all pass through which foramen?

superior orbital fissure

The false pelvis is

superior to the pelvic brim

The azygos vein empties into the

superior vena cava

How do oral contraceptives work to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy?

suppressing FSH and LH levels

Which of the following veins drains the adrenal glands?

suprarenal vein

A person with damage to the hypoglossal nerve may have a hard time performing which function?

swallowing

The hypoglossal nerve conducts motor information to muscles involved in

swallowing

Which of the following is not a type of synovial joint?

swing

The innervation of the adrenal medulla is by the ____________ division(s)

sympathetic

The adrenal medulla is controlled by a direct connection with the

sympathetic nervous system

A ___________ is a type of joint formed where two bones are joined by a pad of fibrocartilage. The intervertebral joints are an example.

symphysis

___________ and _______________ are the two types of cartilaginous joints.

synchondroses, symphyses

Which of the following is not considered a classification of fibrous joints?

synchondrosis

A _____________ is a fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than a suture.

syndesmoses

A gomphosis is classified as a/an

syndesmosis

When bones stop growing in length the synchondrosis joint becomes a

synostosis

Which membrane in the body lacks an epithelium?

synovial

Which of the following types of membranes secretes fluid that lubricates the cartilage on the ends of bones in movable joints?

synovial

Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelial membrane (which is actually a combination of epithelial tissue and connective tissue)?

synovial membrane which lines the inside of a joint capsule

Range of Motion (ROM) is affected by all of the following except

synovium

Which of the following are also known as Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors?

tactile discs

Identify the defense mechanism of the body that belongs to the innate immune system.

tears

Which of the following bones has a petrous and squamous portion?

temporal

Which joint is the only moveable skull joint?

temporomandibular joint

Hydrolyzed collagen forms gelatin. In which part of an animal would collagen be most abundant?

tendons and ligaments

Which of the following reduces the range of motion of a particular joint?

tense ligaments

This gland in normally found outside the body cavity in the scrotum.

testis

Hemispheric lateralization means

that the left and right sides of the brain specialize for different functions

Peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations are located in

the aorta

Three small bones are found in the ears. In which part of the skeleton would these bones be classified?

the axial skeleton but not the appendicular skeleton

Metabolism is a life process associated with

the build up of complex molecules

As part of interphase, the cell goes through the S phase during which _____.

the cell replicates its DNA

Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint?

the elbow, which performs flexion and extension

Sebaceous glands can be found in skin on

the face

Evaluating the corneal reflex involves touching the patient's eye gently with a wisp of cotton and observing the patient blink. Which nerve conveys the efferent limb of this reflex arc?

the facial nerve

Which is likely to occur with someone who has an overworked heart?

the heart enlarges

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the hyoid bone?

the hyoid bone bone provides attachment points for some tongue muscles

Anatomical terminology refers to

the language of the body

A patient who is unable to make a tight fist could have damage to the _________ of the brachial plexus.

the median nerve

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can only be a factor if

the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+

To which part of the femur does the ischiofemoral ligament attach?

the neck

Evaluating the pupillary light reflex involves shining a light into the patient's eye and observing both pupils constrict. Which nerve conveys the efferent limb of this reflex arc?

the oculomotor nerve

Evaluating the corneal reflex involves touching the patient's eye gently with a wisp of cotton and observing the patient blink. Which nerve conveys the afferent limb of this reflex arc?

the ophthalmic nerve

Pelvimetry is the measurement of the size of the birth canal. This is really the measurement of

the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet

During tubular reabsorption, water and solutes return to the blood as it flows through the

the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

Before suffering a cerebral vascular accident, i.e. a stroke, 58 year old Rex was a very jovial and sociable man who enjoyed playing with his grandchildren, providing sage advice to clients regarding retirement savings and even started taking piano lessons. Since his stroke, he is a hateful man who despises all children, no longer meets with clients and stopped playing the piano. What area of the brain has been most seriously affected by this particular stroke?

the prefrontal cortex

The primary factor that determines whether interstitial fluid will enter a lymphatic capillary is

the pressure gradient between interstitial fluid and lymph

Why is a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) usually done between L4-S1?

the spinal cord usually ends around L2

Which of the following structures could NOT be implicated in a patient suffering from chronic anosmia (loss of smell)?

the thalamus of the diencephalon

The immune system declines with age. One of the key factors in this decline relates to a diminished function of _______.

the thymus gland

Evaluating the pharyngeal (gag) reflex involves touching the very posterior aspect of a patient's tongue with a tongue depressor and observing whether the patient gags or not. Which nerve conveys the efferent limb of this reflex arc?

the vagus nerve

The (lubb dupp) sounds of the hearts are actually caused by

the valves closing

The sebaceous gland secretions and periderm form

the vernix caseosa

Which is true of nephrons?

their numbers do not increase after birth

During development, when do the fetal kidneys begin excreting urine into the amniotic fluid?

third month

From which of the following does the thymus develop?

third pharyngeal pouch

The weight of a developing fetus doubles during the

third trimester

Cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the

thoracolumbar lateral horns

This endocrine gland plays an important role in the early development of the immune system.

thymus

Which is the only endocrine structure to store a large quantity of the hormone it produces?

thyroid gland

The medial leg bone with a medial malleolus is the

tibia

The palpable bone along the medial surface and anterior border of the leg is the

tibia

Which bone is a component of the free lower limb?

tibia

The sciatic nerve is actually made of two nerves bound together by a common sheath of connective tissue. Which two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

tibial and common fibular

Loss of sensation to the sole of the foot would result from nerve blockade of the

tibial nerve at the medial malleolus

The stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder are all lined by cells that must prevent the passage of materials out of the organ. Consequently, ____________ make up a significant proportion of the cellular junctions between these cells

tight junctions

What is a chromatin fiber?

tightly coiled nucleosomes

The structural level of organization below the organ level is the ________ level.

tissue

Cells with a common function form ________ which work together for a special role or function

tissues

cells give rise to

tissues

The sarcomere is made up of three types of proteins. Which of the following is a structural protein?

titin

The major effect of exercise upon respiration is ______________.

to increase the depth and rate or breathing

Which of the following stimuli can be detected by neurons in the skin?

touch pressure pain

Which of the following statements does NOT represent a way in which the body defends itself against an invading pathogen?

transporting dietary lipid

The ________ is formed by the transverse section that passes between the junction of the eighth and ninth costal cartilages and the intervertebral disc between the twelfth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae.

transpyloric plane

All of these kinds of fiber bundles are in the central white matter of the cerebrum EXCEPT:

transverse

Which of the following muscles DO NOT originate on the cricoid cartilage?

transverse arytenoid

To remove the skull cap to access the brain, a horizontal section across the skull must be made. This type of section occurs along the

transverse plane

Compared to other muscle tissues, smooth muscle differs in that it lacks

transverse tubules

Which of the following regions of the body represent an important clinical landmark for listening to respiratory sounds?

triangle of auscultation

The primary arm muscle used when doing a push-up would be the _______?

triceps brachii

Which of the cranial nerves carries touch sensations from most of the face?

trigeminal

Destruction of yellow bone marrow will directly effect

triglyceride storage

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

triglyceride storage blood cell production mineral storage and release protections

The lamina propria of the small intestine contains a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal. Identify the digestive nutrient that is absorbed by the lacteal.

triglycerides

The femur has a very large proximal projection that serves as an attachment site for some very large lower limb and pelvic muscles. This femoral projection is referred to as a/an

trochanter

The cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

true

Which hypothalamic region includes the infundibulum and median eminence?

tuberal

What is the name of the knoblike structure on the posterior surface of the rib, where the neck joins the body?

tubercle

Nerve impulses from optic nerves

two of the choices are correct

The facial nerve is motor to

two of the choices are correct

If a blood analysis revealed that a patient lacks antigen A but has antigen B, then that person must have

type B blood

Stems cell from __________ present several advantages over those from red bone marrow donations, namely they are more abundant, easy to collect, and can be stored indefinitely.

umbilical cords

Your spleen is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant?

upper left

With a radical mastectomy, the axillary lymph nodes and vessels are removed. This will result in edema (swelling) in which area?

upper limbs

The olfactory epithelium is located within the

upper nose

The ________ limb buds develop first and are covered by ___________.

upper; ectoderm

Which organ is part of the duct system that transports sperm to the exterior?

urethra

From what embryonic structure does the urinary bladder develop?

urogenital sinus

Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is primarily due to

uterine enlargement

The stage of expulsion during labor is accomplished by muscular contractions in the

uterus

These structures form an inverted v-shaped row at the back of the tongue.

vallate papillae

What happens during the fight-or-flight response?

vasodilation of vessels going to skeletal muscles heart rate increases pupils dilate

Lymph vessels actually develop from lymph sacs which arise from developing ______.

veins

During ventricular systole

ventricular pressure is high and atrial pressure is low

The AV valves are expected to close during

ventricular systole

Which protects the skin of the fetus from constant exposure to amniotic fluid?

vernix caseosa

The heads of the ribs attach to the

vertebrae

The meninges line which of the following body cavities?

vertebral (spinal) cavity

What is the term for a rib whose cartilage connects with the sternum indirectly?

vertebrochondral

Joints that are functional diarthroses include the

vertebrocostal joints

A person is experiencing loss of balance. This may have resulted from damage to which branch of cranial nerve VIII?

vestibular

Which of the following functions is NOT typically ascribed to cranial nerves?

visceral efferent (sympathetic)

The serous membrane attached to the stomach is called the

visceral peritoneum

Stimulation of one _________________ muscle fiber causes contraction of many adjacent fibers, but stimulation of one ___________ muscle fiber causes contraction of that fiber only.

visceral smooth; multiunit smooth

The optic nerve conveys ____ information.

visual

When melanocytes are attacked by the immune system, patches of white spots can appear on the skin. This condition is

vitiligo

What difference would you expect to find when comparing the blood between an averaged-sized male and female?

volume

Where would you find multiunit smooth muscle tissue in the body?

walls of large arteries arrector pili iris of the eye

What substances are secreted during tubular secretion

wastes drugs excess ions

Telomeres are specific DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from

wear and tear

Which activity would best promote bone formation?

weight lifting

A consequence of damage to the nerves that supply the external intercostal muscles is impaired respiratory function. Why is this so?

when the external intercostal muscles contract, they increase the dimensions of the chest cavity thereby decreasing alveolar pressure so that air flows into the lungs

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are specific types of

white blood cells

Kyle a 44 year old construction worker was working on a 101 degree (Fahrenheit) day. He became very dizzy and was immediately driven to a local medical clinic. The nurse practitioner noted that his blood pressure was extremely low most likely from dehydration. The body's response to this drop in pressure would be _________ facilitated by the ________ nervous system.

widespread vasoconstriction of blood vessels within the skin; sympathetic

Which of the following conditions results from long thoracic nerve damage?

winged scapula

Seasonal affective disorder afflicts some people during

winter months

The placement of hands directly on the body of the sternum is very important during CPR to avoid breaking the __________, located just inferior to the sternal body.

xiphoid process

Which portion of the sternum can be fractured due to incorrect hand position during CPR?

xiphoid process

Your patient is an elderly man complaining of joint pain. Which of the following might you recommend as a non-medicated way to help minimize further pain and reduce future problems?

yoga

Before birth, hemopoiesis first occurs in the __________ of the embryo.

yolk sac

Which of the following structures in the adrenal glands secretes mineralocorticoids?

zona glomerulosa

In a muscle the slowly adapting nerve endings are called

Muscle spindles

_____________ is considered the motor protein because it can hydrolyze ATP

Myosin

_____________ play a very important supporting role for nerve impulse conduction (as opposed to being directly involved in nerve impulse conduction).

Neuroglia

----are subcellular structures with specific functions that are suspended in the cytoplasm.

Organelles

_________ are responsible for producing the bony spurs seen in cowboys for example

Osteoblasts

Which of the following are also known as lamellated corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

When comparing the pelvic and pectoral girdles, which one allows more range of motion?

Pectoral

_________ veins leave the diaphysis through many perforating canals and carry blood from the periosteum and outer part of compact bone.

Periosteal

Which of the following deflection waves is correctly matched with the correct event?

QRS complex/ ventricular depolarization

Which of the following are TRUE statements?

Structurally, joints are classified based on the type of material that binds the bones together. Structurally, joints are classified based on whether or not they have a synovial cavity. Functionally, joints are classified based on the degree of movement allowed. Ligaments bind one bone to another bone.

Anatomy focuses on the __________________ of the human body.

Structure

Which of the following terms and descriptions are accurate?

Sympathetic division - supports expenditure of energy during emergency situations

Cell types involved in adaptive immunity are (select all that apply)

T lymphocytes B lymphocytes

Identify the nerve root that does NOT contribute to the formation of the brachial plexus.

T3

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the location of the heart?

The base of the heart rests on the diaphragm.

Which of the following sentences correctly describes the process of peristalsis in the esophagus?

The circular muscle fibers above the bolus contract, thereby pushing the bolus downward.

Which of the following statements about the layers of the skin is TRUE?

The dermis is composed primarily of connective tissue and the epidermis is composed primarily of epithelium

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The diameter of the efferent arteriole is larger than the afferent arteriole.

Which of the following statements is correct?

The elastin in the walls of arteries has an increased affinity for calcium in the aged.

Which of the statements below is TRUE?

The eyes and ears begin their development about 22 days after fertilization. The first part of the ear to develop is the internal ear. The middle ear develops from the first pharyngeal (branchial) pouch. The external ear develops from the first pharyngeal cleft.

Which of the following is FALSE?

The hypothalamus is a small part of the epithalamus

Which of the following statements about a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan is INCORRECT?

The image cannot be rotated or enlarged.

If the axon of a neuron were destroyed, which of the following would happen to the neuron?

The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials.

For the sagittal suture, which of the following is true?

The parietal bones are connected by dense irregular connective tissue.

Which of the following is FALSE when comparing the pectoral and pelvic girdles?

The pectoral girdle offers more strength than mobility.

Which of the following is TRUE?

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is located outside the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A nerve is a bundle of axons (nerve fibers) that lies outside the brain and spinal cord. Ganglia are small masses consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord.

Which one of the following structures does not contribute to protection of the brain?

The pons

Which of the following statements about the regulation of respiration is CORRECT?

The pontine respiratory group is thought to regulate the activity of the dorsal respiratory group

The respiratory system consists of two main parts. What are they?

The respiratory zone and the conducting zone.

Which statement best describes the position of the kidneys?

The right kidney is lower than the left.

The structure on the humerus that can be palpated on the superior aspect of the shoulder is the

The structure on the humerus that can be palpated on the superior aspect of the shoulder is the

Which of the following statements about synovial joints is NOT correct?

The surfaces of the articulating bones are covered by a layer of elastic cartilage.

If the plasma membrane of a cell becomes more permeable than normal, which of the following might occur as a direct result?

The water balance of the cell might be compromised.

The flow of lymph within a lymph node is slowed to allow macrophages, lymphocytes and reticular fibers to filter the lymph more thoroughly. What is the primary determinant for this slowed lymph flow through a lymph node?

There are more afferent lymphatic vessels than efferent lymphatic vessels.

Nerve conduction studies were performed on 31 year Reginald in order to measure how fast the tibial nerve was sending electrical signals to the calf muscles. Results indicated that Reginald's right tibial nerve conducted much slower than the left. What kind of speculation can you make at this point? A

There could be some pathology affecting Schwann cells in his right tibial nerve.

The phrenic nerve conveys efferent impulses to the diaphragm muscle causing it to contract approximately 16 times per minute (on average). This causes you to take 16 breaths per minute (respiratory rate). What could account for the fact that you do not have to consciously "will" your diaphragm to contract 16 times per minute and instead it seemingly does it "automatically"?

There is a reverberating circuit that controls activity of the phrenic nerve.

Which of the following statements about peroxisomes is correct?

They are usually smaller than lysosomes. They contain oxidative enzymes that oxidize fatty acids. They have enzymes that can prevent the build up of hydrogen peroxide.

What do the hyoglossus and palatoglossus muscles have in common?

They both insert into the tongue.

Which is true of all first-order neurons?

They convey sensory information from receptors in the body to the CNS.

To which hemisphere of the brain would the signals go when light reflects off an object and stimulates the retina of the region of the left eyeball closest to the nose?

They would go to the right hemisphere

Motor information which tends to slow heart rate, stimulate parts of the digestive system is carried from the brain in the __________ cranial nerve.

X

Nearly 80% of the parasympathetic nervous system uses which cranial nerve?

X

Vitamin D synthesis is dependent on the skin's exposure to

UV light

Which cranial nerve does NOT transport parasympathetic fibers?

V

Which of the following is TRUE?

Varicosities release neurotransmitters over a large area. Varicosities are swellings of the terminal branches of autonomic fibers. Varicosities allow entire organs to be influenced by autonomic activity.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for conveying impulses related to hearing and equilibrium?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

The vitamin necessary for bone growth and remodeling that is needed specifically for bone protein synthesis is

Vit K and B12

Vitamin ___ deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows down bone growth.

Vitamin D

In its early days as a science, anatomy relied almost exclusively on a "hands on" approach. However, because of the many technological advances in science and medicine, there are a number of other tools to help us study anatomy and related disorders. Which of the following would be included in the medical imaging available to scientists now?

X-ray MRI CT scan PET scan

Can new neurons be formed in adult human brains?

Yes they can, in certain areas of the brain.

Brain mass would be greater in

a 21 year old

The number of neurons would be greater in

a 21 year old

Which patient is more likely to be newly diagnosed with an autoimmune disease?

a 75 year old retired professor

An ENT is a type of doctor who would treat which of the following conditions?

a child with recurrent ear infections

Following nerve conduction studies speculate about who you suspect would exhibit greater nerve conduction speeds?

a nineteen year old adult

Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion are techniques used when performing:

a physical exam.

What are the end products of the first meiotic division (meiosis I) in oogenesis?

a secondary oocyte and first polar body

surface anatomy

a use of surface markings of the body to understand the relationship of deeper structures

The ovaries are located within the ____________ of the body

abdominal/pelvic cavity

The lateral rectus muscle of the eye is innervated by the

abducens nerve

The principal action of this muscle is to move the bone away from the body midline.

abductor pollicis longus

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of muscle cells?

ability to contract and relax

How much blood does a 200-lbs male typically have?

about 16 lbs

Epithelial tissues play which important roles in the body?

absorption filtration protection secretion

The only true method of birth control that is 100% effective is

abstinence

Which nerve in the lumbar plexus is present in only about 10% of the population?

accessory obturator nerve

The strongest bone in the body articulates with the pelvic girdle via the

acetabulum

The neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction is

acetylcholine

A clinician examines a football player that was tackled on the 50-yard line. The clinician notices that the player has a visible deformation where the clavicle meets the scapula. What region of the upper extremity should the clinician palpate?

acromioclavicular joint

The branch of immunity that depends on exposure to pathogens is

adaptive immunity

Which of the following structures is affected by releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

adenohypophysis

Which type of junction involves a very strong connection involving protein filaments?

adherens junction

Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system?

adrenal glands

Menopause in women and enlarged prostate in men are all normal processes associated with

aging

What is the function of the neurolemma?

aids regeneration of injured axons in the PNS

The sympathetic division of the ANS causes

airway dilation

Injury to an entire motor unit consists of

all of the muscle fibers that one motor neuron innervates

Cells of the pancreas which produce glucagon are

alpha cells

With aging, tissue changes occur in the respiratory system. Which of the following is NOT one of these changes?

alveoli become more rigid vital capacity decreases blood levels of oxygen decrease diminished ciliary action of epithelium

Jane has two samples of cells to analyze. One sample is from an elderly patient and the other is from an infant. Select all of the difference Jane should find between the cells.

amount protein cross-links inside the cells telomere lengths

Age spots occur because of

an increase in the size of some melanocytes

Mitochondria have

an outer and inner membrane

Which condition is described as having a low number of hemoglobin molecules?

anemia

is the growth of blood vessels into a tumor; this serves to supply nutrients to the tumor and take away wastes.

angiogenesis

Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint? Select all that apply.

ankle interphalangeal

Which nerve in the cervical plexus divides into superior and inferior roots?

ansa cervicalis

The trachea is normally located __________ to the esophagus.

anterior

Which ligament is stretched or torn in about 70% of all serious knee injuries?

anterior cruciate ligament

Which fontanel is the largest and is located at the midline between the parietal bones and the frontal bone?

anterior fontanel

Identify the muscles that are innervated by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves.

anterior scalene, middle scalane, posterior scalene

This pathway carries impulses of proprioception from the trunk that help to coordinate, smooth and refine motor movements. What is this pathway called?

anterior spinocerebellar

The dorsal venous arch carries blood to which of the following veins?

anterior tibial

The facial nerve transmits gustatory (taste) information from the

anterior tongue

The __________ transmits nerve impulses for pain, temperature, itch, and tickle from the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head to the cerebral cortex.

anterolateral pathway

The radial notch of the ulna holds the head of the radius. Which part of the elbow joint helps stabilize this articulation?

anular ligament of the radius

The heart "sits" at a bit of an angle inside the chest, which part of the heart is inferior and slightly to the (the person's) left?

apex

Which structure is most inferior?

apex of heart

Which spinal meninx is avascular and composed of collagen and elastic fibers?

arachnoid mater

Slow oxidative fibers (type I)

are the least powerful type of muscle fibers

Damage to spinal nerve C6 could affect function to which body part?

arms

Which of the following produces "goosebumps"?

arrector pili muscles

Which of the following lists of blood vessels represents the sequence of blood vessels in which blood would flow from the time it leaves the heart?

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Joints that have been severely damaged by diseases or injury may be replaced surgically with artificial joints in a procedure referred to as _________________.

arthroplasty

Through which of the following is blood transported from the left ventricle?

ascending aorta

Identify the sections of the colon that occupy the retroperitoneal space?

ascending colon and descending colon

Which type of cerebral white matter conducts nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere?

association tracts

Most of the female germ cells degenerate before birth; this process is called

atresia

The S1 heart sound is caused by the turbulent flow of blood through the __________ valves during ___________ systole. A

atrioventricular, ventricular

Which bony surface has a rougher appearance?

auricular surface

Which division of the skeletal system consists of the bones that lie around and on top of the vertebrae?

axial

Which of the following are NOT lymph nodes in the head?

axillary nodes

The action potential propagates through which part of the neuron

axon

The joint between the femur and the acetabulum is a

ball-and-socket joint

The triaxial synovial joint in the body is a

ball-and-socket joint

Proliferation of _______ forms all the layers of the epidermis.

basal cells

Which of the following undergo continuous cell division to produce new olfactory receptors?

basal cells

Where does integration of the movements required to perform the backstroke occur?

basal nuclei

Integration occurs in (select all that apply)

basal nuclei brain stem spinal cord

Which circuit in the somatic motor pathway helps to initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and establish normal muscle tone?

basal nuclei neurons

Hair cells for hearing occur on the __________ membrane. A

basilar

Which of the following veins are not located in the upper extremity?

basilar

The principal superficial veins of the upper limbs are the cephalic and ____ veins.

basilic

Why does gray matter appear gray?

because it contains nissl bodies

When osmoreceptors detect low osmolality, input is sent to the pituitary gland. Which types of receptors are stimulated to release antidiuretic hormone?

beta 1

All blood cells are produced

between trabeculae of spongy bone

Which muscle flexes the arm at the shoulder join and flexes the forearm at the elbow joint?

biceps brachii

Myotome gives rise to

biceps brachii muscle

Which muscle superolaterally border the popliteal fossa?

biceps femoris

Which activity should improve the health of the cardiovascular system if it's done three to five times weekly?

bicycling

Olfactory neurons are ____ neurons that extend through the cribiform plate.

bipolar

Within the retina, photoreceptors directly communicate with which cell types?

bipolar cells

The cardiovascular system consist of blood, the heart, and ________ vessels.

blood

The normal function of the kidney is the filtration of

blood

When cardiac output increases

blood flow to the lungs increases

The direct origin of interstitial fluid is ________, whereas the direct origin of lymph is ________.

blood plasma; interstitial fluid

Which of the following is/are body activities controlled by autonomic reflexes?

blood pressure digestion defecation and urination

Which of the following could be considered a symptom of disease to a healthcare provider?

blurred vision

Which tissue gets more fragile with aging?

bone

Which of the following are required to form a blood clot? 1. platelets 2. fibrin 3. basophils

both 1 and 2

The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery supplies blood to the

both right and left ventricles

True labor is characterized by

both uterine contractions at regular intervals and discharge of bloody mucus

The stethoscope is usually placed along the ___________ in the cubital fossa to measure blood pressure.

brachial artery

In which arteries of the upper limb can a pulse be detected?

brachial artery radial artery ulnar artery

Which of the following is believed to use reverberating circuits in the nervous system? Select all that apply.

breathing waking up short-term memory

The lymph nodes located in the hilus of each lung are known as

bronchopulmonary nodes

The muscles of mastication include all EXCEPT

buccinator

Bloodshot eyes are a symptom of local irritation or infection in which of the following accessory eye structure?

bulbar conjunctiva

Assisting erection of the penis and clitoris is the muscular action of the

bulbospongiosus

The ---assists in erection of the penis and clitoris, helps to expel urine, and to propel semen along the urethra.

bulbospongiosus

Olfactory nerves join the brain in masses that rest on the cribiform plate known as olfactory

bulbs

The pyramids of the medulla contain

bundles of corticospinal tracts

Treatment for CAD includes which of the following?

bypass surgery (grafting) coronary angioplasty insertion of a stent in the coronary artery

The space between the visceral and parietal layers in the glomerular capsule is

capsular space

The visceral pericardial serous membrane surrounds which type of muscle(s)?

cardiac

Which of the following types of muscular tissue is best associated with contraction of the heart?

cardiac

The cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve

carries impulses for hearing

Joints composed of hyaline cartilage are

cartilaginous joints

Which of the basal nuclei has a head, body, and tail?

caudate nucleus

Which of the following is a component of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

cecum

Which autonomic plexus is the largest?

celiac plexus

The basic structural and function unit of the human body is called the

cell

Which of the following are the smallest living units in the human body?

cells

All of the following structures are found in the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue EXCEPT

central canals

The following directions describe the location of which metencephalon structure?• Inferior to the tentorium cerebelli• Posterior to the fourth ventricle• Separated from the more superior-located cerebral occipital lobe by the transverse fissure

cerebellum

What is located within both the central canal and the subarachnoid space?

cerebrospinal fluid

If a person has damage to the accessory nerve, it could mean that damage was done to which plexus?

cervical

Which of the vertebral regions listed below is superior to the others?

cervical

Which region of the spinal cord has no autonomic nerve cell bodies?

cervical

Infrahyoid muscles are innervated by

cervical nerves

Which is an example of an irregular bone?

cervical vertabrae

Physiological cardiomegaly is

characteristic in individuals who train for long-distance running in the Olympics

Axons on the medial half of the optic nerve cross to opposite sides of the brain in the optic

chiasm

Identify the receptor that the effectors in the somatic nervous system contain.

cholinergic

Blood vessel and blood cell formation begins in the mesoderm of which structures? Select all that apply.

chorion yolk sac connecting stalk

Hyaloid arteries, the vessels which deliver blood to the developing lens and retina, gain access to the developing eyes through the A

choroid fissure

The majority of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) production is from which of the following sites?

choroid plexuses

Which of the following plays a role in movement of substances across the surface of a cell?

cilia

The trachea is lined with _______

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial

All of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton EXCEPT:

clavicle

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

A morula is formed by which of the following?

cleavage

The lubb sound that occurs first is caused by

closure in the AV valves

When listening to heart sounds through a stethoscope, what are we actually hearing?

closure of the heart valves

Which bone of the axial skeleton is made up by 3-5 fused vertebrae?

coccyx

Which inner ear structure contains hair cells for the sense of hearing?

cochlea

As a result of the again process, a 73-year-old male may be more susceptible to miss the early warning signs of which of the following diseases that affects the large intestine?

colon cancer

In _________ fractures, the bone is broken into pieces at the site of the impact and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments

comminuted

The abdominal aorta splits first into right and left _________ arteries.

common iliac

By definition, true labor's stage of dilation ends when which of the following occurs?

complete dilation of cervix

The fibular collateral ligaments in the knee joints are

composed of dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following medical imaging techniques provides cross-sectional images of the body?

computed tomography

Loss of elasticity in which of the following tissue types is most likely the underlying cause of wrinkles as a person ages?

connective

What tissue type is located between the bony contact surfaces of a joint?

connective

The subcutaneous layer consist of

connective tissue

Muscles in the pharynx that occur in three layers and assist in deglutition are

constrictor muscles

Red muscle fibers __________ than white muscle fibers.

contain relatively more mitochondria have more myoglobin have more capillaries

During moderate exercise, which of the following actions would lead to increased return of CO2 to the lungs?

contraction of skeletal muscle

All of the following muscles act to stabilize the scapula EXCEPT

coracobrachialis

This muscle both flexes and adducts the arm at the shoulder joint.

coracobrachialis

Oxygen is presented to the myocardium by

coronary arteries

Nutrients are delivered to the heart's myocardium via

coronary circulation

Which of the following ligaments suspends the liver from the diaphragm?

coronary ligament

Which is NOT a lobe of the liver?

coronary lobe

Which of the following drains blood from the heart into the right atrium?

coronary sinus

Which boney landmark lies immediately distal to the anterior-most portion of the trochlear notch?

coronoid process

The majority of the adrenal gland by weight that develops from mesoderm is

cortex

Which tract in the direct motor pathway has axons which terminate in the nuclei of nine pairs of cranial nerves?

corticobulbar tract

Which of the following types of cells produces ACTH?

corticotrophs

Evaluating the pupillary light reflex involves shining a light into the patient's eye and observing both pupils constrict. Which nerve conveys the afferent limb of this reflex arc?

cranial nerve II

Evaluating the pharyngeal (gag) reflex involves touching the very posterior aspect of a patient's tongue with a tongue depressor and observing whether the patient gags or not. Which nerve conveys the afferent limb of this reflex arc?

cranial nerve IX

Which nerve would innervate muscles of the face?

cranial nerve V

Which structure(s) protect the brain?

cranium, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater protect the brain

Which of the following act(s) to maintain optimal temperature conditions for sperm production and survival?

cremaster and dartos muscles

Which of the following is used as a landmark for performing a tracheotomy?

cricoid cartilage

Bile enters the duodenum from the gall bladder through the

cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla

The three main parts of the cell include the nucleus, the plasma membrane, and the __________.

cytoplasm

Which part of a human cell has the organelles suspended in it?

cytoplasm

Another name for the intracellular fluid is the ---This fluid, together with organelles, make up the cytoplasm.

cytosol

The cytoplasm has two components the

cytosol and organelles

Wanda is getting wrinkles in her skin. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the formation of wrinkles?

decrease in intraepidermal macrophages

When the respiratory tract becomes more rigid with age, there is a/an

decrease in lung capacity

Which is typically associated with changes in the respiratory system with aging?

decrease in oxygen gas levels in blood

In old age the following changes are seen:

decrease in synaptic contacts

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the cardiovascular system?

decrease in systolic blood pressure

Which of the following changes to the eye occur with aging?

decreased elasticity of the lens thickening of the sclera decreased reactivity of pupil size

Which is an age-related change in the joints that is associated with aging?

decreased ligament flexibility

Which of the following changes in aging skin contribute to increased susceptibility to infections? Select all that apply.

decreased number of Langerhans cells decreased size of sebaceous glands macrophages become less efficient phagocytes

Which contributes to the loss of muscle mass with aging? increased aerobic exercise

decreased physical activity

What overall changes in the digestive system appear with age?

decreased secretory mechanisms decreased motility of the digestive organs diminished response to pain and internal sensations

Which is associated with an aging brain?

decreased synaptic connections

Which is NOT a change associated with aging?

decreased thymic atrophy

Lung capacity ____ with advanced aging.

decreases

The majority of nerve fibers _______________ to the other side of the body as they ascend or descend through the spinal cord and brain.

decussate

The acetabulum in the pelvic girdle is _________ than the glenoid cavity in the __________.

deeper; pectoral girdle

What is another name for swallowing?

deglutition

The range of motion a joint permits is measured in

degrees of a circle

Which ligament strengthens the medial aspect of the ankle joint?

deltoid

Which of the muscles listed below forms the rounded prominence of the shoulder?

deltoid

What ankle ligament is responsible for providing stability to the medial aspect of the ankle?

deltoid ligament

Loss of bone mass typically occurs as a part of aging, and it is more extreme in women than men. Which of the following processes contribute to the loss of bone density?

demineralization decrease in protein synthesis decreasing estrogen levels

There are several named parts of a neuron including the cell body, axon and dendrite. Select the answer below that correctly arranges these parts in their conduction pathway during an action potential?

dendrite, cell body, axon

Which of the following outlines the order in which information is usually communicated through the parts of a neuron to other cells?

dendrite, cell body, axon

Failure of T cells to proliferate within a lymph node and failure of T cells to mature within the thymus gland cortex most likely represents dysfunction of

dendritic cells

The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is composed of

dense irregular connective tissue

Simple squamous epithelium is found in the

descending limb of nephron loop

Which cell junction is formed by interactions of cadherins?

desmosomes

In order to receive a red blood marrow transplant, the existing red bone marrow in a patient must be

destroyed

In the urinary bladder, the intermediate muscularis is also known as the

detrusor muscle

The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation is the

diaphragm

What is the most important muscle of inhalation?

diaphragm

A ____________ joint is a freely movable joint.

diarthrosis

Which of the following is associated with synovial joints?

diarthrosis

The primary brain vesicles include all of the following EXCEPT

diencephalon

Which is the correct order in which the stages of labor occur, i.e. from beginning to end?

dilation, expulsion, placental

Blastomeres that are produced through cleavage are

diploid

Oogonia are

diploid

Identify the motor pathway that would be affected by isolated damage to the pyramids of the medulla.

direct motor pathway

To be detected by the sense of smell, the stimulating molecules must be

dissolved in liquid

The "ball of the foot" normally carries about 40% of the weight of the body. What is the ball of the foot?

distal metatarsal

The vagus nerve is an example of a ___________ pathway as it stimulates many effectors tissues

divergent

What type of neural circuit involves a small number of presynaptic neurons influencing a large number of postsynaptic neurons?

divergent circuit

What type of neural circuit has an increasing number of neurons along the path that amplify the initial signal?

diverging circuit

The angle of the articulating bones participating in a gliding movement

does not change significantly

In which of the following regions of the nervous system does the integration of motor and sensory information NOT occur.

dorsal root ganglion

Molecules tend to move across the plasma membrane

down their concentration gradients

Identify the correct order through which chyme moves as it passes through the small intestine.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

When does blood move out of a chamber?

during systole

FSH is released from the anterior pituitary

during the proliferation phase in uterus

Which type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle slowly lengthens during contraction? (For example, using your biceps brachii to slowly lower your textbook down onto the table)

eccentric isotonic

Development of the eyes begins approximately 22 days after fertilization. The tissue that gives rise to the optic vesicles is the

ectoderm

During the fourth week of fetal development a thickened area of _________ known as the otic placode forms and will eventually give rise to the internal ear.

ectoderm

From which layer of the embryo do the different parts of the pituitary gland form?

ectoderm

The development of the eye in the embryo is from this tissue.

ectoderm

The development of the endocrine system in the embryo is normally from this/these layer(s).

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm chorionic and amnionic

The development of the ear in the embryo is from this/these layer(s)?

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm from the chorionic and amnioic

Where are integral membrane proteins located for norepinephrine?

effector cells membrane

In autonomic reflexes, cardiac muscle smooth muscle, and glands are all examples of

effectors

Which of the following is the most prevalent type of tissue within the visible outer ear (auricle)?

elastic cartilage

Which of the following is the point during human development (after fertilization), when the lower limb buds appear?

end of the fourth week

Which is the term for a gland that secretes its product into the interstitial fluid?

endocrine

The primitive gut forms from this embryonic germ layer

endoderm

Which gives rise to the alveoli in the lungs?

endoderm

Which embryonic layers give rise to parts of the respiratory system? Select all that apply.

endoderm mesoderm

Which layers occur in the uterus?

endometrium

Uterine changes during pregnancy include growth of blood vessels in the ________ and growth of smooth muscle fibers in the uterine ________.

endometrium, myometrium

Which connective tissue layer surrounds individual axons of a neuron within a nerve?

endoneurium

Which of the following is NOT a common condition among the elderly?

enlarged kidneys

A common sign associated with normal aging is

enlarged prostate

The part of the nervous system that occurs throughout most of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and operates without CNS input is the

enteric nervous system (ENS)

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by:

ependymal cells

Which of the following neuroglial cells line the brain ventricles?

ependymal cells

This membrane of the heart adheres to the surface of the heart.

epicardium

The hair follicle is a continuation of which skin layer?

epidermis

Connective tissue diseases will effect the _________________.

epimysium of skeletal muscle

The appearance of what feature indicates the end of bone growth in length?

epiphyseal line

Which of the following terms refers to the (proximal and distal) ends of a bone?

epiphyses

The inside of the heart is lined by a thin layer of tissue called the endocardium. What tissue primarily composes the endocardium?

epithelial

Which of the following tissues make up glands?

epithelial

Which tissue type would you expect to find lining the surface of the urethra?

epithelial

Which of the following is false?

epithelial tissue is generally much stronger than connective tissue

The vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve conducts ___________ information to the CNS

equilibrium

Which cell type is not actually classified as a white blood cell?

erythrocyte

The adventitia layer of the GI tract is associated with the

esophagus and rectum

Which of the following correctly describes the condition polyuria?

excessive urine production

When air pressure in the atmosphere is less than air pressure in the lungs,

exhalation occurs

A muscle that has an origin on the spine of the scapula and an insertion on the occipital nuchal line is capable of

extending the head

Tension of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments collectively limit ____________ of the hip joint.

extension

What structure(s) are supplied by the lumbar plexus?

external genitals anterolateral abdominal wall portions of the lower extremity

The openings into the nose, the nostrils, are also known as

external nares

The most prominent bony landmark on the poster part of the skull is the

external occipital protuberance

Loss of motor control to the external anal sphincter due to nerve damage of the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve would also result in loss of control in the

external urethral sphincter

Touch, vision, smell, and taste are transmitted by

exteroceptors

Which cranial nerve(s) contain axons of sensory neurons from the taste buds?

facial glossopharyngeal vagus

Nuclei in the medulla oblongata are associated with all EXCEPT which of the following cranial nerves?

facial nerves

Identify the three cranial nerves that contain axons of the first-order gustatory neurons that innervate the taste buds.

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Which of the following is the process by which glucose is transported into cells of the human body?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?

falciform ligament

Cells only age if they become cancer cells

false

he nucleus is a large organelle that is located in the plasma membrane.

false

Which fibers tend to be pale or white in color?

fast glycolytic

The type of muscle fibers that are the largest, contain the most myofibrils and can generate the most powerful contractions are the:

fast glycolytic (type IIb) fibers

Hernias, occur in which of the following regions of the body?

femoral triangle

Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the lower limb, from proximal to distal ends?

femur, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Capillaries found in the kidneys, choroid plexuses of the ventricles in the brain, and most endocrine glands are most likely to be:

fenestrated capillaries

Any outside insult to the embryo leading to a possible birth defect would occur between

fertilization and 8th week

Which type(s) of cells can be present in the uterine tubes?

fertilized oocytes sperm unfertilized oocytes

Which of the following could be considered a sign of disease to a healthcare provider?

fever

Areolar tissue contains which cell type in the greatest number?

fibroblasts

Symphyses are joints found in the axial skeleton that is composed of

fibrocartilage

The meniscus of the TMJ is a

fibrocartilage disc

Dense irregular connective tissue without a synovial cavity would be found connecting the bones involved in which type of joint?

fibrous

With aging, skeletal muscle is replaced by

fibrous connective tissue

Which portion of the pericardium prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum?

fibrous pericardium

Which of the following is a non-weight-bearing bone?

fibula

The fibula was broken, and after it healed the individual showed no footdrop (cannot dorsiflex), but cannot evert or feel the top of his foot. Which muscle was probably damaged?

fibularis longus

Which tarsal is most medial?

first cuneiform

When a primary oocyte completes meiosis I, a secondary oocyte and a/an ____________ are produced.

first polar body

What can be palpated just inferior to the clavicle?

first rib

Which movements does the elbow permit? Select all that apply

flexion and extension of the forearm pronation and supination

John is skipping and swinging his arms back and forth. Which of the following describes the movements of John's arms that are occurring at the shoulder joint?

flexion, extension, and hyperextension

Many people as they reach 40 to 50 years of age lose the ability to

focus upon near objects

Damage to the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve may result in which of the following disorders?

foot drop

A thickening of this bony feature, e.g. as seen in osteopetrosis will interfere with blood vessels and/or cranial nerves exiting or entering the skull.

foramen

Which of the following has the steps for fracture repair in the correct order?

formation of a fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

The medial malleolus

forms the medial side of the ankle joint

When the human body is in the anatomical position, the palm of the hand faces:

forward.

The skull begins development during the ______ week after fertilization.

fourth

Which ventricle is located between the brainstem and cerebellum?

fourth

The hyoid bone resides at the same transverse-sectional level as the

fourth cervical vertebra

For clarity of an image, the lens must bend light rays so they are focused on the

fovea centralis

Bare dendrites that are not encapsulated are known as

free nerve endings

Receptors associated with itch are classified as which of the following?

free nerve endings

The branches of the trigeminal nerve include all of the following EXCEPT the _________ nerve?

frontal

The most anterior of the cranial bones is the

frontal

The roof of the orbit is comprised primarily of which cranial bone?

frontal

Which of the following is NOT an extrinsic eye muscle?

frontalis

Which of the following is a third class lever?

fulcrum - effort - load

Bile is stored in the _________

gall bladder

Which of the following types of cell junctions allow communication between cells?

gap junctions

The medical specialty that deals with the structure, function and diseases of the stomach and intestines is called _

gastroenterology

Functions of bone tissue include all of the following EXCEPT:

generating heat

Identify the area of scientific study that focuses on the process of aging.

gerontology

Which type of movement is permitted at the joints between the sternum and 6th pair of ribs?

gliding

Which of the following muscles originate on the ilium? Select all that apply.

gluteus medius gluteus maximus gluteus minimus iliacus tensor fasciae latae

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the __________, which develop into gonads.

gonadal ridges

Gametes are produced by the

gonads

Hallucis muscles in the foot move the

great toe

The examination of body structures that does not require a microscope is called

gross anatomy

Which of the following represents the correct order of a hair follicle growth cycle?

growth stage, regression stage, resting stage

This special sense is located on the tongue.

gustation

Age-related decreases in which of the following hormones leads to a decrease in muscle mass?

hGH

Lymphadenopathy of axillary lymph nodes would indicate the presence of an infection in the

hand

Which of the following is CORRECT for an individual with AB+ blood type?

has A, B, and Rh antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

A hallmark feature of mechanical digestion in the large intestine is_____.

haustral churning

In order for the gonads to respond to the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone, the cells of the gonads must

have receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone

A person constrained to a wheel chair for several years would be expected to have bones in the lower appendages that

have reduced bone strength have reduced bone salts have reduced collagen fibers

Which of the following might be a research avenue for a gerontologist?

he cross-linking of protein fibers with glucose molecules

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the reticular formation?

hearing

A person with a bad heart valve (that "leaked") would mostly likely have a condition known as a _______.

heart murmur

Which of the following occurs in the pregnant mother as a result of the growing fetus?

heartburn frequent urination increased heart rate

The most common type of hearing loss that occurs in approximately 25% of the population at age 60 is the loss of

high-pitched sound detection

The elbow is formed by a/an __________ joint where the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna.

hinge

The majority of the movement at the knee joint is related to its structure as a

hinge joint that permits flexion and extension

Which subdiscipline of anatomy examines the microscopic structure of tissues?

histology

Two chromosomes with the same genes in the same order but from different parents are called

homologous chromosomes

These chemicals are released into the interstitial fluid and the blood in very small amounts to impact tissue in other locations.

hormones

This hormone has been used by athletes to increase muscle mass and reverse or slow the aging process of muscular atrophy.

human growth

Decreased production of which of the following, with age, is one cause of muscle atrophy as aging proceeds?

human growth hormone (hGH)

The capitulum of the ____ articulates with the head of the radius.

humerus

Speculate as to the number of blastomeres that comprise the blastocyst upon implantation into the uterine endometrium.

hundreds

The articulating surfaces of the bones involved in a synovial joint are covered by

hyaline cartilage

The ________ is located just superior to the thyroid cartilage

hyoid

The axial skeleton bone that does not articulate with any other bone of the skeleton is the

hyoid

Which of the following is located just superior to the thyroid cartilage; it is the first structure palpated in the midline inferior to the chin?

hyoid bone

The hypoglossal nerve leaves the cranium through the

hypoglossal canal

Vomiting centers, swallowing, and salivation are influenced by the

hypothalamus

Which part of the brain is also considered part of the endocrine system as it releases hormones that influence pituitary gland activity?

hypothalamus

Which of the following landmarks is NOT associated with the pelvic brim?

iliac crest

Sympathetic ganglia are found

in chains on either side of the vertebral column

Where would you find the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a cell?

in the cytosol

Jim comes from a family with a history of a genetic disorder. Before he and his wife have kids, Jim wants to know if his chromosomes have a copy of the "bad" gene. Where would the lab analyst look to determine this?

in the nucleus

Which maternal cardiovascular change occurs during pregnancy?

increased blood volume

Which of the following is an effect of PTH?

increased bone resorption

Amanda is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a dog runs out in front of her. Which effects would you NOT expect to see in Amanda's body?

increased digestive activity

Which of the following pregnancy-related changes is NOT experienced by a woman?

increased gastrointestinal tract movement

Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic response?

increased motility in stomach and intestines

The effects of aging on the digestive system include all BUT the following:

increased peristalsis

Which of the following effects on joints is not typically seen in aging?

increased production of synovial fluid

What happens to the concentration of melatonin in the blood during sleep?

increases

Which extrinsic eye muscle elevates the eye and turns it laterally?

inferior oblique

Which of the following vessels begins anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra?

inferior vena cava

The hormone that inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary is

inhibin

Which of the following develops into an embryo?

inner cell mass

The four muscles involved in mastication have what similarity?

insertion on the mandible

Using the analogy of a spring on a screen door, the part of the spring attached to the door represents the __________; the part attached to the non-movable frame is the ___________.

insertion; origin

Intracellular fluid would be found ________ the cell, whereas extracellular fluid would be found ________ the cell.

inside, outside

What hormone is release from beta cells of the pancreatic islets?

insulin

The information that is processed by the central nervous system is also said to have been

integrated

When sensory information is processed and interpreted before the CNS responds, it's known as

integration

Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that cardiac muscle only has

intercalated discs

Which portion of the male urethra is the shortest?

intermediate (membranous)

The structure situated just lateral to the thalamus and medial to the lentiform nucleus and conveys axons from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex is the

internal capsule

The veins from the urinary bladder join to the

internal iliac veins

Which blood vessel would accompany the accessory (XI) nerve as it exits the intracranial region?

internal jugular vein

The primary distinction between monosynaptic reflex arcs and polysynaptic reflex arcs is the absence or presence of

interneurons

Which of the following groups of receptors are responsible for detecting elevated blood pressure?

interoceptors

The majority of a cell's life is spent in what phase?

interphase

The lymphatic vessels contain a fluid known as lymph. Lymph is derived primarily from ________.

interstitial fluid

The pancreas and spleen are drained by which lymphatic trunk? A

intestinal

endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete

into interstitial fluids

During tubular secretion, fluid moves where?

into the renal tubules

The cytosol contains

intracellular fluid

Cell types in the epidermis that function to provide an immune response are

intraepidermal macrophages

The formation of bone that replaces the tissue that makes up the "soft spots" in a baby's skull is an example of:

intramembranous ossificatio

Small plastic objects placed in the uterine cavity that prevent fertilization by blocking sperm are

intrauterine devices

Muscles in the hand that precisely control movements of the digits are all

intrinsic muscles of the hand

What event immediately precedes the development of lymph nodes from their lymph sac precursors?

invasion of mesenchymal cells

Which portion of the hemoglobin molecule combines to oxygen?

iron

As bones increase in thickness via appositional growth, the medullary cavity

is enlarged

Which pelvic diaphragm muscle reinforces the pelvic floor posteriorly?

ischiococcygeus

Which of the following is a role of the plasma membrane?

isolation of the internal cell environment from the extracellular environment

How many times can a cell divide?

it depends on the specific type of cell

Which of the following is true about the arbor vitae?

it is a branching pattern of myelinated axons within the cerebellum

How will the sensitivity of a target cell's response to a hormone change after down-regulation?

it will decrease

The tissues of a younger individual heal faster than those of an older individual because (select all that apply)

its cells can synthesize needed materials and divide more rapidly its tissues have better blood supply its cells have a higher metabolic rate it is in a better nutritional state

Through which foramen do axons of motor neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve pass?

jugular

The accessory nerve leaves the cranium through the

jugular foramen

The sacrum can be palpated at which of the following points?

just superior to the gluteal cleft, beneath the skin

Which of the following substances listed below contribute(s) to the skin's role as a protective barrier?

keratin lamellar granules melanin sebum

Identify the following age-associated decreases in the urinary system. Select all that apply.

kidney blood flow filtration rate kidney size

The conserve ions, the _________ return needed ions to the bloodstream after filtration

kidneys

The production of hormones, filtration, and gluconeogenesis are all functions of the

kidneys

Which of the organs listed are considered to be retroperitoneal?

kidneys

Which organ secretes renin, erythropoietin, and calcitiol?

kidneys

Damage to the ischial tuberosity would compromise which action?

knee flexion

Which of the following is TRUE of thick skin?

lacks arrector pili muscles

Thick skin

lacks hair

Which suture joins the two parietal bones and the occipital bone?

lambdoid

Because muscles of the legs function in stability, locomotion, and posture, they tend to be

larger than the muscles of the arm

When an individual swallows a bolus of food, through which two regions of the pharynx will the bolus travel?

laryngopharynx and oropharynx

A unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle will result in

lateral flexion of the head and rotation

The preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in the gray matter of the spinal cord form the

lateral horns

Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?

lateral malleolus

Which bone is involved with forming the ankle joint?

lateral malleolus of fibula

Which structure forms the prominence on the lateral surface of the ankle?

lateral malleolus of fibula

Which of these muscles is not associated with breathing (alterations of thoracic volume)?

latissiumus dorsi

Surface anatomy is important clinically because it can be used to

learn where to insert needles

Which of the following contain papillary muscles?

left and right ventricles

The volume of lymph within the thoracic duct is significantly reduced which has the potential of causing organ failure from hypovolemia (defined as "a decrease in the volume of blood in your body"). This volume loss would initially be detected in the

left brachiocephalic vein

The spleen is located in the

left hypochondriac region

The left subclavian vein receives blood directly from

left internal jugular vein

The circumflex branch of the coronary artery supplies blood to the

left ventricle

Which is NOT a layer of the GI tract?

lemen

What hormone, released by adipose tissue, suppresses appetite?

leptin

Which of the following hormones functions to suppress appetite and may increase the activity of FSH and LH?

leptin

The pubic arch in males is

less than 90°

The right kidney is normally lower than the left because of the __

liver

The thoracic aorta supplies all of the following areas EXCEPT the

liver

Which of the following organs deaminates amino acids for ATP production?

liver

Which bronchi split to immediately form segmental bronchi?

lobar

The flexor pollicis longus muscle is named based upon its

location

The frontalis muscle and occipitalis muscle of the scalp are named according to their

location

The arms and legs are made of ________ bones.

long

The femur is an example of a/an

long bone

Which of the following structural features of the small intestine are specially adapted for the functions of digestion and absorption?

long length circular folds villi microvilli

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons are relatively _______________. However, sympathetic preganglionic axons are relatively ________________.

long; short

mutation in the telomeres that allowed them to stay long even when the cell undergoes mitosis could contribute to a(n)

longer lifespan for the cell

Bones of the axial skeleton lie around the_____axis of the body

longitudinal

Cancer cells have the ability to divide rapidly and spread throughout the body. Which of the following are reasons that might happen? Select all that apply.

loss of mitotic control increased ability of telomeres to replicate decreased rate of apoptosis angiogenesis for metastasis

Obstruction of the medullary sinus within inguinal lymph nodes would lead to lymphedema in the

lower limb

You examine a vertebra with a short, blunt spinous process. What type of vertebra is this?

lumbar

In which of the following clinical test would the skills of both visualization and palpation of surface anatomy be essential?

lumbar puncture

Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic organ?

lymphatic follicle

Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule are

lymphatic nodules

Which of the following statements describes a way in which the immune system carries out a digestive function?

lymphatic vessels transport dietary lipid

All of the following arise from a myeloid stem cell except:

lymphocytes

The hyoid bone is located between which two structures?

mandible and larynx

Which of the following cranial bones are involved in a hinge joint?

mandible and temporal bones

The mineral that's important for bone growth and remodeling that specifically activates enzymes involved bone extracellular matrix synthesis is

manganese

During which large intestine mechanical movement is the colonic contents driven into the rectum?

mass peristalsis

Which muscle functions to elevate the mandible as in chewing?

masseter

Which follicle type releases a cell which is still in meiosis II from the ovary during ovulation?

mature follicle

The dimensions of an organ, its weight, and its length are important ___________ when understanding the anatomy and physiology of it.

measurements

Which bone surface marking is described as a 'tubelike opening,' for example the opening for the ear canal through the temporal bone?

meatus

Which of the following refers to a tube-like opening in a bone?

meatus

Which is key to bone remodeling?

mechanical stress

In order to adduct the second (index) finger, the muscle would most likely be located __________ to the second metacarpal.

medial

Using anatomical directional terms, complete the following:the ulna is ______ to the radius.

medial

Against which of the following does the ulnar nerve lie, thereby forming the "funny bone"?

medial epicondyle of the humerus

The medial prominence on the distal lower leg is the

medial malleolus

Which of the following blood vessels is typically used to withdraw blood for diagnostic purposes or to introduce medications into the blood?

median cubital vein

Which of the following is an unpaired parietal branch of the abdominal aorta?

median sacral artery

What region acts like a partition that separates the two lungs?

mediastinum

The glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve terminates in which region of the brain?

medulla oblongata

The inferior cerebellar peduncles permit communication between the cerebellum and the

medulla oblongata

The spinal cord extends superiorly to what portion of the brain?

medulla oblongata

What is the destination of sensory fibers of cranial nerve X?

medulla oblongata

The respiratory center is composed of the _________ in the _________, and the __________ in the _________.

medullary respiratory center, medulla oblongata; pontine respiratory group, pons

What region of the brain is responsible for controlling the basic rhythm of respiration?

medullary rhythmicity area

Platelets are fragments of

megakaryocytes

Which of the following contributes to setting the body's biological clock?

melatonin

The connective tissue covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is called the ___________________.

meninges

the permanent loss of menses is called

menopause

Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone within

mesenchyme

Connective tissue and muscle of blood vessels develops from

mesoderm

From which primary germ layer does the heart develop?

mesoderm

Lymphatic vessels are derived from which embryonic layer?

mesoderm

The heart develops from

mesoderm

The lymphatic system as a whole is derived from the ______.

mesoderm

Which of the following forms during the process of gastrulation?

mesoderm

Which primary germ layer of the embryo develops into all muscles of the body (except the iris of the eye)?

mesoderm

The adrenal cortex develops from ________ whereas the adrenal medulla develops from _________.

mesoderm; ectoderm

A birth defect that caused developmental anomalies in all three types of muscle tissue most likely originated in the

mesodermal cells

Which of the following is not formed from the ureteric bud?

mesonephros

Which bone is in the upper limb?

metacarpal

The epiphyseal plate in growing bones is located in the

metaphysis

The use of tiny crystal under pressure to remove the skin's surface cells is

microderm abrasion

Identify the neuroglia cell that functions similar to a macrophage.

microglia

The release of urine from the urinary bladder is called

micturition

Which of the following is the largest of the bundles of tracts that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the brain?

middle cerebellar peduncle

Damage to a muscles cell's __________ will directly interfere with the production of the major energy source necessary for body movements.

mitochondria

If the functions of the facial nerve include detecting touch and pain in the ear, as well as the secretion of saliva, then the nerve is to be classified as a ________ nerve.

mixed

If the functions of the vagus nerve include detecting taste and creating vocalizations, then the nerve is to be classified as a _________ nerve.

mixed

The vagina is lined with _________ whereas the uterine/fallopian tubes are lined with ________.

moist stratified squamous; ciliated simple columnar

The stretch reflex is an example of a ________reflex.

monosynaptic

Which of the following is a feature exclusively of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

most preganglionic axons are short

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) carries only ______________ fibers to the smooth muscles, heart and glands of the body.

motor

A patient who suffered from a lesion of a spinal nerve would present to the clinic with a _________ deficit.

motor and sensory

A patient who suffered from a lesion of the ventral ramus would present to the clinic with a ________ deficit

motor and sensory

Glandular secretion is directly due to a

motor response

The chemical digestion of starch begins in which region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

mouth

Reflux of hydrochloric acid from the stomach may irritate which of the following layers of the esophagus?

mucosa

What feature is seen in all four types of complex neural circuits, i.e. diverging, converging, reverberating, parallel after-discharge?

multiple synapses

Most older individuals have problems with frequent night urination called _

nocturia

All of these organs include tissues that have endocrine functions except which?

none of these choices

What neurotransmitter is found between postganglionic neuron and effector in most sympathetic neurons?

norepinephrine

The lower respiratory system does NOT include, which of the following?

nose

The three main parts of the cell include the cytoplasm, the plasma membrane, and the __________.

nucleus

The-- of a cell is the organelle that contains the information that a person inherited from his or her parents.

nucleus

There are approximately 200 different types of cells in the human body. Almost all of these cells have three main parts; however, this is not universally true. Red blood cells, for example, are missing

nucleus

The cytoplasm is the cellular contents between the

nucleus and plasma membrane

Which of the following is characteristic of slow pain?

occurs in both skin and deep tissues or internal organs

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate from which cranial nerves?

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

The olfactory tract is composed of axons from the

olfactory bulb neurons

The first-order neurons of the olfactory epithelium that detect odorants synapse with second-order neurons in the

olfactory bulbs

Identify the correct pathway for cranial nerve I.

olfactory epithelium, olfactory foramina, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, temporal lobe

Inhibiting the activity of ________ would significantly increase the chance for regeneration of axons injured in a traumatic brain injury e.g. concussion.

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

Which extrinsic larynx muscle is most lateral?

omohyoid

The majority of the heart is located

on the left side of the midline

Only certain cells in the body are target cells for the steroid hormone aldosterone. Which of the following is the best explanation for why these are the only cells that respond to this hormone?

only target cells contain receptors for aldosterone

The largest type of human cell is a/an

oocyte

The ____ nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure.

ophthalmic

The study of the eye is called

ophthalmology

Movement of the thumb across the hand to meet the little finger is

opposition

Which is your "kissing" muscle? (You contract it to pucker your lips.)

orbicularis oris

Which of the following is NOT a part of the cytosol of cells?

organelles

A system in the body is composed of related _______ with a common function.

organs

The pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and ischiococcygeus share which common attribute?

originate on the ischial spine

Which part(s) of the pharynx does food normally pass through? Select all that apply

oropharynx laryngopharynx

In bone tissue, which type of cell is the 'bone-building cell' (secretes extracellular matrix and initiates calcification)?

osteoblast

Which of the following terms refers to a reduced bone mass?

osteopenia

Which ovarian structure contains oocytes in various stages of development?

ovarian follicles

As an individual ages, which endocrine gland decreases in size?

ovaries

Secondary oocytes are produced by

ovaries

Which structures begin on either side of the uterus and then descend to the superior portion of the pelvic cavity during the third month of development?

ovaries

Which structure produces the hormone relaxin?

ovary

Aging is accompanied by a number of changes to the skin. Which of the following is NOT one of those changes?

overall increased thickness of skin

If urine flow is blocked or the urinary bladder muscles can no longer contract, the bladder becomes overfilled and pressure increases until small amounts of urine dribble out. This is known as

overflow incontinence

The release of the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity occurs during which phase of the menstrual cycle?

ovulation

The production (synthesis) of which of the following does NOT occur in the pituitary gland?

oxytocin (OT)

Another name for nociceptor is

pain receptor

In addition to elevating the larynx, this muscle helps to close the nasopharynx during deglutition.

palatopharyngeus

Assessing surface anatomy relies on visualization and palpation. Which of these terms refers to the assessment by touching or feeling?

palpation

How does palpation differ from visualization in assessing surface anatomy?

palpation involves touching the skin

This gland is both exocrine and endocrine in function.

pancreas

This structure produces digestive juices, insulin, and glucagon, and empties them into the duodenum and blood stream.

pancreas

Which of the following organs does NOT belong to the alimentary canal?

pancreas

Trace the flow of filtrate from the collecting duct to the ureter.

papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

The orientation of the fascicles in the rectus abdominis muscle run in which direction relative to the body's midline?

parallel to midline

The female reproductive tract develops from

paramesonephric ducts

What is/are the "rest and digest" division(s) called?

parasympathetic

Which division normally has longer preganglionic and shorter postganglionic nerve fibers?

parasympathetic

Parasympathetic responses tend to be more localized compared to those sympathetic responses because

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with fewer postglanglionic neurons

These glands produce a hormone that helps regulate calcium in the body and is found in the neck area. What are they called?

parathyroid glands

For an adult suffering from osteomalacia or a child afflicted with Rickets, which of the following factors could be most beneficial in terms of treatment?

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following raises blood Ca2+ level?

parathyroid hormone

Which gland develops from endoderm?

parathyroids

Which of the following membranes lines the walls of body cavities?

parietal

Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex register the conscious perception of taste?

parietal lobe

Identify the salivary gland that lies inferior and anterior to the ears.

parotid

Which of the following is another term for childbirth?

parturition

The enzyme monoamine oxidase helps break down neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Which of the following is another common way that dopamine or serotonin can leave the synaptic cleft?

passive diffusion away from the synaptic cleft

Which bone is in the lower limb?

patella

The internal iliac artery supplies the

pelvic organs buttocks external genitals

The _________ girdle is stronger than the __________ girdle.

pelvic; pectoral

The origin of most muscles that move the thigh is the

pelvis

The conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation, normally by the brain's higher centers, is called a

perception

An infection in a tooth that has become so decayed that it is loose has likely effected the

periodontal ligament

Which layer is rich in sensory neurons?

periosteum

Which structure provides a protective outer covering for bones and assists with fracture repair?

periosteum

The ______________ is/are composed of all the nervous structures outside of the CNS.

peripheral nervous system

Which of the following is the correct sequence of bones of the upper limb, from distal to proximal ends?

phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius and ulna, humerus

Identify the sensory receptors that facilitate eyesight.

photoreceptors

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?

phrenic

Which of the following is the innermost of the cranial meninges?

pia mater

Which of the following is a uniaxial joint in which rotation only occurs around the longitudinal axis?

pivot

The outer limiting structure of a cell is called the

plasma membrane

Which of the following directly regulates the movement of materials into and out of a cell?

plasma membrane

White blood cells provide an immune response against foreign cell types, such as bacteria and parasites. Which cellular component of the white blood cell would be responsible for communicating with other white blood cells to mount an attach on the foreign invaders?

plasma membrane

A very talented young artist suffered a stroke which caused paralysis in her hands. After undergoing intensive and exhaustive physical therapy she has now re-learned to paint using her feet. What is this phenomenon referred to as?

plasticity

All of the following muscles are involved in the chewing process EXCEPT

platysma

The respiratory control centers are located where in your brain?

pons and medulla oblongata

The __________ artery runs down the posterior surface of the knee.

popliteal

The two somatic sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex are the

posterior column-medial lemniscus and anterolateral pathways

Following a bad fall on the ice 54 year old Neal landed on his gluteal region. Subsequently he has absolutely no feeling in the skin overlying the hamstring muscle group. What nerve do you suspect has been lesioned in the fall?

posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A 12 year old girl has been recently diagnosed with inadequate lymphatic capillaries throughout her legs. This underlying congenital anomaly has led to chronic leg lymphedema. Failure of lymphatic tissue to develop adequately in this area would be attributed to interruptions to embryonic development of the

posterior lymph sacs

The scalenes include (select all that apply)

posterior scalene middle scalene anterior scalene

The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium and is located on the

posterior surface of the heart

The fibular vein flows into which of the following veins?

posterior tibial

Fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm initiates

pregnancy

The papillary muscles and chordae tendineae function to

prevent the AV valves from everting

The frontal lobe contains the

primary motor area

This region of the cerebral hemisphere is responsible for touch, proproception, pain, itch, and thermal sensations.

primary somatosensory area

The retroperitoneal lymph sac develops from the

primitive vena cava and mesonephric veins

Which embryonic structure gives rise to the left ventricle in an adult?

primitive ventricle

Suprahyoid muscles do all of the following EXCEPT

produce high pitch vocal sounds

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the pancreas?

produces pepsin which breaks down proteins

The secretory phase of the female reproductive cycle is controlled by the release of _____________ from the ovary

progesterone

Which of the following is the first of the three pairs of kidneys that develop in the embryo

pronephros

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that affects the dorsal column pathway in the spinal cord. Which of the following sensations would be lost due to untreated syphilis infection.

proprioception

Receptors associated with providing information about body position are classified as which of the following?

proprioceptors

Receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear are called

proprioceptors

1 out of 3 aging males may develop enlargement of:

prostate

Almost all spinal reflexes are ______________ in their function

protective

Inflammation of the filtration membrane in the kidney may lead to an abnormal amount of _____ in the urine.

protein

When a person ages, fibers may be cross-linked by glucose molecules. As a result, tissues flexibility.

protein lose decrease reduce

A patient that has been diagnosed with a stroke to the medulla oblongata would be unable to

protract and retract his tongue

Which of the following is not an action of the trapezius muscle?

protraction of the scapulae, i.e. a "boxer's punch"

What is NOT a function of the intervertebral disc?

provide wide range of motion

The styloid process of the radius is __________ to the scaphoid bone

proximal

Filtrate flows from the glomerular capsule to the nephron loop through the

proximal convoluted tubule

Identify the epithelial tissue that lines the nasopharynx

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Incontinence issues may be resolved by Kegel exercises, which muscles are involved?

pubococcygeus iliococcygeus levator ani

Which of the following ligaments found in the hip joint prevents overabduction of the femur?

pubofemoral

The levator ani consists of (select all that apply)

puborectalis pubococcygeus iliococcygeus

Which of the following transports oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood?

pulmonary veins

When a person stops exercising, which of the following will rapidly decrease?

pulmonary ventilation

The posterior abdominal wall is formed by this muscle.

quadratus lumborum

The knee keeps collapsing into flexion position when weight is placed on it. The nerve to which muscle is damaged?

quadriceps femoris

Patients may be treated for cancer through a variety of methods. Which of the following may be used for treating a cancer patient? Select all that apply.

radiation chemotherapy

Which bone is a component of the upper free limb?

radius

What bones form the elbow joint?

radius humerus ulna

Which of the following describes the action of the occipitofrontalis?

raises eyebrows

All of the following responses describe the action of the platysma EXCEPT

raises upper lip

Which of the following is a sign of disease?

rash

What is the correct order of components for passage of nerve impulses over an autonomic reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neurons, effector

Development of a "six pack" during exercise involves the

rectus abdominis

Which of the following muscles would not flex the knee joint?

rectus femoris

Which muscle should decline in mass first as we age?

rectus femoris of thigh

Intraepidermal macrophages invade the epidermis during the first trimester. These cells are derived from

red bone marrow

Leukocytosis, a typical indicator of inflammation, occurs in the

red bone marrow

White blood cells are produced in the

red bone marrow

The function of the medulla oblongata include

regulate heart rate link the brain with the spinal cord regulate distribution of blood flow

Which of the following is a function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

regulates movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus

Which of the following is a function performed specifically by the kidneys?

regulation of blood ion composition

Relaxation of the external intercostals causes the lungs to

relax, forcing exhalation of air

Which hormone increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy?

relaxin

What is responsible for the water-repellent nature of the epidermis?

release of lamellar granules

Which system contains the prostate, ductus deferens, and epididymis?

reproductive system

Which of the following is the site of the exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and air-filled spaces in the lungs?

respiratory membrane

Identify the type of connective tissue that forms the supporting framework of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

reticular

This type of neural circuit has post synaptic neurons that communicate with presynaptic neurons to keep the terminal signal firing after an initial stimulus occurs

reverberating circuit

Breathing, waking up, sleeping, and coordinated muscle activities are all thought to be controlled by

reverberating circuits

The metencephalon and mylencephalon develop from which primary brain vesicle?

rhombencephalon

Which part of the brain contains the cerebellum?

rhombencephalon

Which of the following would you find floating in the cytosol of a cell?

ribosomes mitochondria

Which of the following activities would be very difficult for a person who has been diagnosed with an obturator neuropathy?

riding a horse

The vena cavae and coronary sinus return deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to which chamber?

right atrium

The right internal jugular and right subclavian veins anastomose to form the

right brachiocephalic vein

If the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants, where is the gallbladder located?

right upper

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of structures of the pulmonary circulation through which blood passes?

right ventricle→pulmonary trunk→pulmonary arteries→pulmonary arterioles→pulmonary capillaries→pulmonary venules→pulmonary veins→left atrium

Some fair-skinned adults experience redness, tiny pimples, and noticeable blood vessels in the central area of the face between 30-60, a condition known as

rosacea

Which movement of the atlanto-axial joint provides for signalling a "no" response?

rotation

Which structure holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

rotator cuff

Which indirect motor pathway has upper motor neurons that conduct impulses from the red nucleus?

rubrospinal tract

Which of the following types of exercise would be the best for maintaining (and possibly enhancing) bone strength?

running

What is the name for the border that projects anteriorly off the base of the sacrum?

sacral promontory

The bony pelvis is composed of which bones?

sacrum, two os coxae, and the pubic symphysis

Which anterior superficial muscle can be traced from the lateral aspect of the thigh to the medial aspect of the knee?

sartorius

Which of these muscles does not contribute to the rotator cuff?

scalenes

While trying to evade a pack of angry zombies, the frightened man tripped and fell. The base of his outstretched hand absorbed most of the impact and he heard a pronounced "pop". He most likely fractured his

scaphoid

Which of the following nerves is NOT from the brachial plexus?

sciatic

In old age, the _____ of the eye become thick and rigid due to years of ultraviolet light exposure.

sclera

Which of the following curvatures is characterized by a lateral bending of the vertebral column usually in the thoracic region?

scoliosis

The study of Surface Anatomy is useful to:

sculptors photographers venipuncturists paramedics

Excessive secretion from which of the following would make hair oily?

sebaceous glands

Older skin tends to be dry and broken because

sebaceous glands shrink in size

After birth, the pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood.

True

Another name for white blood cells (WBC) is leukocytes.

True

Apoptosis refers to a process in which a cell destroys itself as part of a programmed process.

True

Endurance training can cause a gradual transformation of some fast glycolytic fibers to fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers.

True

Gonads in a fetus develop from intermediate mesoderm

True

Hypertrophy often results from exercises that require great strength for short periods of time.

True

If arterial carbon dioxide levels decrease, respiration decreases until the carbon dioxide levels return to normal

True

If your blood type is B, you have B antigens on your red blood cells, and you have anti-A antibodies in your blood plasma.

True

In the PNS, if the cell body is undamaged, axons may re-grow.

True

Looking at specific types of white blood cells, a high neutrophil count may indicate bacterial infection or inflammation.

True

Medicine dosing is an important reason for knowing a patient's weight.

True

Parasympathetic nerves slow the heartbeat and cause constriction of the coronary arteries.

True

Platelets are very important for blood clotting.

True

The anus has two sphincters.

True

The cells are the basic, living, structural and functional units of the body

True

The female pelvis is wider and shallower than the male.

True

The flexor hallucis brevis, located in the third layer of the intrinsic foot muscles, flexes the big toe.

True

The heart is about the size of a person's fist.

True

The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

True

The plasma membrane is a flexible barrier that regulates the flow of material between the external and internal environments of the cell.

True

The tibia is the more medial of the two lower leg bones.

True

The true pelvis is defined as the portion of the pelvis below the pelvic brim

True

The two types of smooth muscle tissue are visceral and multiunit.

True

Which of the following types of teeth are adapted for tearing and shredding?

canines

Which gives rise to skeletal muscle?

myotome

Which part of the respiratory system helps resonate sounds?

nasal cavity

Which bone in the foot is the most medial of all those listed?

navicular

The thyroid gland is located in the _____________ of the body.

neck

The first 28 days after birth is the

neonatal period

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

Cells that contain long extensions and conduct electrical impulses are the

nerve cells

Electrical impulses occur along this tissue to stimulate contractions and gland secretion.

nervous

Which type of tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body?

nervous

These two systems coordinate functions of the body

nervous and endocrine

The organization of multiple neurons into a complicated pathway forms a/an

neural circuit

Identify the embryonic tissue from which chromaffin cells and sympathetic ganglia are both derived.

neural crest

Which of the following lists the steps in neurulation in the correct order?

neural plate, neural groove, neural tube

Under the microscope you notice a leukocyte with a 3-lobed nucleus. Which type of leukocyte is it most likely?

neutrophil

Two types of receptors that respond to acetylcholine are

nicotinic and muscarinic

Which can affect blood pressure?

nitric oxide levels

Important functions of the hypothalamus include which of the following:

Production of hormones. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns. Control of the ANS. Regulation of eating and drinking.

There are how many taste buds in a young adult?

10,000

How many cm in a meter?

100

Arches of the foot are fully developed by what age?

12-13 years old

Erythrocytes are constantly being produced by red bone marrow because a typically cell only lives about

120 days

Fetal movements are first felt by the expectant mother (quickening) usually between weeks _____ of fetal development.

17-20

Which of the following correctly describes skeletal muscle tissue? 1. composed of nonstriated muscle cells 2. composed of striated muscle cells 3. involuntarily controlled 4. voluntarily controlled

2 and 4 only

Which of the choices listed below are functions of the thymus? 1 main site of immune response 2 site of T cell maturation 3 site of B cell maturation 4 site of the proliferation of B cells 5 produces thymic hormones

2 and 5 only

The blood vessels responsible for conveying blood back to the heart are: 1. arteries 2. veins

2 only

The names of the serous membranes that cover the lungs, the heart, and abdominal cavity are ________, respectively.

Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

The largest of the tarsal bones is the ___________.

calcaneus

To initiate the cross-bridge cycle, _________ must bind to troponin.

calcium

Which of the following is not a protein associated with skeletal muscle tissue?

calcium

Contractile fibers of the heart are

muscle fibers of the myocardium

The efferent neurons carry information to the ____________ and ____________?

muscles and glands

A motor neuron that leaves the central nervous system will be able to conduct saltatory conduction because it is

myelinated

Which of the following is the correct order for platelet differentiation?

myeloid stem cell, Meg CFU, megakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, platelet

The left ventricle can be distinguished from other chambers by the

myocardium