BIO 2514 TEST 1
Buildup of incorrectly folded proteins induces a stress response known as unknown protein response (UPR) that, when prolonged, has a high correlation with neurodegenerative diseases such as parkinson's. which organelle Is likely malfunctioning and allowing for the buildup?
Lysosome
What is the anatomical term that indicates structure close to the surface?
Superficial
Which of the following is NOT true of organelles?
They are only in cells of humans.
When an acid and a base interact during a chemical reaction to produce water and a salt, a type of reaction called a(n) ___________ reaction has occurred.
exchange
Collagen is a protein with a coiled (helical conformation. When it is exposed to high temperature, it becomes straight and flat., Its primary structure is not altered by the temperature change., What happened to cause the molecule to flatten?
hydrogen bonds were broken
A red blood cell that is placed in a solution shrivels up. The solution is ____________.
hypertonic
Bell's palsy results in the lack of stimulation to facial muscles, so they do not contact. Bell's palsy is associated with what organ system?
nervous system
The thoracic cavity is ________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.
superior
Standing erect with face and palms forward and upper limbs at the sides describes _______ position.
anatomical
The branch of science that deals with the structure of human body part is called __________?
anatomy
A cell undergoing ____________ loses its shape, forms a bubble, and falls apart.
apoptosis
Matter is composed of elements which, in turn, are composed of _____________.
atoms
Vesicles can be formed from the ___________ membrane.
cell
Individuals who live more than 100 years are called _____________.
centenarians
The process by which food substances are chemically changed into simpler forms that can be absorbed is called ___________
digestion
Because the ways that atoms interact is due to their number of _____________, isotopes of an atom chemically react in the same manner.
electrons
When atoms form chemical bonds, the particles that interact to form the bonds are the ______________.
electrons
The term ________ refers to an increase in the body size without overall change in shape.
growth
The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands are called _________.
hormones
The chemical bond called a(n) _____________ bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms.
hydrogen
The bond that forms K+ and Cl- is a(n) ______ ______.
ionic bond
A parietal layer of serous membrane __________, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane____________.
lines cavities; covers organs
A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college. He must rest for three months and then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscles in his lower limbs decrease in size during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle proteins are ______________.
lysosomes
The particle formed when two or more atoms chemically bond together is a (n) _______________
molecule
What cytoskeletal structures are not found in all cell types?
myofibrils
Self-regulating control mechanisms usually operate by a process called ___________ feedback.
negative
A solution that contains equal of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is described as being __________.
neutral
The difference between carbon-13 and carbon-14 is their number of ___________
neutrons
What type of organic molecule can undergo replication?
nucleic acid
Chemical groups called ______________ are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
nucleotides
What level organization is skin?
organ level
Which of the following disease would originate in the abdominopelvic cavity?
pancreatitis
Pnuemothorax )collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when an air-filled space forms between the lung and the wall of pleural cavity. This space would be between the _______.
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
the potential space between the ______ membranes is called the pleural cavity.
pleural
Positronemission tomography (PET) imaging relies upon the emission of _____________- from radioactive isotopes such as carbon-11.
positively charges electrons
The femoral region is ________ to the popliteal region.
promixal
Amino acids are the building blocks for ___________.
protein
An individual with the condition called phenylketonuria cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Molecules that include phenylalanine will build up in the blood, potentially causing intellectual disability and other symptoms. This inherited disease can be controlled by following a diet that is very low in _________________.
protein
Complete ribosomes, found within cells of the body, are formed by the association between different protein subunits. Each complete ribosome represents the ____________ of this organelle.
quaternary structure
Magnetic resonance imaging uses _________.
radio waves
Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure ________.
remain within certain limited ranges
A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions is termed a(n) _______ section.
sagittal
Which of the following is not an organic compound?
sodium chloride
What type of structures can be visible using ultrasonography?
soft internal structures such as fetuses
What is the mass number of an element whose atoms contain eight protons, eight electrons, and eight neutrons?
16
Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane?
A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins molecules are embedded and can move.
What is the chemical formula H 2O referring to?
A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
What best describes endoplasmic reticulum?
A network of interconnected membranes.
A group of cells with common properties that are organized into a layer or mass is called a(n) _____________.
tissue
The most abundant molecule in the human body is ________
water
What characteristics does simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common?
Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without using cellular energy.
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that has a lower concentration of impermanent solutes than do the cells in the solution.
Which of the following describes a lysosome?
A tiny, membranous sac that contain enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris.
How is DNA molecules stored in the nucleus?
Complexed with proteins, forming chromatin.
What are electrolytes?
Compounds that ionize in water.
Salt is placed in glass of water. Slowly the salt begins to move from one area to another area. What factor caused the movement of the salt?
Concentration gradient
What is measured by the pH scale?
Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
What is a main function of the digestive system?
Absorption of nutrients
A patient's blood test shows that their blood pH is 7.26. What is the term for this condition?
Acidosis
For which of the following organelles are the structure and function correctly described?
Endoplasmic reticulum; a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion.
Two negatively charged bromide (Br-) ions exist in solution. They will be attracted to each other and form an ionic bond.
FALSE
A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible. What type of section was used?
Frontal
Which of these is a monosaccharide?
Glucose
When does cell death first occur?
During fetal development
You accidentally cut your hand. Bloodplatelets in the area begin to attach to the broken blood vessel walls in the wound. What needs to happen next to create a positive feedback mechanism?
The platelets change shape and encourage more platelets to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs that seal the broken vessels.
What does the term conformation refer to ?
The three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
What statement describes carbohydrates?
They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms.
What is a characteristic that many centenarians share?
They never smoked.
What building blocks form triglycerides?
Three fatty acids and one glycerol.
What is the main function of cristae in mitochondria?
To increase the surface area for chemical reactions.
Which molecule does not have a polar region?
Triglyceride
What is the role of oxygen in the body?
Used to release energy from nutrient molecules
Anderson's disease results in the failure to secrete large proteins called chylomicrons. Which organelle is most likely affected?
Vesicle
Consider the following list of commonly found items and the pH values: Baking Soda (8.3), Battery Acid (1.0), Beer (4.2), Bleach (12.8), Butter (6.1-6.4), Coffee (5.0), Egg Whites (7.6-8.0), Grapes (3.5-4.5), Milk of Magnesia (10.6), Tomato (4.0-4.5), Vinegar (2.2), White Bread (5.0-6.0) Which list includes only acids?
Vinegar (2.2), grapes (3.5-4.5), tomatoes (4.0-4.5), and coffee (5.0)
Which of the following must the human body obtain from the environment in order to survive?
Water
Based on their pH of 3.8, apricots are classified as being _____________.
acidic
When the body is places in the anatomical positions, which of the following is NOT true?
The palms are facing backwards.
How do DNA and RNA differ?
DNA codes for genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein.
Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes of each other?
Atom A with 6 protons, and 6 neutrons; Atom B with 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
Which of the following is an element?
Iron
Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of starches during the digestion. Which of the following describes the method by which amylase functions?
It catalyzes starch breakdown without being changed or depleted.
What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism?
It moves conditions away from the normal state.
How is a protein molecule changed when it is denatured?
Its secondary and tertiary structures are altered.
ATP is used to power many cellular processed. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders?
Mitochondrion
What type of molecule has a molecular formula of C6 H12 O6?
Monosaccharide
What is osmosis?
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impairment solute.
Which of the following are typically required to maintain a stable internal environment?
Negative feedback mechanisms.
Nitrogenous bases are components of what type of molecule?
Nucleic acids
What is the correct sequence of organelles and cell parts involved in milk secretion?
Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane
Which of the following lists best illustrates increasing levels of complexity?
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
How are organic compounds different from inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds always contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Name two type of cavities found in the head.
Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
Why are the topics of anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?
Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures.
What is the found within the nucleolus?
RNA and protein
Which of the following processes does NOT help to maintain the life of an individual organism?
Reproduction
Which of the following is an example of a positive homeostatic mechanism in the human body?
Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid.
What is the term "physiology" related to?
The Greek word for "relationship to nature."
In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function?
The cell
How do the atoms of different elements differ from one another?
The have different atomic numbers and different mass numbers.
What is the definition of a homeostasis?
The maintenance of stable internal conditions.
