Bio 30 DNA quiz

Purines

(Double ringed structures) *Adenine *Guanine

Pyrimidines

(Single ringed structures) *Thymine *Cytosine

Human Genome

(Sum of all DNA carried in each cell) is made up of 3 billion base pairs and is composed of 20000 - 25000 genes

3 things that make up a nucleotide

*Deoxyribose sugar unit *Phosphate unit *Nitrogen base

3 Stages of DNA replication

*Initiation *Elongation *Termination

RNA

*Ribonucleic Acid (Single Stranded Molecule) Contains Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose Does not contain Thymine (T) but contains Uracil (U) U is complementary to A

3 types of RNA

*mRNA (messenger) *tRNA (transfer) *rRNA (ribosomal)

4 Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine (A), Guanine (G) are called purines (double ringed structures). Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) are called pyrimidines (single ringed structures)

Error Rate

DNA polymerase proof reads the new daughter DNA molecules and fixes any problems that it detects. 1 mistake per 1 billion nucleotides!

Semi-Conservative

DNA replication is called? because the 2 resulting daughter DNA molecules contain 1 strand from the original parent molecule and 1 newly formed strand. = 1 of the original parent strands is conserved per daughter molecule

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Replication Bubbles

Due to the presence of various replication origins on a chromosome, these bubbles form throughout the chromosome during replication. These eventually join up forming duplicate strands.

Genes

Each chromosome is made up of DNA are called? (These code for proteins and polypeptides)

DNA ligase

Glues together the Okazaki fragments until the DNA polymerase properly synthesizes.

Lagging Strand

Is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment.

RNA primer

It starts the process of getting DNA polymerase to do it's job

Non-sense DNA/Introns

Non-coding sections of DNA are often referred to as?

Okazaki Fragments

Pieces of DNA that aren't properly synthesized

Single-Strand binding

Proteins that bind to the DNA strands and keep them separated.

Complementary base pairs

Refers to the hydrogen bonded, nitrogenous base pairs of adenosine and thymine, and of cytosine and guanine in the DNA double helix, or the base pairs of adenosine and uracil and cytosine and guanine in hybrid molecules that link complementary strands of RNA and DNA.

DNA Polymerase

Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA. During DNA replication, an enzyme that slips into the space between the two strands, uses the parent strands as a template and adds nucleotides to make complementary strands

Replication Origins

Replication begins at specific nucleotide sequences which are called.

5 to 3

Replication occurs in a blank to blank direction?

A deoxyribose sugar unit, A phosphate unit, and a nitrogen base

The DNA molecule is a "Double Helix", made up of nucleotide's. The nucleotide's is composed of?

Sugar-phosphate backbone

The deoxyribose sugar and phosphate unit form the outside of the molecule, called the?

Watson and Crick

The first model of DNA was made by?

The "rungs" of a ladder

The nitrogen bases are the inside of the molecule

Chargaff's Rule

This person found that the nucleotides are not present in equal amounts. Instead, the nucleotides are present in varying, but characteristic proportions. This person found that the amount of adenine in any sample of DNA is approximately equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine is always approximately equal to the amount of guanine. The relationship is known as?

Franklin

This person was able to conclude that DNA has a helical structure with two regular repeating patterns. One recurring at intervals of 0.34 ad the other recurring at intervals of 3.4. Based on seeing how DNA reacts with water she concluded that the nitrogenous bases were located on the inside of the helical structure, and the sugar-phosphate backbone was located on the outside, Facing toward the watery nucleus of the cell. This person's observations were important to understanding the structure of the nucleus.

Leading Strand

This strand is synthesized continuously in the 5 to 3 direction by DNA polymerase.

2 Stages Of Protein Synthesis

Transcription - Occurs in the nucleus DNA - mRNA (messenger RNA) Translation - Occurs in the cytoplasm mRNA - Protein

Helicases

Unzips the DNA in order for the DNA to make a replication of itself. It unwinds the parental double helix.

Primase

creates primer (primase comes in and makes RNA primers on both strands to help DNA polymerase get started