Bio 30 DNA quiz
Purines
(Double ringed structures) *Adenine *Guanine
Pyrimidines
(Single ringed structures) *Thymine *Cytosine
Human Genome
(Sum of all DNA carried in each cell) is made up of 3 billion base pairs and is composed of 20000 - 25000 genes
3 things that make up a nucleotide
*Deoxyribose sugar unit *Phosphate unit *Nitrogen base
3 Stages of DNA replication
*Initiation *Elongation *Termination
RNA
*Ribonucleic Acid (Single Stranded Molecule) Contains Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose Does not contain Thymine (T) but contains Uracil (U) U is complementary to A
3 types of RNA
*mRNA (messenger) *tRNA (transfer) *rRNA (ribosomal)
4 Nitrogen bases in DNA
Adenine (A), Guanine (G) are called purines (double ringed structures). Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) are called pyrimidines (single ringed structures)
Error Rate
DNA polymerase proof reads the new daughter DNA molecules and fixes any problems that it detects. 1 mistake per 1 billion nucleotides!
Semi-Conservative
DNA replication is called? because the 2 resulting daughter DNA molecules contain 1 strand from the original parent molecule and 1 newly formed strand. = 1 of the original parent strands is conserved per daughter molecule
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Replication Bubbles
Due to the presence of various replication origins on a chromosome, these bubbles form throughout the chromosome during replication. These eventually join up forming duplicate strands.
Genes
Each chromosome is made up of DNA are called? (These code for proteins and polypeptides)
DNA ligase
Glues together the Okazaki fragments until the DNA polymerase properly synthesizes.
Lagging Strand
Is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment.
RNA primer
It starts the process of getting DNA polymerase to do it's job
Non-sense DNA/Introns
Non-coding sections of DNA are often referred to as?
Okazaki Fragments
Pieces of DNA that aren't properly synthesized
Single-Strand binding
Proteins that bind to the DNA strands and keep them separated.
Complementary base pairs
Refers to the hydrogen bonded, nitrogenous base pairs of adenosine and thymine, and of cytosine and guanine in the DNA double helix, or the base pairs of adenosine and uracil and cytosine and guanine in hybrid molecules that link complementary strands of RNA and DNA.
DNA Polymerase
Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA. During DNA replication, an enzyme that slips into the space between the two strands, uses the parent strands as a template and adds nucleotides to make complementary strands
Replication Origins
Replication begins at specific nucleotide sequences which are called.
5 to 3
Replication occurs in a blank to blank direction?
A deoxyribose sugar unit, A phosphate unit, and a nitrogen base
The DNA molecule is a "Double Helix", made up of nucleotide's. The nucleotide's is composed of?
Sugar-phosphate backbone
The deoxyribose sugar and phosphate unit form the outside of the molecule, called the?
Watson and Crick
The first model of DNA was made by?
The "rungs" of a ladder
The nitrogen bases are the inside of the molecule
Chargaff's Rule
This person found that the nucleotides are not present in equal amounts. Instead, the nucleotides are present in varying, but characteristic proportions. This person found that the amount of adenine in any sample of DNA is approximately equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine is always approximately equal to the amount of guanine. The relationship is known as?
Franklin
This person was able to conclude that DNA has a helical structure with two regular repeating patterns. One recurring at intervals of 0.34 ad the other recurring at intervals of 3.4. Based on seeing how DNA reacts with water she concluded that the nitrogenous bases were located on the inside of the helical structure, and the sugar-phosphate backbone was located on the outside, Facing toward the watery nucleus of the cell. This person's observations were important to understanding the structure of the nucleus.
Leading Strand
This strand is synthesized continuously in the 5 to 3 direction by DNA polymerase.
2 Stages Of Protein Synthesis
Transcription - Occurs in the nucleus DNA - mRNA (messenger RNA) Translation - Occurs in the cytoplasm mRNA - Protein
Helicases
Unzips the DNA in order for the DNA to make a replication of itself. It unwinds the parental double helix.
Primase
creates primer (primase comes in and makes RNA primers on both strands to help DNA polymerase get started