Bio 30 reproductive systems

Chlamydia

Bacteria, most common STI. Infect vagina and penis. Discharge and sometimes pain. Females causes damage to Fallopian tubes. Dudes with antibiotics

Syphillis

Bacterial- 3 stage infection. 1 sores on infection site he genitals 2 rash on skin usually palms 3 attack cardiac and nervous system. Cause birth defects. Cure antibiotics if caught early

Cervix

A narrow opening of the uterus that connects the vagina. controls what enters and leaves the uterus.

Scrotum

A pouch of skin that regulates the temperature of the testes in order to produce sperm better

Haploid

A sperm is 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes (N)

Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

A storage duct from the epididymis leading to the penis Via the ejaculatory duct. carry sperm to the urethra

Gonadotropin releasing hormon (GnRH)

Act on anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH and starts the process of sperm production

What does LH do for sperm production?

Affects interstitial cells in the testes to cause the release of testosterone which have a negative feedback on the hypothalamus to lower GnRH

Seminal fluid produced by 3 glands?

Cowpers gland, Prostate gland, Seminal Vessicle

Pollution chemical

DDT Mercury, heavy metals, oil wastes can cause birth defects

Zygote

Once the acrosome of the sperm portray the egg, the chemistry changes so no other sperm can enter. A newly fertilized egg.

Embryo

Once the zygote implants into the endometrium of the uterus.

Ectoderm

Outer layer gives rise to skin, Nervous system, pituitary gland, tooth enamel, eye lens

Chorion

Outermost membrane part of which will form the placenta

Acrosome

Part of the sperm. Stores enzymes that are needed to penetrate the protective layer surrounding the female egg.

Cowpers gland

Secrets mucus like fluid as well as alkaline fluid to neutralize the acids from the urine in the urethra. Mucus rich fluid protects sperm and also alkaline.

Spermatogenesis

Sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules

Menstrual cycle and its purpose?

Starts to puberty. To produce eggs and have the correct conditions to allow for development. Each ovary contains 200000 follicles. about 400 will ever mature.

What does FSH do for sperm production?

Stimulates sperm production in the semi serous tubules and stop GnRH production

Sertoli cells

Supports and nourishes develop sperm, located in the seminiferous tubules

Endometrium

The lining of the uterus which is richly supplied with blood vessels and provides nutrients for the fetus

Primary Sex characteristics

The structures (organs, ducts, and glands) that play a direct role in reproduction e.g. penis

Fimbria

Thread like projections that sweep the ovum from the ovary into the cilia-lined oviduct "egg catchers"

Genital herpes

Virus produces open spore blisters on genitals can be controlled no curr

AIDS \ HIV

Virus that attacks helper T cells part of immune system. Acquired though sexual intercourse or blood contact no cure and high death rate

Cleavage

When the Zygote travels down the fallopian tube, cell division takes place. cell division without increase in size.

What chromosomes are found in males?

XY

The difference between Y and X carrying sperm?

Y carrying sperm swim after but X carrying sperm live longer

Menopause

about age 35-50 the central cycle stops. effects of hot flashes, nausea, loss of bone mass, increased risk of breast and uterine cancer, increased risk of heart disease

Yolk sac

helps form digestive tract, first blood cells are produced here

Human chorionic gonadatropin hCG hormone.

if fertilization take place this hormone is released by the embryo which maintains the corpus lute and progesterone levels are maintained, the endometrium dose not release.

Endoderm

inner layer, inner lining of lungs, digestive tract, liver, pancreas, thyroid gland.

Gonads

organ that produces reproductive cells (testes and ovaries)

Estrus cycle

the menstruation cycle is a type of estrus cycle. time period varies.

steps and hormones involved in ovulation?

- at puberty the hypothalamus released GnRH to start the process in the pituitary - as follicle develops, increases the release of estrogen which causes endometrium lining to form in uterus and feeds back to the pituitary to lower FSH production -As estrogen levels rise, it causes the pituitary to produce LH which causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg (ovulation) -ruptured follicle now called Corpus Luteum begins production of progesterone which prevents FSH and LH production by pituitary and maintains the endometrium -Corpus Luteum degenerates slowly and progesterone lowers. result in the endometrium to release the the cycle starts with fresh FSH in the pituitary.

Morula

16 blob of cells during cleavage

How long do eggs survive?

24 hours

Diploid

2N, humans having 46 chromosomes

How long do sperm survive?

5 days

Blastocyst / Blastula

64 cell stage becomes a hollow ball of cells which implants into the uterine wall and now has nourishment for cell growth.

1st trimester

8 weeks after gastrulation. Huge developments- heart brain, body, arms, legs, males and females can be distinguished. About 9 weeks "look human" it is a Fetus. about 30g 10cm

Hepatitis

A B and C B transmitted via sex contact- attacks liver, can be treated and vaccinated for C blood contact and No cure

Oviduct

A cilia - lined tube in the body that transports the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus. also known as the fallopian tube

Andopause

A drop in testosterone production and sperm production

Epididymis

A duct where the sperm mature and become motile and are stored

Testis - determining factor (TDF)

A gene that determines males with the Y chromosome

Prostate gland

A mass of glandular tissue at the base of the urethra that secrets mucus like fluid that neutralizes acids from the urine in the urethra. Fluid alkaline buffer against the acid in the vaginal tract.

Gonorrhea

Bacterial- infect vagina, penis and urethra. Yellow discharge, pain in urination. Damage reproductive tract. If mothers have it during pregnancy baby's are blind. Cure antibiotics

Gastrulation

Blastocyst starts to fold in on itself, and form germ layers. the beginning of morphogenesis of the embryo.

2nd trimester

Brain grows, sensory organs functions, skeleton solidify movement, eyes open, sleep pattern. about 900g 30cm

Prescription drugs Thalidomide

Causes birth defects, loss of lobs

Head (sperm)

Contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes covered by the acrosome

middle section of the sperm

Contains mitochondria which provide energy for the movement of the tail

Labour

Contractions of uterus caused by oxytocin. prostaglandins sends neural connection from cervix to brain provides positive feed back to pituitary for oxytocin. Amnion breaks, hormone relaxin produced to relax cervix. Dilation to 10 cm. 6-8 hours

Placenta

Disk shaped extension of the Chorion layer with projections. imbeds into wall of the uterus and allows for nutrients and waste to pass between baby blood and moms blood.

Secondary sex characteristics

Distinct set of features that are not directly related to reproductive function e.g facial hair

The 3 Germ layers?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

Third party reproduction

Egg sperm or embryo being donated by a third party donor to allow l individual to become partners

In Vitro fertilization

Eggs are removed from ovaries, mixed with sperm in lab where fertilization occurs then implanted in uterus.

Sterilization

Females- tubal ligation. Cut Fallopian tube so no eggs can get through. Males- vasectomy- cut and secure Vas deference so no sleek

Alcohol FASD

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder cause brain and physical development problems

Delivery

Fetus forced head first through cervix and vagina. -Umbilical cord expands when it hit air and stops blood flow to the placenta -after birth when the placenta is expelled after delivery -caesarean section when baby is bum first

Human Papilloma virus HPV/ genital warts

Flat warts on gentiles can lead to cancer no sure some varieties

Umbilical cord

Forms about week 8 and connects body to the placenta

Allantois

Foundation of umbilical cord - parts become urinary bladder

Cryogenic preservation

Freezing of eggs sperm or embryo.

Virus rubella

German measles, affects eyes eats and brain development

Testes

Held outside of the body and protects sperm

Artificial insemination

Injection of semen into the uterus without sexual contact to for fertilization and pregnancy

Condom

Latex rubber covers penis, prevent sperm from entering vaginal tract. 84-95%. Female condom 79-95%

Seminiferous tubules

Long, Coiled tubes inside the testes in which sperm are produced

Gametes

Male haploid reproductive cell -sperm

Teratogens

Materials that can enter the baby blood supply and cause birth defects. The fist trimester causes the most damage to the baby.

The 3 phases of the menstral cycle

Menstrual phase (flow phase), follicular phase (beginning to ovulation), and luteal phase.

Mesoderm

Middle layer, muscle lining of blood vessels, connective tissue, heart, kidney, spleen, internal reproductive organs

Colostrum

Mothers first milk full of antibodies.

Uterus

Muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus and contains blood vessels

IUD inter-uterine device

Place in uterus by doctor, body creates an immune response. Some with progesterone to prevent implantation and some with copper which is toxic to sperm. Sterility, bleeding, cramping, discomfort. 92-98%

Lactation

Post partum after birth. Oxytocin and prolactin work together with nervous imput from suckling baby

Ovulation

Process of producing and releasing an egg (about ever 28 days)

Seminal Vessicle

Produces a mucus like fluid that contains the sugar fructose which provides energy for the sperm

The pill

Progesterone and estrogen hormones prevent ovulation or changing in cervical mucus. Present ovulation. 92-99% affective. Patch, vaginal ring, or injections. Can cause spotting, nausea, weight gain and increases cancer rate

Morning after pill

Progestin pill taken within 72 hrs after intercourse prevent ovulation fertilization and implantation. 89% effective. RU 486- synthetic steroid block progesterone production causes menstruation

Chorionic Villi

Projections that are interlaced with blood vesicles.

Tail of the sperm

Propels the sperm with a lushing motion

Antibodies And Erythroblast

Protect infant and pass through placenta. If moms Rh is - and baby's is + with some blood exchange mom can develop Rh + antibodies that will attack and kill a potential second child

3rd trimester

Rapid growth, brain, digestive and respiratory system mature, skin thickens. about 3500g 45cm

Diaphragm or sponge

Rubber shield with spermicidal gel placed over cervix. Insert 3-6 hours before sec and remove within 8 hours after 80-98%

Amnion

Sac around embryo filled with fluid and protects developing embryo

Interstitial cells

Secrete the male hormone testosterone , lie between the seminiferous tubules