Bio 30 reproductive systems
Chlamydia
Bacteria, most common STI. Infect vagina and penis. Discharge and sometimes pain. Females causes damage to Fallopian tubes. Dudes with antibiotics
Syphillis
Bacterial- 3 stage infection. 1 sores on infection site he genitals 2 rash on skin usually palms 3 attack cardiac and nervous system. Cause birth defects. Cure antibiotics if caught early
Cervix
A narrow opening of the uterus that connects the vagina. controls what enters and leaves the uterus.
Scrotum
A pouch of skin that regulates the temperature of the testes in order to produce sperm better
Haploid
A sperm is 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes (N)
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
A storage duct from the epididymis leading to the penis Via the ejaculatory duct. carry sperm to the urethra
Gonadotropin releasing hormon (GnRH)
Act on anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH and starts the process of sperm production
What does LH do for sperm production?
Affects interstitial cells in the testes to cause the release of testosterone which have a negative feedback on the hypothalamus to lower GnRH
Seminal fluid produced by 3 glands?
Cowpers gland, Prostate gland, Seminal Vessicle
Pollution chemical
DDT Mercury, heavy metals, oil wastes can cause birth defects
Zygote
Once the acrosome of the sperm portray the egg, the chemistry changes so no other sperm can enter. A newly fertilized egg.
Embryo
Once the zygote implants into the endometrium of the uterus.
Ectoderm
Outer layer gives rise to skin, Nervous system, pituitary gland, tooth enamel, eye lens
Chorion
Outermost membrane part of which will form the placenta
Acrosome
Part of the sperm. Stores enzymes that are needed to penetrate the protective layer surrounding the female egg.
Cowpers gland
Secrets mucus like fluid as well as alkaline fluid to neutralize the acids from the urine in the urethra. Mucus rich fluid protects sperm and also alkaline.
Spermatogenesis
Sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules
Menstrual cycle and its purpose?
Starts to puberty. To produce eggs and have the correct conditions to allow for development. Each ovary contains 200000 follicles. about 400 will ever mature.
What does FSH do for sperm production?
Stimulates sperm production in the semi serous tubules and stop GnRH production
Sertoli cells
Supports and nourishes develop sperm, located in the seminiferous tubules
Endometrium
The lining of the uterus which is richly supplied with blood vessels and provides nutrients for the fetus
Primary Sex characteristics
The structures (organs, ducts, and glands) that play a direct role in reproduction e.g. penis
Fimbria
Thread like projections that sweep the ovum from the ovary into the cilia-lined oviduct "egg catchers"
Genital herpes
Virus produces open spore blisters on genitals can be controlled no curr
AIDS \ HIV
Virus that attacks helper T cells part of immune system. Acquired though sexual intercourse or blood contact no cure and high death rate
Cleavage
When the Zygote travels down the fallopian tube, cell division takes place. cell division without increase in size.
What chromosomes are found in males?
XY
The difference between Y and X carrying sperm?
Y carrying sperm swim after but X carrying sperm live longer
Menopause
about age 35-50 the central cycle stops. effects of hot flashes, nausea, loss of bone mass, increased risk of breast and uterine cancer, increased risk of heart disease
Yolk sac
helps form digestive tract, first blood cells are produced here
Human chorionic gonadatropin hCG hormone.
if fertilization take place this hormone is released by the embryo which maintains the corpus lute and progesterone levels are maintained, the endometrium dose not release.
Endoderm
inner layer, inner lining of lungs, digestive tract, liver, pancreas, thyroid gland.
Gonads
organ that produces reproductive cells (testes and ovaries)
Estrus cycle
the menstruation cycle is a type of estrus cycle. time period varies.
steps and hormones involved in ovulation?
- at puberty the hypothalamus released GnRH to start the process in the pituitary - as follicle develops, increases the release of estrogen which causes endometrium lining to form in uterus and feeds back to the pituitary to lower FSH production -As estrogen levels rise, it causes the pituitary to produce LH which causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg (ovulation) -ruptured follicle now called Corpus Luteum begins production of progesterone which prevents FSH and LH production by pituitary and maintains the endometrium -Corpus Luteum degenerates slowly and progesterone lowers. result in the endometrium to release the the cycle starts with fresh FSH in the pituitary.
Morula
16 blob of cells during cleavage
How long do eggs survive?
24 hours
Diploid
2N, humans having 46 chromosomes
How long do sperm survive?
5 days
Blastocyst / Blastula
64 cell stage becomes a hollow ball of cells which implants into the uterine wall and now has nourishment for cell growth.
1st trimester
8 weeks after gastrulation. Huge developments- heart brain, body, arms, legs, males and females can be distinguished. About 9 weeks "look human" it is a Fetus. about 30g 10cm
Hepatitis
A B and C B transmitted via sex contact- attacks liver, can be treated and vaccinated for C blood contact and No cure
Oviduct
A cilia - lined tube in the body that transports the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus. also known as the fallopian tube
Andopause
A drop in testosterone production and sperm production
Epididymis
A duct where the sperm mature and become motile and are stored
Testis - determining factor (TDF)
A gene that determines males with the Y chromosome
Prostate gland
A mass of glandular tissue at the base of the urethra that secrets mucus like fluid that neutralizes acids from the urine in the urethra. Fluid alkaline buffer against the acid in the vaginal tract.
Gonorrhea
Bacterial- infect vagina, penis and urethra. Yellow discharge, pain in urination. Damage reproductive tract. If mothers have it during pregnancy baby's are blind. Cure antibiotics
Gastrulation
Blastocyst starts to fold in on itself, and form germ layers. the beginning of morphogenesis of the embryo.
2nd trimester
Brain grows, sensory organs functions, skeleton solidify movement, eyes open, sleep pattern. about 900g 30cm
Prescription drugs Thalidomide
Causes birth defects, loss of lobs
Head (sperm)
Contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes covered by the acrosome
middle section of the sperm
Contains mitochondria which provide energy for the movement of the tail
Labour
Contractions of uterus caused by oxytocin. prostaglandins sends neural connection from cervix to brain provides positive feed back to pituitary for oxytocin. Amnion breaks, hormone relaxin produced to relax cervix. Dilation to 10 cm. 6-8 hours
Placenta
Disk shaped extension of the Chorion layer with projections. imbeds into wall of the uterus and allows for nutrients and waste to pass between baby blood and moms blood.
Secondary sex characteristics
Distinct set of features that are not directly related to reproductive function e.g facial hair
The 3 Germ layers?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm
Third party reproduction
Egg sperm or embryo being donated by a third party donor to allow l individual to become partners
In Vitro fertilization
Eggs are removed from ovaries, mixed with sperm in lab where fertilization occurs then implanted in uterus.
Sterilization
Females- tubal ligation. Cut Fallopian tube so no eggs can get through. Males- vasectomy- cut and secure Vas deference so no sleek
Alcohol FASD
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder cause brain and physical development problems
Delivery
Fetus forced head first through cervix and vagina. -Umbilical cord expands when it hit air and stops blood flow to the placenta -after birth when the placenta is expelled after delivery -caesarean section when baby is bum first
Human Papilloma virus HPV/ genital warts
Flat warts on gentiles can lead to cancer no sure some varieties
Umbilical cord
Forms about week 8 and connects body to the placenta
Allantois
Foundation of umbilical cord - parts become urinary bladder
Cryogenic preservation
Freezing of eggs sperm or embryo.
Virus rubella
German measles, affects eyes eats and brain development
Testes
Held outside of the body and protects sperm
Artificial insemination
Injection of semen into the uterus without sexual contact to for fertilization and pregnancy
Condom
Latex rubber covers penis, prevent sperm from entering vaginal tract. 84-95%. Female condom 79-95%
Seminiferous tubules
Long, Coiled tubes inside the testes in which sperm are produced
Gametes
Male haploid reproductive cell -sperm
Teratogens
Materials that can enter the baby blood supply and cause birth defects. The fist trimester causes the most damage to the baby.
The 3 phases of the menstral cycle
Menstrual phase (flow phase), follicular phase (beginning to ovulation), and luteal phase.
Mesoderm
Middle layer, muscle lining of blood vessels, connective tissue, heart, kidney, spleen, internal reproductive organs
Colostrum
Mothers first milk full of antibodies.
Uterus
Muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus and contains blood vessels
IUD inter-uterine device
Place in uterus by doctor, body creates an immune response. Some with progesterone to prevent implantation and some with copper which is toxic to sperm. Sterility, bleeding, cramping, discomfort. 92-98%
Lactation
Post partum after birth. Oxytocin and prolactin work together with nervous imput from suckling baby
Ovulation
Process of producing and releasing an egg (about ever 28 days)
Seminal Vessicle
Produces a mucus like fluid that contains the sugar fructose which provides energy for the sperm
The pill
Progesterone and estrogen hormones prevent ovulation or changing in cervical mucus. Present ovulation. 92-99% affective. Patch, vaginal ring, or injections. Can cause spotting, nausea, weight gain and increases cancer rate
Morning after pill
Progestin pill taken within 72 hrs after intercourse prevent ovulation fertilization and implantation. 89% effective. RU 486- synthetic steroid block progesterone production causes menstruation
Chorionic Villi
Projections that are interlaced with blood vesicles.
Tail of the sperm
Propels the sperm with a lushing motion
Antibodies And Erythroblast
Protect infant and pass through placenta. If moms Rh is - and baby's is + with some blood exchange mom can develop Rh + antibodies that will attack and kill a potential second child
3rd trimester
Rapid growth, brain, digestive and respiratory system mature, skin thickens. about 3500g 45cm
Diaphragm or sponge
Rubber shield with spermicidal gel placed over cervix. Insert 3-6 hours before sec and remove within 8 hours after 80-98%
Amnion
Sac around embryo filled with fluid and protects developing embryo
Interstitial cells
Secrete the male hormone testosterone , lie between the seminiferous tubules