BIO 377 Chapter 12

In an ECG, the depolarization of the atria is represented by the ___ wave

P

True or false: Similar to skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is produced by action potentials which cause Ca2+ concentrations in the cytosol to increase, resulting in cross-bridge activation

True

True or false: When arterioles constrict, blood flow through the systemic circuit decreases, but when veins constrict, blood flow through the systemic circuit increases.

True

The volume of blood in each ventricle at the conclusion of the filling phase, immediately before the ventricles begin to contract, is called the ___ __________ volume

end diastolic

The amount of blood in the ventricle during the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is referred to as the ___ _________ volume

end systolic

When systemic veins are constricted ____-__________ volume and _______ volume of the heart are increased.

end-diastolic/stroke

The end-diastolic volume minus the stroke volume equals the ___-_________ _________.

end-systolic volume

Nitric oxide secreted from ___________ cells acts as a paracrine vasodilator of arterioles throughout the body.

endothelial

One feature that all blood vessels have in common is a layer of cells known as the ____________.

endothelium

The inner lining of the cardiac chambers and all blood vessels is called _________.

endothelium

___________ __________ ____________ will result in an increase in a person's maximal oxygen consumption.

endurance exercise training

The autonomic innervation of the heart consists of sympathetic innervation of the __________, and parasympathetic innervation of the __________.

entire heart/atria

White blood cell type found in blood and mucosal surface linings that can kill parasites by releasing toxic chemicals or in some cases phagocytosis

eosinophil

What type of blood cell is responsible for oxygen transport to the tissues?

erythrocyte

Normal production of erythrocytes is known as ___________.

erythropoiesis

True or false: The main cardiovascular variable that is regulated by homeostatic negative feedback control is cardiac output.

false

True or false: both skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle tend to operate at the optimum length of their respective length-tension curves

false

True or false: conductions defects that eliminate the atria as effective pumps, such as atrial fibrillation, seriously impair ventricular filling.

false

A blood clot consists primarily of a protein polymer known as _______.

fibrin

The mechanism responsible for removing blood clots after they have formed is called the ____________ _________.

fibrinolytic system

The homeostatic control of iron balance resides primarily in the ___________ ___________

intestinal epithelium

Contact of factor XII with collagen fibers and positive feedback by thrombin activates the __________ ___________ pathway

intrinsic clotting

The baseline level of contraction of blood vessels (without any neural, hormonal, or paracrine input), is known as __________ ___________

intrinsic tone

The ________ and __________ pathways (by which blood clotting can be initiated) converge just before the prothrombin-thrombin reaction

intrinsic/extrinsic

Most abundant type of white blood cell that is phagocytic and enters tissues during inflammation

neutrophil

Drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction enhance the effects of _______ _______, released by some autonomic neurons

nitric oxide

A vasodilator drug prescribed for the prevention and treatment of angina and coronary artery disease is ____________.

nitroglycerin

The osmotic force that contributes to bulk flow across capillary walls is caused by a concentration gradient of _________(penetrating or nonpenetrating) solutes.

nonpenetrating

The __________ __________ is responsible for providing SA node cells with the property of automaticity.

pacemaker potential

Decreases in activity of the arterial baroreceptors will lead to decreases in ___________ nerve activity, and increases in ___________ nerve activity.

parasympathetic/sympathetic

A proenzyme that is part of the fibrinolytic system

plasminogen

What type of blood cell is responsible for clotting?

platelet

The condition of having more erythrocytes than normal in the blood is referred to as ___________.

polycythemia

The majority of hypertension is _____________ in which the cause is not known for certain

primary

Intact blood vessels prevent platelet aggregation by synthesizing ___________ and releasing ______ ________

prostacyclin/nitric oxide

The passage of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk is through the _________ valve, and the passage of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta is through the _________ valve.

pulmonary semilunar/aortic semilunar

In the pulmonary circulation, blood leaving the heart travels through the _______ ____ to get to the lungs and returns to the heart through the _______ _____.

pulmonary trunk/pulmonary veins

An increase in _______ pressure is most diagnostic of the development of arteriosclerosis.

pulse

In the equation that approximates mean arterial pressure, one-third of the ____________ pressure is added to the ___________ pressure.

pulse/diastolic

The hemodynamic variable that has the greatest impact on the resistance (R) of a blood vessel is the vessel ______.

radius

Vasodilation and increased tissue blood flow following a period of complete occlusion of its blood supply is called __________ _________.

reactive hyperemia

If you know the pressure difference between two points of a blood vessel without branches and the amount of blood flowing through it, you can calculate that blood vessel's __________ __ ______ ____

resistance to blood flow

The sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker is located in the ________ _______ near the opening of the _____________ _____ _____

right atrium/superior vena cava

Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in cardiac myocytes alters contraction speed and strength by activating a __________-__________ __________ involving ____

second-messenger cascade/cAMP

_____ is plasma with fibrinogen and other proteins involved in clotting removed.

serum

The baroreceptor reflex is designed for _______-term regulation of arterial blood pressure

short

What is known as the normal pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial node

According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, when the end-diastolic volume increases the ________ ________ increases.

stroke volume

After regular endurance training, a person will generally have a higher _______ _________ at rest, compared to the average value before training.

stroke volume

Heart rate * _______ ________ = cardiac output

stroke volume

The ventricular function curve demonstrates how _______ ________ (Y-axis) changes as a function of ________ ___-_________ ______ (X-axis)

stroke volume/ventricular end-diastolic volume

The average vascular pressure at the beginning of a systemic capillary is greater than the _________ pressure in a _________ artery.

stystolic/pulmonary

Most systemic arterioles are innervated by neurons of the ____________ nervous system.

sympathetic

The main cardiovascular variable that is regulated by homeostatic negative feedback control is ________ _____ ____________ _________.

systemic mean arterial pressure

The ventricular contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called ________, and the ventricular relaxation phase is called ________.

systole/diastole

The peak pressure in systemic arteries, which occurs during ventricular ejection is known as the _______ pressure.

systolic

Interstitial fluid formed from plasma that does not return to blood capillaries is returned to venous blood by ___ __________ _________

the lymphatic system

Compared to the systemic circuit, in the steady state, the pulmonary circuit has _________ cardiac output, ________ mean arterial pressure, and _________ total vascular resistance

the same/lower/lower

Exposure of subendothelial cells to blood allows a surface protein called ________ ______ to bind and activate the plasma protein, factor VII, which activates the __________ clotting pathway.

tissue factor/extrinsic

As venous return fills the ventricles with more blood and cardiac muscle is stretched from a short length to a longer length the sensitivity of __________ for binding ___ _____________(increases or decreases?)

troponin/Ca2+/increases

True or false: All blood cells are ultimately derived from the same type of undifferentiated precursor cell

true

When arteriolar smooth muscle relaxes, the change in arteriole diameter that occurs is called _________.

vasodilation

Tissue injury results in the production of eicosanoids and a variety of other locally-released chemicals that cause ___________ and contribute to the general process known as ____________.

vasodilation/inflammation

The larger, peripheral blood vessels that return blood from the capillaries back to the heart are called ________.

veins

Approximately what percent of cardiac cells do not function in contraction, but are specialized to spread excitation rapidly throughout the heart?

1

Normal young adult female systemic arterial blood pressures are typically _________________ than a normal young adult male's.

10 mmHg lower

If a patient's systolic blood pressure is 130mmHg and her diastolic pressure is 100mmHg, what is the best approximation of her mean arterial blood pressure?

110mmHg

The typical lifespan of an erythrocyte is ____ ____.

120 days

The resistance to flow of the smaller tube is ____________ than the resistance of the larger one

16x greater

Place tissue layers of heart in order from outside to inside... 1. Epicardium 2. Pericardium 3. Endothelium 4. Myocardium

2,1,4,3

Put the vessels in the order that blood would encounter them as it flows into and through the systemic circuit. 1. arterioles 2. arteries 3. veins 4. capillaries 5. venules 6. venae cavae

2,1,4,5,3,6

Rank capillaries in following tissues from leakiest to least leaky. 1. Brain 2. Liver 3. Skeletal muscle

2,3,1

Normal hematocrit is approximately __% in men and __% in women

45/42

When the body is at rest, the cardiac output is about ___ L per minute; this is also the approximate total blood volume.

5

List events in order they occur as the ventricular systole phase of the cardiac cycle begins... 1. The first heart sound ("Lub") occurs. 2. The ventricles begin to contract and the pressure begins to increase. 3. Pressure in ventricles increase toward the pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk 4. The AV valves close 5. The depolarization wave passes from the AV node through the ventricles, producing the QRS wave of the ECG recording 6. The semilunar valves open and blood is rapidly ejected from the ventricles.

5,2,4,1,3,6

Place steps in cause-and-effect order that they link a decrease in blood volume (like a hemorrhage) to decreased arterial blood pressure. 1. Decreased atrial pressure 2. Decreased stroke volume 3. Decreased cardiac output 4. Decreased venous return 5. Decreased ventricular end-diastolic volume 6. Decreased venous pressure

6,4,1,5,2,3

If a person's blood pressure is 110mmHg systolic/50mmHg diastolic, what is the best approximation of the average pressure driving blood into the tissues, averaged over the entire cardiac cycle? MAP= (SP + (2*DP))/3 (systolic pressure + 2*diastolic pressure) divided by 3

70 mmHg

A direct result of dilation of arterioles in systemic vascular beds is... A. decrease in mean arterial pressure B. increase in mean arterial pressure C. decrease in cardiac output D. decrease in blood flow to downstream capillaries E. decrease in venous return

A

A key difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that __________ . A. the number of skeletal muscle cells that contract can be varied, while every heart cell contracts with every contraction B. only skeletal muscle cells can be replaced by cell division; cardiac muscle cells are lost throughout life and never replaced C. skeletal muscle cells only generate force during shortening, while cardiac muscle can generate force while lengthening or shortening

A

In a typical, healthy person, the maximal oxygen consumption is limited by __________. A. cardiac output B. the muscle's ability to use oxygen C. oxygen delivery to the blood D. maximum attainable arteriole diameter

A

Loss of atrial contraction does not significantly impair the filling of the ventricles because __________. A. most filling of the ventricles occurs rapidly at the beginning of ventricular diastole B. most filling of the ventricles occurs rapidly at the end of ventricular diastole C. most filling of the ventricles occurs immediately before the beginning of ventricular systole D. atrial contraction normally only accounts for about 50% of end-diastolic volume E. the atria normally contract after the AV valves are already closed

A

The blood flow through an individual organ is equal to the difference between __________ and _________ divided by the resistance to blood flow through the organ. A. mean arterial pressure; venous pressure B. arterial systolic pressure; diastolic arterial pressure C. cardiac output; stroke volume D. systemic arterial pressure; pulmonary arterial pressure E. cardiac output; mean arterial pressure

A

The first Korotkoff sound is heard when __________. A. cuff pressure is equal to systolic pressure B. cuff pressure is greater than systolic pressure C. cuff pressure is less than diastolic pressure

A

The reason why the absolute refractory period is much longer in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle is _________. A. the prolonged plateau phase of the cardiac action potential B. the membrane is repolarized by K+ in skeletal muscle, but it is repolarized by Ca2+ in cardiac muscle C. cardiac muscle Na+ channels lack the inactivation gates present in skeletal muscle D. current through the "funny" Na+ channels of cardiac muscle

A

The treatment for severe AV conduction disorders is... A. implantation of an artificial pacemaker B. transplantation of the heart C. penicillin and rest D. beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs

A

Which category of drugs is NOT generally used as a treatment for patients with heart failure? A. vasoconstrictor drugs B. diuretics C. beta-adrenergic receptor blockers D. cardiac inotropic drugs

A

Which is NOT a mechanism involved in generating the pacemaker potential portion of an SA node cell action potential? A. Influx of Ca2+ through L(long-lasting) type channels B. Influx of Na+ through "funny" channels C. Influx of Ca2+ through T (transient) type channels D. Reduction in K+ permeability

A

Which is a paracrine vasoconstrictor substance secreted by endothelial cells? A. endothelin-1 B. nitric oxide C. angiotensin-2 D. prostaglandin I2

A

Which of the following does NOT determine the resistance to flow of a fluid through a tube? A. pressure in the tube B. radius of the tube C. length of the tube D. viscosity of the fluid

A

With all other factors being equal, the greatest flow would occur in a tube with an inflow pressure of _____ and an outflow pressure of _____. A. 80 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg B. 100 mm Hg, 80 mm Hg C. 100 mm Hg, 65 mm Hg D. 80 mm Hg, 65 mm Hg

A

Which TWO listed cause polycythemia? A. injections of erythropoietin B. chronic high-altitude exposure C. vitamin B12 deficiency D. malaria E. sickle-cell disease

A and B

Which TWO of the following will result in an increase in the stroke volume during a given cardiac cycle? A. an increase in sympathetic nerve stimulation B. a decrease in the afterload C. an increase in the end-systolic volume D. a decrease in the end-diastolic volume

A and B

Which treatments are administered to patients suffering from ventricular fibrillation? (select all that apply) A. electrical defibrillation B. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) C. prevarication-blocking drugs D. angiostatin agonist drugs E. anticholinesterase inhibitors

A and B

Which TWO of the following are effects on circulating blood volume caused by standing upright? A. venous pooling in lower body B. increased stroke volume into the aorta C. increased capillary filtration in the lower body D. increased venous return from the lower body

A and C

Which correctly describe effects of parasympathetic nerve firing on cardiac action potential conduction velocity? (select all that apply) A. conduction velocity through the AV node decreases B. conduction velocity in the ventricles decreases C. conduction velocity in the atria decreases D. conduction velocity in the atria increases E. conduction velocity through the AV node increases

A and C

Which hormones cause arteriole vasoconstriction? (select all that apply) A. vasopressin B. bradykinin C. angiotensin II D. atrial natriuretic peptide

A and C

Which of these correctly describe the relationship between blood volume and arterial blood pressure? (select all that apply) A. increased arterial blood pressure activates mechanisms that reduce blood volume B. decreasing blood volume increases arterial blood pressure C. increasing blood volume causes an increase in arterial blood pressure D. increased arterial blood pressure activates mechanisms that increase blood volume

A and C

During exercise, cardiac output increases in part due to __________. (select all that apply) A. decrease in parasympathetic activity B. increase in total peripheral resistance C. increase in diastolic arterial pressure D. decrease in skeletal muscle blood flow E. increase in sympathetic activity

A and E

In which THREE organs is flow of autoregulation a critical determinant of arteriolar function? A. heart B. brain C. kidneys D. skin E. lungs

A,B,C

Select the TRUE statements about blood flow during ventricular systole and diastole of a single cardiac cycle. A. the amount of blood flowing from arteries into arterioles is greater in ventricular diastole than in systole. B. the amount of blood ejected from the heart in systole is greater than the amount of blood leaving the arteries in systole C. the blood volume leaving arteries in systole plus the volume leaving arteries in diastole equals the volume ejected from the heart in systole. D. the amount of blood leaving the arteries in systole is greater than the amount of blood leaving the arteries during diastole.

A,B,C

Factors that increase the risk of coronary artery disease include _________. (select all that apply) A. diabetes B. cigarette smoking C. high levels of cholesterol D. moderate level of alcohol consumption E. high levels of folic acid F. sedentary lifestyle and obesity G. hypertension

A,B,C,F,G

Which correctly describe the structure and functions of veins? (select all that apply) A. low-resistance conduits for return of blood to the heart B. contraction increases the rate of return of blood to the heart C. strong elastic recoil that drives blood forward through the circulation D. contain valves that permit flow only toward the heart E. are the major sites of resistance to

A,B,D

Which of the following occur as part of the reflex compensation that occurs after a hemorrhage has caused blood pressure to decrease below normal? (select all that apply) A. heart rate increases above normal B. mean arterial pressure increases toward normal C. cardiac output decreases further from normal D. stroke volume increases toward normal E. total peripheral resistance increases above normal

A,B,D,E

Which events occur at the beginning of ventricular systole? A. the first heart sound ('lub') B. ventricular pressure increases above atrial pressure C. semilunar valves close D. AV valves open E. QRS complex of the ECG F. AV valves close

A,B,E,F

What are the three main determinants of systemic arterial pulse pressure? A. arterial compliance B. mean arterial blood pressure C. speed of ejection of the stroke volume D. stroke volume

A,C,D

What changes occur to ventricular muscle contractions as a result of sympathetic stimulation? A. contractions become briefer B. contractions last longer C. tension reaches a greater value D. tension increases faster E. contractility is decreased F. relaxation occurs more slowly

A,C,D

Which of these are drugs used to treat heart failure? A. beta-adrenergic receptor blockers B. muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists C. diuretics D. drugs that increase ventricular myocyte Ca2+ concentration E. drugs that increase total peripheral resistance

A,C,D

Which of the following are true regarding the mechanism of lymph flow? A. contraction of skeletal muscles increases lymph flow B. lymphatic vessels form a closed circuit, pressurized by the pumping of the heart C. lymphatic vessels have one-way valves D. lymphatic vessels have smooth muscle in their walls E. sympathetic activation stimulates lymph flow

A,C,D,E

Which of the following factors influence net filtration pressure at capillaries? (select all that apply) A. plasma protein concentration B. plasma crystalloid concentration C. capillary hydrostatic pressure D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure E. interstitial fluid protein concentration F. interstitial fluid crystalloid concentration

A,C,D,E

Atheroscierotic plaques are comprised of: (select all that apply) A. cholesterol and other fatty deposits B. polymerized fibrinogen C. smooth muscle cells D. dense layers of connective tissue E. erythrocytes F. macrophages & lymphocytes

A,C,D,F

In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in the _______. (select all that apply) A. bones at the base of the skull B. spleen C. pelvic bones D. spinal vertebrae E. liver F. kidney G. chest bones H. external auditory meatus

A,C,D,G

Changes in cardiovascular function that accompany mild upright exercise like jogging include _________. (select all that apply) A. an increase in cardiac output B. a decrease in stroke volume C. an increase in mean arterial pressure D. a decrease in heart rate E. a decrease in total peripheral resistance

A,C,E

Thrombin has what effects when active? (select all that apply) A. catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B. inhibits clot formation by activating a negative feedback loop that reduces its own formation C. catalyzes conversion of factor XIII to factor XIIIa D. activates tissue factor E. promotes a positive feedback loop that increases its own production F. binds to collagen and is transformed into von Willebrand factor

A,C,E

Which are included among the protein hormones and paracrine factors collectively referred to as hematopoietic growth factors? A. thrombopoietin B. insulin-like growth factor 3 C. stem cell factor D. prothrombin E. erythropoietin F. interleukin 3

A,C,E,F

Which of these factors increases erythropoietin secretion? (select all that apply) A. prolonged periods of exercise B. increased blood hemoglobin concentration C. increased oxygen delivery to kidneys D. lung disease E. high altitude exposure F. anemia G. insufficient pumping of blood by the heart

A,D,E,F,G

Which THREE factors underlie the increase in force of cardiac muscle when it is stretched to longer lengths? A. the overlap of thick and thin filaments allows more cross-bridges to bind B. the frequency of action potentials increases at longer lengths C. the stretch reflex activates sympathetic neurons and increase contractility D. reduced spacing between thick and thin filaments increases cross-bridge binding E. at longer lengths, more cross-bridges are in the H-zone of the sarcomere F. More Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A,D,F

Which three mechanisms oppose blood clotting? A. tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) B. vitamin K C. antikerfuffle system beta-7 D. antithrombin III E. thromboxane A2 F. thrombomodulin

A,D,F

Which of the following would cause an increase in cardiac output? (select all that apply) A. increased activity of sympathetic nerves to the heart B. decreased heart rate C. decreased stroke volume D. increased activity of parasympathetic nerves to the heart E. increased plasma epinephrine F. increased end-diastolic ventricular volume

A,E,F

Closing of the _______ valves produces the first heart sound, or 'lub', at the beginning of ___________, and closing of the __________ valves produces the second heart sound, or 'dup', at the end of __________.

AV/systole/semilunar/systole

During a single cardiac cycle which is the greatest volume? A. the volume of blood leaving arteries during systole B. the volume of blood ejected from the heart during systole C. the volume of blood leaving arteries during diastole

B

How does vasodilation of arterioles affect bulk flow at downstream capillary beds? A. absorption will increase B. filtration will increase C. there will be no change in bulk flow

B

In individuals with heart failure, baroreceptor reflexes bring about _________. A. fluid loss and decreased blood volume B. fluid retention and expansion of the extracellular fluid volume C. fluid loss from both the plasma and interstitial fluid compartments D. fluid retention and increased systemic arterial blood pressure

B

Once exercise is under way, if muscle blood flow is insufficient to match metabolic demands, ____________. A. lung chemoreceptors stimulate ventilatory muscles to increase air movement so that more oxygen is loaded into the blood to deliver to muscles B. muscle chemoreceptors activate autonomic centers to increase heart rate, myocardial contractility, and vasoconstriction of visceral organs C. kidney chemoreceptors activate mechanisms that decrease urine formation and increase blood volume, which increases venous return and cardiac output D. aortic arch chemoreceptors stimulate ventilatory muscles to increase air movement so that more oxygen is loaded into the blood to deliver to muscles

B

People who stand still for a prolonged period sometimes faint because __________. A. the prolonged dominance of parasympathetic nerve firing over sympathetic nerve firing causes cardiac output to decrease B. without contractions of leg skeletal muscles, venous pooling and capillary filtration in the legs reduces effective circulating blood volume C. the constant contraction of leg skeletal muscles blocks all blood flow to the heart from the lower half of the body.

B

Under steady conditions (such as in person sitting in chair for prolonged period) venous return is __________ cardiac output. A. always greater than B. the same value as C. always less than D. unrelated to

B

What is the major mechanism for long-term regulation of the blood pressure? A. altering the local tissue oxygen concentration B. regulating volume of blood C. altering the local tissue metabolite concentration D regulating sympathetic nervous system firing to arterioles

B

Which best represents afterload on the heart? A. The volume of blood in the heart during the isovolumetric contraction phase B. The arterial pressure against which the ventricles eject blood C. The volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole D. The volume of blood in the heart just prior to the beginning of systole

B

Which circulating chemical binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors and causes vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscle vascular beds? A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine C. angiotensin 2 D. acetylcholine

B

Which of these helps maintain effective circulating blood volume in a person who is standing upright? A. decrease in sympathetic nerve firing B. contraction of skeletal muscles in the legs C. increase in parasympathetic nerve firing D. capillary bulk flow that occurs in the legs

B

Which of these occurs when a person goes from lying in a horizontal position to a standing position? A. there is a decrease in the volume and pressure of blood in veins of the legs. B. there is a decrease in the effective circulating blood volume. C. homeostatic adjustments are so effective that there is no change in blood volume or pressure in any part of the body. D. there is a increase in the systemic arterial blood pressure.

B

All other factors being equal, which of the following will result from an increase in venous return? (select all that apply) A. a decrease in cardiac output B. an increase in end-diastolic volume C. an increase in stroke volume D. a decrease in stroke volume E. a decrease in end-diastolic volume

B and C

During exercise, you would expect to observe vasodilation occurring in the vascular beds of the... (select all that apply) A. intestines B. heart C. kidneys D. exercising skeletal muscle E. stomach

B and C

Which TWO of the following are mechanisms by which Ca2+ is removed from the cytosol of myocardial cells at the end of contraction? A. facilitated diffusion through slow Ca2+ channels B. primary active transport by Ca2+-ATPase pumps C. secondary active transport by Na+/Ca2+ countertransporters D. secondary active transport by Na+/Ca2+ cotransporters

B and C

Which TWO of these are true about oxygen concentration of blood within the systemic circulation? A. It is greater in veins than in arteries B. It is higher when it leaves the heart compared to when it returns to the heart C. It is greater in arteries than in veins D. It is lower when it leaves the heart compared to when it returns to the heart.

B and C

Which are true of atrial systole? (select all that apply) A. The AV valves are closed while it occurs B. It adds a small amount of extra volume to the ventricles C. the ventricles are in diastole D. the semilunar valves are open while it occurs

B and C

Which occur as a direct effect of a hemorrhage (BEFORE reflex compensations occur)? (select all that apply) A. reduced heart rate B. reduced stroke volume C. reduced cardiac output D. increased mean arterial blood pressure E. reduced total peripheral resistance

B and C

Increased capillary filtration would result from increases in ________. (select all that apply) A. plasma protein concentration B. interstitial fluid protein concentration C. interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. capillary hydrostatic pressure

B and D

Hypotension can be caused by ___________. (select all that apply) A. excessive fluid intake B. severe allergic reactions C. strong emotions D. increased total peripheral resistance E. severe sweating F. diarrhea G. hemorrhage

B,C,,E,F,G

Complete recovery from a hemorrhage takes days to weeks and involves ___________. (select all that apply) A. shifting of fluid from the intracellular compartment into the plasma compartment B. increased secretion of the hormone erythropoietin C. reducing salt and water loss in the urine D. fluid ingestion E. baroreceptor reflex

B,C,D

Which of the following stimuli would lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure? (select all that apply) A. deep pain in the viscera and joints B. decreased arterial O2 levels C. increased arterial CO2 levels D. decreased blood flow to the brain E. falling asleep

B,C,D

The signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction typically include: (select all that apply) A. pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen B. shortness of breath C. nausea and vomiting D. sweating E. pain in the chest and left arm F. hypertension

B,C,D,E

Which four of these, in combination, leads to inhibition of factors VIIIa and Va of the blood clotting cascade? A. vitamin K B. endothelial cell C. thrombomodulin D. thrombin E. protein C F. fibrinogen G. prothrombin

B,C,D,E

Anticlotting roles of endothelial cells include: (select all that apply) A. synthesis and secretion of vitamin K B. secrete tissue factor pathway inhibitor C. secrete tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) D. activate protein C by binding thrombomodulin and thrombin E. activation of factor VII F. secrete nitric oxide

B,C,D,F

The portion of cardiac action potentials called the pacemaker potential _________. (select all that apply) A. arises from the flow of K+ into the cell B. automatically depolarizes independently of the nervous system C. occurs in sinoatrial (SA) node cells D. arises from outward flow of Na+ through "funny" channels E. triggers cardiac action potentials

B,C,E

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy commonly causes ________. (select all that apply) A. increased pulse pressure B. no symptoms C. hypertension D. arrhythmias E. angina pectoris

B,D,E

In a cardiac muscle cell action potential which comes directly after depolarization? A. Ca2+ enters the cell and K+ exits the cell B. Transient K+ exit from the cell Which comes right before repolarization?

B/A

Compared to the diameter of a single red blood cell, the diameter of a typical systemic capillary is __________. A. much larger B. much smaller C. about the same

C

In cardiac muscle, the duration of the action potential is _______________ the duration of the contraction. A. much briefer than B. much longer than C. nearly the same as

C

In which organ is arteriolar diameter mainly controlled by gravitational forces and passive physical forces? A. kidney B. brain C. lung D. heart E. skeletal muscle

C

Net movement of ions and other polar molecules across capillary walls predominantly occurs through what process? A. movement via transporter proteins B. simple diffusion through the plasma membrane C. diffusion through water-filled channels D. transport within vesicles

C

The process in which metabolically active tissue, such as exercising muscle, increases arteriolar dilation and blood flow to the tissue is known as __________. A. hyperbaric hyperemia B. induced hyperemia C. active hyperemia D. anorexic hyperemia E. reactive hyperemia

C

Vasodilation of arterioles would occur in response to injection of _________. A. an adenosine-receptor antagonist drug B. a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist drug C. an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist drug D. a drug that stimulates firing along sympathetic neural pathways E. norepinephrine

C

When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, when pressure in the cuff is below the diastolic blood pressure __________. A. intermittent sounds associated with turbulent blood flow are heard through the stethoscope B. a constant sound associated with laminar blood flow is heard through the stethoscope C. no sounds are heard through the stethoscope

C

When the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, the semilunar valves __________. A. open, and blood flows from the ventricles into the atria B. close, so that blood does not enter the arteries C. open, and blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries D. close, so that blood does not return to each atrium

C

Which of the following is NOT part of the flow autoregulation mechanism in arterioles? A. changes in local metabolite concentration B. changes in local oxygen concentration C. changes in sympathetic nerve firing D. changes in vessel wall stretch

C

Which of these two hemostatic processes occur in rapid succession to stop bleeding after a blood vessel is damaged? A. formation of a platelet plug and gentrification B. platelet activation and fibrinolysis C. formation of a platelet plug and blood coagulation D. fibrinolysis and hematopoiesis E. blood coagulation and erythropoiesis

C

Anemia is characterized by _________. (select all that apply) A. increased concentration of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte B. increase in number of erythrocytes C. decrease in number of erythrocytes D. decrease in concentration of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte

C and D

The "trigger" Ca2+ that is part of the cardiac excitation-contraction coupling mechanism __________. (select all that apply) A. enters the cell during the pacemaker potential B. enters the cytosol through ryanodine receptors from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. enters the cell from the extracellular fluid through L-type Ca2+ channels D. enters the cell during plateau phase of the action potential E. enters the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors from the extracellular fluid

C and D

Which of these are paracrine vasodilators secreted by endothelial cells? (select all that apply) A. angiotensin-2 B. endothelin-1 C. prostaglandin I2 D. nitric oxide E. atrial natriuretic peptide

C and D

Eighteen hours after a moderate hemorrhage, fluid shifts can restore total blood volume to near-normal levels even without taking new fluid into the body. In this compensated state, which of these is true? (select all that apply) A. the erythrocyte volume is back to normal B. the total amount of body fluid is above normal C. the hematocrit is significantly below normal D. the plasma volume is below normal E. the plasma volume is above normal

C and E

The liver contributes indirectly to blood clotting by _________. (select all that apply) A. fragmenting red blood cells into the cellular fragments called platelets B. secreting thrombomodulin into the bloodstream, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin C. manufacturing many of the plasma protein clotting factors D. producing the collagen protein that circulates in the bloodstream and activates the intrinsic clotting pathway E. producing bile salts, which favor intestinal absorption of vitamin K

C and E

Hemodynamics is the study of factors determining what three aspects of the circulatory system? A. chemical composition of blood B. oxygen content of blood C. blood flow D. resistance to blood flow E. blood pressure

C,D,E

Which are characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? (select all that apply) A. Its main cause is long-standing hypertension, which over-works the heart muscle B. it is characterized by progressive increase of the volume of the ventricular chamber and thinning of the ventricular walls. C. it is characterized by an increase in thickness of the interventricular septum D. it is one of the most common inherited diseases E. there is a disruption of the orderly array of myocytes and conducting cells within the heart walls

C,D,E

Which of the following chemical factors INCREASE in the extracellular fluid surrounding arterioles to mediate the process of active hyperemia? A. Na+ B. Oxygen C. nitric oxide D. carbon dioxide E. K+ F. adenosine

C,D,E,F

Which four of the following contribute to increased venous return during exercise? (select all that apply) A. increased total peripheral resistance B. decreased end-diastolic volume C. increased respiratory pump activity D. increased venous tone E. decreased stroke volume F. increased skeletal muscle pump activity G. increased ease of blood flow from arteries to veins

C,D,F,G

The plateau phase of a myocardial action potential is sustained by diffusion of both ___ and __

Ca2+ and K+

After a major hemorrhage, the process of autotransfusion ___________. A. increases capillary filtration, reducing blood pressure even further from normal B. increases capillary absorption and absorption of interstitial fluid, reducing blood pressure even further from normal C. increases capillary filtration, restoring arterial blood pressure toward normal D. increases capillary absorption of interstitial fluid, restoring arterial pressure toward normal

D

An abnormal reduction in blood flow to the brain stimulates _________. A. large decrease in mean arterial blood pressure B. major decrease in cardiac output C. decrease in sympathetic nerve stimulation of arterioles D. major increase in total peripheral resistance

D

Slow propagation of action potentials through the AV node is responsible for __________. A. the plateau phase of ventricular myocyte action potentials B. the repolarization of atrial myocyte action potentials C. the delay between the end of one heart beat and the beginning of the next heart beat D. the delay between contraction of the atria and contraction of the ventricles E. the slowing of the heart rate

D

The gradients for diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose across tissue capillary walls is ultimately determined by ___________. A. bulk flow of fluid through water-filled pores B. thickness of capillary endothelium C. hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary D. tissue metabolic rate E. osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid space

D

What would cause relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle and result in vasodilation? A. epinephrine binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors B. a drug that blocks the synthesis of nitric oxide C. norepinephrine binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors D. epinephrine binding to beta-2 adrenergic receptors

D

When the ventricles contract and the pressure in each ventricle exceeds the pressure in each atrium, the AV valves ___________. A. open, and blood flows from the atrium to the ventricle B. open, and blood flows from the ventricle to the atrium C. close, so that blood does not flow into the arteries D. close, so that blood does not flow backwards into each atrium

D

Which of the following does NOT increase as part of the baroreceptor-mediated compensation following a hemorrhage? A. heart rate B. sympathetic nerve activity C. venous constriction D. systemic arteriolar diameter E. ventricular contractility

D

Which of these is produced by endothelial cells, and when bound to fibrin, enhances the generation of plasmin? A. desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator (DSPA) B. prostacyclin C. protein C D. tissue plaminogen activator (t-PA)

D

Erythrocyte numbers are affected when there are deficiencies in the vitamins ______ and _______. A. niacin B. C C. B6 D. folic acid E. B12 F. A

D and E

Equation for mean arterial pressure (MAP)... MAP= __ _ __(__ _ __)

DP+1/3(SP-DP)

The greatest decrease in mean vascular pressure within the systemic vascular circuit occurs between ______________ and ___________. A. the beginning of the arteries; the end of the arteries B. the beginning of the arteries; the beginning of the arterioles C. the end of the capillaries; the end of the veins D. the beginning of the capillaries; the right atrium E. the end of the arteries; the beginning of the capillaries

E

Which results from constriction of the systemic veins? A. the mean systemic arterial blood pressure decreases B. blood flows backward into systemic capillaries C. end systolic volume and stroke volume of the heart are decreased D. increased resistance to blood flow through the systemic circuit E. End-diastolic volume and stroke volume of the heart are increased

E

Which type(s) of blood vessels are most similar to an elastic tube? A. sysemic venules B. systemic capillaries C. systemic veins D. pulmonary veins E. systemic arteries

E

Which of the following stimuli would lead to a decrease in arterial blood pressure? (select all that apply) A. decreased arterial O2 levels B. rising from a seat and beginning to walk C. skin pain D. increased arterial CO2 levels E. deep visceral or joint pain F. increased intracranial pressure G. changing from an anxious to a happy state of mind

E and G

Large diameter, low-resistance cardiac cells that rapidly spread conduction throughout the ventricles are called ________ _____

Purkinje fibers

In an ECG, the depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the _____ complex

QRS

The ratio of the stroke volume to end-diastolic volume of the heart is called the _______ ________.

ejection fraction

In an ECG, repolarization of the ventricles is recorded as the ___ wave

T

True or false: Efficient pumping of the heart requires that the atria contract at the same time, followed almost immediately by the simultaneous contraction of the two ventricles.

True

The small amount of thrombin generated by the extrinsic clotting pathway initiates a positive feedback cascade that recruits the more powerful intrinsic pathway without the need for clotting factor ___, which normally only initiates the intrinsic pathway outside the body, like in a test tube.

XII

Clot retraction is a contraction and strengthening of a platelet plug that occurs due to the high concentrations of two proteins found in platelets, _________ and __________.

actin/myosin

_________ refers to how hard the heart needs to work to eject blood against arterial blood pressure

afterload

The plasma proteins are classified into what three broad groups?

albumins/globulins/fibrinogen

A technique for studying heart function which involves injecting a contrasting liquid into blood vessels and imaging the vessels with x-rays is cardiac __________

angiography

A procedure for coronary artery disease that uses a balloon to enlarge the lumen of the vessel is coronary balloon _________.

angioplasty

Decreased activity of systemic arterial baroreceptors increases the production of __________ _ and __________

angiotensin 2/vasopressin

The systemic circulation includes _________ and _______ ______, whereas the pulmonary circulation includes the __________ ________ and ________

aorta/vena cavae/pulmonary arteries/veins

During mid-to late diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle ______ pressure is greater than ____ atrial pressure, which is greater than left _______ pressure.

aortic/left/ventricular

An abnormally large accumulation of interstitial fluid within a tissue is called ______.

edema

Changes in total peripheral resistance are primarily regulated by changes in ___________ diameter

arteriolar

Which blood vessels are most influential in varying the blood flow through individual organs?

arterioles

The stiffening of arteries that occurs with age is called _____________.

arteriosclerosis

_______ inhibits the eicosanoid pathways that generate prostaglandins and thromboxanes and therefore inhibits platelet aggregation and blood clotting.

aspirin

What is the condition in which the atria fail to contract rhythmically and in synchrony called?

atrial fibrillation

During the mid-to-late diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle the __________ valves are open and the __________ valves are closed.

atrioventricular/semilunar

Each half of the heart contains a small chamber called a(n) _________ and a large chamber called a(n) ________.

atrium/ventricle

Local controls by which organs and tissues alter their own arteriolar resistances and blood flow include ___________ and __________ substances

autocrine/paracrine

Specialized stretch receptors for blood pressure in the carotid sinuses are called _____________.

baroreceptors

Type of white blood cell that secretes heparin at infection sites and also makes histamine

basophil

Erythrocytes maximize their surface to volume ratio by assuming a ___________ ____ shape

biconcave disk

When hemoglobin breaks down, the major product is _________, which also gives plasma its yellowish color

bilirubin

A typical hematocrit value for men is 45%, meaning 45% of the _______ ______ is comprised of erythrocytes.

blood volume

Erythrocytes are produced in ____ _______.

bone marrow

Strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are caused by reductions in blood flow to the _______.

brain

Interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries primarily via ____ _____.

bulk flow

The distribnution of extracellular fluid occurs by a process called ____ _____.

bulk flow

An action potential can normally only pass from the atria to the ventricles through the ________ __ ___

bundle of His

__________ are a type of blood vessel in which the walls consist of a single endothelial cell layer resting on a basement membrane, without any surrounding smooth muscle or elastic tissue.

capillaries

In a normal systemic tissue capillary bed, _________ _________ pressure changes the MOST as blood flows from the arterial end of the capillary to the venous end of the capillary.

capillary hydrostatic

In a typical, healthy person, the maximal oxygen consumption is limited by _______ _________

cardiac output

Mean systemic arterial blood pressure is the product of total peripheral resistance and ________ ________

cardiac output

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle every minute is called the _____ ______.

cardiac output

When the pressure in the pulmonary trunk exceeds the pressure in the right ventricle, the pulmonary semilunar valve ________(opens or closes)

closes

The term used to describe how easily something stretches...

compliance

One reason venous pressure is low is because the walls of veins are highly ________.

compliant

_________ _____ _________ is a collection of signs and symptoms that occur when the heart does not pump an adequate cardiac output

congestive heart failure

Norepinephrine acts on cardiac muscle to increase the strength of contraction at any given end-diastolic volume. This change is referred to as an increase in _________.

contractility

Nutrients and oxygen that sustain the myocardium diffuse from blood that is in __________ ________.

coronary arteries

When a blood clot forms in the circulation that blocks the blood supply to a portion of the heart, it is called ________ _________.

coronary thrombosis

Changes in the blood vessels that reduce the supply oxygen and nutrients to the myocardial cells are known as ________ _________ disease

coronary/artery

In the triangle figure of ECG leads which direction does it go from Lead I to Lead III? (clockwise or counterclockwise)

counterclockwise

Branching of the systemic blood vessels increases the total ____-_______ __________ which reduces the ______ _________ of blood movement

cross-sectional diameter/forward velocity

After a significant hemorrhage, how long does it take for hematocrit to return to normal via erythropoiesis?

days to weeks

Increased activity of arterial baroreceptors will cause activity of sympathetic neuron pathways to the heart and blood vessels to __________.

decrease

Contraction of the _________ during breathing creates a pressure gradient that favors movement of blood from abdominal veins to thoracic veins.

diaphragm

Heart failure due to reduced ventricular compliance and problems with ventricular filling is known as ___________ ___________

diastolic dysfunction

When the aortic valve closes, the rebound of aortic pressure produces a small deflection of the pressure wave known as the ________ _______.

dicrotic notch

When arterioles in one systemic organ _______, mean arterial blood pressure is maintained by compensatory __________ of arterioles in other organs.

dilate/constriction

The condition of patients with renal hypertension is effectively improved by treatment with __________.

diuretics

Bulk flow occurring from the plasma into the interstitial fluid is __________ (filtration or absorption?) Bulk flow occurring from the interstitial fluid into the plasma is _________ (filtration or absorption?)

filtration/absorption

The process by which a change in blood pressure to an organ initiates mechanisms that lead to a change in arteriolar resistance in that organ is known as ______ _________.

flow autoregulation

When blood is lost from damaged blood vessels and it accumulates within body tissues, it is referred to as a _________.

hematoma

The majority of oxygen transported in blood binds to the protein __________ which is found inside erythrocytes

hemoglobin

What is the most likely cause of each type of shock? hypovolemic: cardiogenic: low-resistance:

hemorrhage/heart attack/allergic reaction

The term that is defined as the stoppage of bleeding?

hemostasis

The activity of anticoagulant antithrombin III is greatly enhanced when it bind to ______, a substance present on the surface of endothelial cells

heparin

In the absence of any autonomic or hormonal influences, the heart rate would be ________ than it normally is at rest.

higher

Protein concentration is ________ in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid, generating a bulk flow force that tends to favor ___________.

higher/absorption

During exercise baroreceptors change to a ________ set point and blood pressure _______ as a result.

higher/increases

Blood pressure is an example of a(n) __________ pressure

hydrostatic

If a person has a resting blood pressure above 140 systolic pressure and 90 diastolic, their condition would be diagnosed as ____________.

hypertension

A hereditary condition that causes an increased thickness in parts of the heart is _________ _______________

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Lower than normal blood pressure is called _________.

hypotension

If a substantial volume of blood is lost from the body and that causes a decrease in arterial blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflex will cause cardiac output to _______ _______ _________ and total peripheral resistance to __________.

increase toward normal/increase

When venous smooth muscle is stimulated by norepinephrine blood flow toward the heart is ___________

increased

An increase from normal arterial blood pressure causes _________ action potential frequency by arterial baroreceptors and decreased pressure causes __________ action potential frequency

increased/decreased

At rest, compared to values prior to training, the trained individual has __________ stroke volume, ___________ heart rate, and ___________ cardiac output

increased/decreased/unchanged

The effect of heart failure on capillary bulk flow is ___________ filtration due to __________ capillary hydrostatic pressure.

increased/increased

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system ___________ the heart rate.

increases

During exercise, cardiac output _________.

increases

The return of venous blood from the lower limbs to the heart _______ with skeletal muscle activity

increases

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system ___________ the slope of the pacemaker potential in SA node cells by increasing ___ current.

increases/Na+

Quiet, smooth blood flow that does not cause vibrations of blood vessels or the heart is termed _______ flow.

laminar

Systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the ______ ventricle results in pulmonary edema.

left

What type of blood cell is responsible for protection from infections and cancer?

leukocyte

Exposure to ___ _______ ___________ stimulates abnormal hemoglobin polymerization and distortion of erythrocyte membranes in a person with sickle-cell disease

low oxygen concentrations

As compared to arteries, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of veins is _______.

lower

Typically the pulmonary arterial pressure is _________ than the systemic arterial pressure.

lower

Compared to concentrations in the blood entering capillaries, the interstitial fluid surrounding metabolizing cells has ________ oxygen concentrations, _________ carbon dioxide concentrations, and _________ glucose concentrations.

lower/higher/lower

Type of white blood cell that plays an important role in protecting against specific pathogens; some secrete antibodies into the blood

lymphocyte

Type of white blood cell that is a large phagocyte that can engulf viruses and bacteria and is found in epithelia in contact with the external environment.

macrophage

The point at which oxygen consumption can no longer increase even if workload increases is known as __________ __________ ____________.

maximal oxygen consumption

In a patient suffering from Cushing's phenomenon, an injury of the head results in a large increase in __________ _________ ________ ________

mean arterial blood pressure

The systemic arterial baroreceptor afferent inputs are integrated in the _________ __________.

medulla oblongata

Another name for the left atrioventricular valve is the ________ valve

mitral

Type of white blood cell that is a phagocyte circulating in blood that can enter tissues or organs and develop into macrophages

monocyte

Prolonged myocardial ischemia and inadequate delivery of oxygen for aerobic metabolism in myocardial cells can lead to their sudden, irreversible death: the common term for the consequence is 'heart attack', and the more correct medical term is ___________ __________

myocardial infarction

What is the term for the process by which arteriolar smooth muscle responds to stretch of the vessel wall?

myogenic response

The amount of blood that enters the atria each minute is called the _______ _____, which in the steady state is the same quantity as the cardiac output.

venous return

An abnormality in cardiac action potential conduction that is often caused by damaged myocardial cells and results in sudden death is ___________ _____________.

ventricular fibrillation

Hypertension can lead to heart failure due to enlargement of the heart known as left _____________ _______________.

ventricular hypertrophy

When a blood vessel ruptures, platelets adhere to collagen via an intermediary plasma protein called ___ __________ _______, which is secreted by endothelial cells and platelets.

von Willebrand factor