BIO-CHAP 6&7 Unit 4 (CR & Photosynthesis)

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP & NADH for each glucose molecule? 1. 2ATP & 2 NADH 2. 32 ATP & 10 NADH 3. 4 ATP and 10 NADH

1. 2ATP & 2 NADH

Match the following staged of CR to proper statement: A) citric acid cycle B) the electron transport chain & chemiosmosis C) glycolysis D) pyruvate oxidation 1. ____Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. 2.____High energy electrons are "cashed in" for ATP production. 3. ____Pyruvate is releases carbon dioxide, loses electrons & is attached to coenzyme A 4. ____All possible energy from glucose is harvested

1. C) glycolysis 2. B) the electron transport chain & chemiosmosis 3. D) pyruvate oxidation 4. A) citric acid cycle

POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTIONS: Big Ideas Unit 4

1. Explain in terms of CR why you need oxygen & why you exhale carbon dioxide? -We need oxygen because it is the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport system. The oxygen we breath in drives the process of CR. As high energy electrons are striped from glucose & collected by NAD+ & FAD to ultimately provide the energy to make ATP, oxygen is the final acceptor at the end of the oxidative phosphorylation. So it pulls electrons through the electron transport chain. It is even indirectly responsible for pyruvate oxidation & the citric acid cycle bc the presence of O2 allows NADH & FADH2 to drop off their electrons at the ETC & return to continue those rxn. During CR, glucose is oxidized, therefore the bonds in glucose are broken down & rearranged, releasing energy. In this process, glucose loses carbon & oxygen atoms in the form of carbon dioxide, until ultimately all the carbons from glucose have been released as CO2. Carbon dioxide in a very simple, low energy molecule & is exhaled as a product of CR. 2. Compare & contrast fermentation as it occurs in your muscle cells and as it occurs in yeast cells? -Fermentation allows cells to produce energy (ATP) in the absence of oxygen. During fermentation, NADH produced in glycolysis reduces pyruvate & becomes oxidized (NAD+). In the oxidized form NAD+ returns to glycolysis & allows this pathway to continue, and produces ATP for the cell. Fermentation in muscle & yeast cells share a # of similarities . First they both occurs in anaerobic conditions. Also, the purpose is the same for both cell types: to regenerate NAD+ so that the cell can continue to make ATP. third, muscle & yeast cells are both facultative anaerobes: when oxygen is present they can use mitochondria to fully oxidize glucose; & in the absence of oxygen, they're still able to make energy through glycolysis by fermentation. However there are some differenced in fermentation between the two cell types. Muscle cells can be converted back to pyruvate to be used in mitochondria for CR once oxygen becomes available . this is not true for carbon dioxide & ethanol, which are unable to be used in CR. 3. Researchers found that one of the first enzymes in glycolysis is turned off in the presence of high levels of ATP & turned on in the presence of high levels of ADP? What is going on here & what does it mean for the cell? -This is an example of feedback inhibition. As ATP levels rise in the cell to a point where the cell has an excess of ATP, the pathway that makes ATP (glycolysis-citricacid cycles-oxidative phosphorylation) is shut down. The cell does not need to use resources & energy to make something it down not immediately need. As the excess ATP is used, ADP is generated. High levels of ADP indicate low levels of ATP, so the pathway is switched on again to begin the production of ATP 4. in an experiment, plants were grown under colored filters that allowed equal amounts of light of diff colors to strike diff plants. under which filter do you think plans grew the slowest? why? - plants contain pigment molecules in the thylakoids of their chloroplasts which allow them to absorb different wavelengths of light. Many plants contain multiple pigment molecules, each absorbing diff light energy, to maximize the energy from the sun. in this experiment plants would grow the slowest under the green lights because the pigment molecules do not absorb green light very well. the green would be reflects by the plants rather than being absorbed which is why many plants appear green already. 5. carotenoids are yellow & orange pigments involved in photosynthesis. what color of light must carotenoids absorbs? reflect? how is this useful to the plant? - since they already appear yellow & orange these would be the colors of light they must reflect. Therefore they are able to absorb violent, blue & green lights. it is useful for the plants bc they can absorb some of the wavelengths that the more plentiful chlorophyll pigments can't absorb like the green lights. this allows a plant to make maximum use of the energy coming to it from the sun. More importantly carotenoids provide photo protection by absorbing they very short wavelengths of blues and violets. shorter wavelengths carry more energy which cab be damaging to biological molecules & organisms. 6. what is they chemical equation for photosynthesis? for each reactant indicate where the plant acquires it. for each product not during what part of photosynthesis is produced. -6CO2 + 6H2O (+sunlight) -> -> -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. carbon dioxide come from the air; it is a product of CR & is exhaled by organisms. water is brought to the plant through its roots from the soil. in the calvin cycle glucose is produced. as the calvin cycles uses ATP, it produces ADP and P which return to the light rxn to make more ATP. like wise the oxidized NADP+ is sent back to the light rxn to pick up more electrons. (an to be reduced to NADPH) 7. How are are the light dependent and the light independent (calvin cycles) rxn related to one another? -during photosynthesis the light rxn convert energy from the sun into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH. this energy is used by the calvin cycle (light independent rxn) to build carbohydrates. as the calvin cycle uses ATP, it produces ADP & P which return to the light rxn to make more ATP. likewise the oxidized NADP+ is sent back to the light rxn to pick up more electrons (& to be reduced to NADPH). 8. explain why CR occurs in so many steps, instead of just one rxn? - CR is the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules. in this process, one molecule of glucose is broken down by dozens of rxn to release the energy contained in the chemical bonds of this molecule. the gradual energy release from this molecule minimizes the amount of energy lost at heat, by allowing more to be converted to ATP. if all they energy from glucose was released as one rxn, it would be to much at one time use.

what is the sequence of the Calvin cycle?

1. a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is attached to RuBP by RuBisCO. 2. The resulting 6-carbon molecules splits into two 3-carbon molecules of 3PG. 3. 3PGA molecules are reduced to G3P using ATP & NADPH from the light rxn 4. G3P exits the cycle. Two molecules of G3P are used to form glucose. G3P is also a precursor for other organic molecules made in plants. 5. Five molecules of G3P are to re-form three molecules of 3PG

In the ETC the final electron acceptor is 1. an oxygen atom 2. ADP 3. a molecule of CO2

1. an oxygen atom

What are the 4 stages of the Calvin cycle:

1. carbon fixation (rubisco) 2. reduction 3. release (of G3P from the cycle) 4. regeneration (of RuBP)

the 10 individual steps of glycolysis can be divided into what 2 stages?

1. energy investment 2. energy pay off

What happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they more through the electron transport chain? 1. it is used to pump H+ through the inner mitochondrial membrane 2. breaks down glucose 3. it makes NADH & FADH2

1. it is used to pump H+ through the inner mitochondrial membrane

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle... 1. pyruvate is oxidized 2. coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate 3. a carbon atom is added to a pyruvate to make a 4 carbon compound

1. pyruvate is oxidized

Muscle tissues make lactic acid from pyruvate so that you can_____. 1. regenerate (oxidized) NAD+ 2. get rid of toxic pyruvate 3. utilized the released CO2

1. regenerate (oxidized) NAD+

Name the goals in "electron transport" and "oxidative phosphorylation" :

1. to return the electron carriers to their "empty state" (oxidize them) 2. to use the energy from those electrons to make ATP

Fill in the blanks: water-oxygen-loses-gain-oxidized-reduced In CR, glucose is ________, which means it _____ electrons. NAD+ (& FAD) is ______ because it ______ electrons. Ultimately, ______ is the final electron acceptor, combining with hydrogen ions to produce_____.

1.glucose is OXIDIZED 2. LOSES electrons 3. is REDUCED 4. it GAINS electrons 5. OXYGEN 6. produce WATER

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. what is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

mitochondria is suited to chemiosmosis

2 memebranes havve the inter membrane space. inner memebrane is highly folded to get more ATP synthesis. generated more ATP.

When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA,______. 1. one turn of the citric acid is completed 2. CO2 & NADH are produced 3. CO2 & ATP are formed

2. CO2 & NADH are produced

At the end of the citric acid cycle , most of the remaining energy form the original glucose is stored in... 1. CO2 2. NADH 3. ATP

2. NADH

In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport chain is precisely located in or on the... 1. cytoplasmic fluid 2. cristae of mitochondria 3. plasma membrane

2. cristae of mitochondria

Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus they are____. 1. strict aerobes 2. facultative anaerobes 3. extremophiles

2. facultative anaerobes

Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called___. 1. extremophiles 2. obligate anaerobes 3. aerotolerant anaerobes

2. obligate anaerobes

Using the ATP generated during CR, the intermediates of glycolysis & the citric acid cycle can be siphoned off & used ____. 1. to generate ADP 2. to power the biosynthesis of amino acids , fats, & sugas 3. to provide the heat needed to maintain the body temp

2. to power the biosynthesis of amino acids , fats, & sugas

complex of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that uses the potential energy in a hydrogen ion gradient to phosphorylate ADP:

ATP synthase

Photosynthetic organisms, including plants, algae & cyanobacteria, are called ______ bc they produce their own food.

AUTOTROPHS

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

Cytosol

Fermentation occurs:

Fermentation occurs after glycolysis when cells can make ATP if no oxygen is available. 1. the production of energy in the absence of oxygen 2. a process that allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen isnt present What happens in fermentation? NADH is converted back to NAD+ by adding the extra electrons in NADH to an organic molecule that acts as an electron acceptor ~occurs when oxygen gets low or the absence of oxygen ~anaerobic process ~happens in the cytoplasm ~our cells can sense if our oxygen level is too low. regenerated: oxidized NAD+ (need for glycolysis) purpose: reach the electron carrier

What is the product of the calvin cycle? How does this product build glucose?

G3P 2 molecules of G3P makes a glucose

Substrate level phosphorylation:

Happens in glycolysis and citric acid cycle The term substrate level phosphorylation refers to the synthesis of ATP by reactions in which ADP is one of several substrates and ATP is one of several products of an enzyme catalyzed reaction.

Photosynthesis & CR are not the opposite for one another!

However, they serve 2 very different important processes for cells.

When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes_____. (think of an electron acceptor)

Reduced

Photosynthesis converts _____ energy into the _____ energy of a carbohydrate.

SOLAR.....CHEMICAL

Calvin cycle takes place here:

Stroma

The calvin cycle occurs in the...

Stroma

TRUE OR FALSE:::: By the end of the citric acid cycle, the original molecule of glucose had been converted to carbon dioxide and all possible energy in the bonds has been harvested..

TRUE

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is...

The difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membran

In the electron transport chain of CR, the final electron acceptor is ... a) an oxygen atom b) ADP c) molecule of water

a) an oxygen atom **(final electron acceptor=pulling electrons to it)

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis___. a) by the transfer of a phosphate group from a garment of glucose (substrate level phosphorylation) b) using energy from the sun to perform photosynthesis c) when electrons and hydrogen atoms are transferred to NAD+

a) by the transfer of a phosphate group from a garment of glucose (substrate level phosphorylation)

The mitochondrial crust are an adaptation that.. a) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain & ATP synthase complexes b) carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix

a) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain & ATP synthase complexes **(inner membrane) (important to generate more ATP)

What happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain? a) it pumps H+ through a membrane b) it oxidized water c) breaks down glucose

a) it pumps H+ through a membrane

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis come from where ? a) water b) glucose c) CO2

a) water

Sequence of events that occur in the light rxn:

absorption of sunlight, splitting of water, electrons flow down the electron transport chain, ATP is made. chemiosmosis / photophosphorylaiton know the stories!!

The oxygen consumed during CR is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Where does the Oxidation Phosphorylation occur?

across the inner mitochondrial membrane

The main photoautotrophs in aquatic environments are:

algae and bacteria.

What is Rubisco?

an enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide to RuBP

Define chloroplast:

an organelle present in algae and plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis

coenzyme

an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic rxn

Another name for fermentation

anaerobic respiration

autotroph (photoautotroph)

auto self-feeder. (plants)

Plants use sugars as... a) a source of electrons for chemiosmosis b) a fuel for CR & a starting material for making organic molecules c) a fuel for photosynthesis

b) a fuel for CR & a starting material for making organic molecules

The calvin cycle is a series of rxn that___. a) convert light energy to chemical energy b) assemble sugar molecules by fixing carbon c) produce oxygen gas

b) assemble sugar molecules by fixing carbon

The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to_____. a) store energy in glucose molecules b) capture light energy c) screen out any harmful ultraviolet rays

b) capture light energy **(absorb)

The ATP synthase complex... a) is a nucleic acid complex b) couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of ADP c) is found in the stroma

b) couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of ADP

What is the mechanism of action for the ATP synthase complex? ATP is formed______. a) in the absence of chemiosmosis b) due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane c) due to substrate level phosphorylation

b) due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient

Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? A) acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2 b) electron pass foreman carrier to another,releasing a little energy step by step c) hydrogens are added to CO2 to make an energy rich compound

b) electron pass foreman carrier to another,releasing a little energy step by step

The function of CR is to: a) synthesize macromolecules. b) extract usable energy from glucose. c) reduce CO2

b) extract usable energy from glucose. **(why cells do this is to gain energy)

CR is controlled by feedback inhibition. if ATP accumulates in a cell, a) the cell increases its activity to use up the excess ATP b) it inhibits an early enzyme in glycolysis, slowing respiration & conserving resources

b) it inhibits an early enzyme in glycolysis, slowing respiration & conserving resources **(shuts down glycolysis)

The "photo" part of photosynthesis refers to ___, while the "synthesis" part refers to___. a) calvin cycle....rxn in the stroma b) light rxn that occur in the thylakoids...carbon fixation (the calvin cycle) c) rxn in the stroma.....rxn in the thylakoids

b) light rxn that occur in the thylakoids...carbon fixation (the calvin cycle)

Why is a high hydrogen ion concentration necessary in the thylakoid space? a) the hydrogen ions are used to make water b) the create the potential energy used to power the ATP synthase complex c) act as a reserve of energy for the calvin cycle

b) the create the potential energy used to power the ATP synthase complex

Fermentation allows: a) for the production of more ATP per molecule of glucose than CR b) the electron carrier, NAD+ to be regenerated & used again in glycolysis

b) the electron carrier, NAD+ to be regenerated & used again in glycolysis

where do the rxn of the citric acid cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell? a) the cytoplasm b) the mitochondrial matrix c) the inter membrane space of mitochondria

b) the mitochondrial matrix

When chloroplast pigments absorb light, ___. a) they lose their potential energy b) their electrons become excited c) they become reduced

b) their electrons become excited

Why are plant leaves green? a) they absorb only green wavelengths of light b) they reflect wavelengths of light c) the reflect yellow & blue wavelengths of light

b) they reflect wavelengths of light

Photosynthesis utilizes: a) gamma rays b) visible light c)radio and microwaves

b) visible light

Describe the anatomy of the thylakoid and how this contributes to ATP production:

bc of this lumen you can build a potential energy gradient which builds pressure. rush provides phosphate to ATP. important because of this dam that separates

ATP synthase is-

both an enzyme that makes ATP and a channel protein, and helps hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membrane.

Does cellular respiration produce or break down glucose (C6H12O6)?

breaks down glucose (C6H12O6)

Chemiosmosis:

energy coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells

How foods other than glucose contribute to energy production:

entering in a pathway, we eat more than carbs, where can they feed into this process? converted or broken down into glucose. our things in our diets can be used to contribute into energy production.

Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. What is oxidized & what is reduced in this equation?

equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+sunlight) -> -> -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 oxidized: is water reduced: CO2 is reduced as it makes glucose

What is oxygens role in CR? Can CR occur w/o oxygen?

final electron accept, driving all in mitochondria NO CR can not occur w/o oxygen

Humans use the calories they obtain from ______ as their source of energy?

food

photosynthesis:

food for everybody. plance where our sunlight (energy) states convert & store in foods.

Obligate anaerobes: (some bacteria)

generate all their energy through fermentation; oxygen will kill these organisms

Describe glucose's purpose:

glucose is used to store energy and when it is broken down, it can make ATP

What happens to glucose when oxygen is absent?

glucose would go through glycolysis **(fermentation)

Normal, downhill route most electrons follow in CR:

glucose->NADH->electron transport chain->oxygen **(does not require energy)

How redox rxn work: (OIL RIG)

goal=generate ATP

Define pyruvate:

half of a glucose molecule

What does photosynthesis do with carbon dioxide (CO2)? take in or release CO2?

in CO2

Define stroma:

in chloroplasts, the space between the inner membrane and the thylakoid membranes

Fermentation occurs:

in the cytoplasm

Primarily CR serves to:

make ATP to power the cells activities

Properties of light:

visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the from of energy that comes form the sun; photons are discreet packets of energy; light also travels as waves, measured in wavelengths or nanometers; as wavelengths shorten, energy increases

Describe when an electron carrier is "reduced" or "oxidized"

when an "empty" electron carrier accepts a pair of electrons, it is reduced; when it gives those electrons up later on, it is oxidized

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

~ADP is an energy molecule related to ATP but having only two phosphate groups instead of three. ~ADP + phosphate=ATP ~ATP-phosphate = ADP ~partially charged ADP is like a partial charged battery

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

~ATP is a perfect packet of energy to do cellular work; the bonds of three phosphates are strained because the phosphates are negatively charged (they repel one another);the energy in the last bond ,when hydrolyzed, is used to drive chemical rxn in the form of PHOSPHORYLATION. Also its a coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms; the process in which energy is moved throughout the cell. ~ATP Composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, & 3 phosphates.

Where does the Pyruvate oxidation & the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from:

movement of H+ through a membrane.

heterotroph

needs to eat things, food from somewhere else.

The principle molecule involved in transporting electrons to the electron transport chain are composed of ___.

nucleotides

A types of leaf cells where photosynthesis occurs:

occurs in the mesophyll tissues of a cell.

Lactic Acid Fermentation:

occurs when NADH gives its hydrogen and electrons directly to pyruvate which forms lactate.

Types of rxn in CR

oxidation reduction rxn (redox rxn); involve a transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor; oxidized molecules lose electrons; reduced molecules gain electrons (OIL RIG); NAD+ and FAD are ELECTRON CARRIERS that collect hydrogens (electrons) and shuttle them to the last stage of CR.

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons , it is oxidized to a compound called...

pyruvate

Which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological rxn?

pyruvate, ATP, & NADH

3. In CR, oxygen becomes ________ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

reduced

What does cellular respiration do with carbon dioxide (CO2)? take in or release CO2?

releases CO2

What does fermentation do with carbon dioxide (CO2)? take in or release CO2?

releases CO2

Difference between FADH & NAD

small cases of nucleotides together: both made from different, structural different both hold 2 electrons FADH only in citric acid cycle, contributes less energy NAD FADH hands off their electrons, NAD hands off their electrons off later in the equation.

what are the starting & ending product of glycolysis?

starting product: six-carbon sugar glucose end product: two three carbon compounds (PYRUVATE)

CR as a biochemical pathway regulated by biofeedback:

starts in glycolysis, converted into ATP, sit/wait around (not burning anything), cells notice no activity and then will shut down glycolysis. Then start moving and our bodies recognize and our ADP gets higher. NEED? whats too much or too little in our bodies. fats lingering in our body can be used for energy. cells are CONSTANTLY taking inventory of our bodies.

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

stroma

Name the substrates and products of glycolysis:

substrates are glucose and 2 ATP; products are 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

Where in the cholorplats do the light rxn take place? The Calvin cycle?

the light rxn in the cholorplast take place in the thylakoid & in the calvin cycle the light rxn takes place in the stroma.

Essentially, the oxygen we breathe is

a waste product of photosynthesis.

The final output of the calvin cycle is___. a) G3P b) ATP c) carbon dioxide

a) G3P

CR equation:

(glucose + oxygen) C6H12O6 + 6O2 =>=>=> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP ATP (+heat)

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, bc___. 1. fats can directly enter the electron transport chain, the phase of respiration that produced the most ATP 2. with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high energy electrons

2. with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high energy electrons

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? 1. lactic acid 2. ethanol 3. NAD+

3. NAD+

CR completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis & the citric acid cycle, However these 2 processes yield only a few ATPs. the majority of ATP that they cell derives from glucose is ____. 1. passed to the oxygen in the etc 2. lost as heat 3. generated during oxidative phosphorylation

3. generated during oxidative phosphorylation

During CR, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate,_____, can be siphoned off & used to synthesize fats. 1. ATP 2. glucose 3. glyceraldeyhyde-3-phosphate

3. glyceraldeyhyde-3-phosphate

When a cell uses fatty acid for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to ______. 1. sugars & glycerol 2. fatty acids and sugars 3. glycerol & fatty acids

3. glycerol & fatty acids

At the end of glycolysis, the original molecule of glucose has become... 1. 32 molecules of ATP 2. alcohol & carbon dioxide 3. two molecules of pyruvate

3. two molecules of pyruvate

Total ATP produced in CR:

32 ATP for the whole process

chemical equation for photosynthesis

6 CO2 (calvin cycle) + 6 H2O (light rxn) ===(sunlight) C6H12O6 (calvin cycle) + 6O2 (light rxn) water splitting = oxygen is produced light rxn generate G3P=energy is put in CO2 that plants get from the air.

6. The energy released from the redox rxn in the electron transport chin is used by the cell to make ____.

ATP

Why does CR occur in so many steps, rather that one rxn?

B/c harvesting little bits at a time. ATP has less energy than glucose. Converted into something small

why many plants appear green:

Because they have chlorophyll in them, which is the molecule for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is green because is absorbs light in the low and high end of the visible light spectrum (violets, blues, skip green, reds, oranges). It doesn't absorb green light, it reflects the light. This is why we see chlorophyll on the leaves of plants, as green. Many plants are unable to absorb colors.

In the 1st stage of CR, two molecules of pyruvate are produces. in the remaining takes, a # of products are produced, including_____. There stages occur in the___.

CO2......... Mitochondria

Chemiosmosis:

Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane.

The green pigment used to capture the sun's energy:

Chlorophyll

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

Inner membrane

Name the inputs & outputs for glycolysis:

Inputs: Glucose, NAD+, ADP+Pi Outputs: Pyruvate, NADH, ATP

Name the inputs & outputs of oxidative phosphorylation:

Inputs: O2, NADH, ADP +Pi Outputs: Water, NAD+, ATP

Name the inputs & outputs of Acetyl CoA Formation and the Citric Acid Cycle:

Inputs: Pyruvate, NAD+,ADP+Pi Outputs: CO2, NADH, ATP

Pyruvate metabolism: (lactate, ethanol, acetyl Co A

Lactate=fermentation in human muscles ethanol=fermentation in yeast & bacteria acetyl Co A-aerobic oxidation

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. in eukaryotes, where can this structure be found?

Mitochondria

What compound functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis?

NAD+

The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is known as what compound?

NADH

Stage 3: Oxidation Phosphorylation (occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane)

NADH & FADH2 pass their electrons to an electron transport chain. The energy released as electrons pass down the chain is used to create a H+ gradient. Oxygen in the final electron acceptor. It combines with two H+ to form water. 28 ATP are produced in this stage via chemiosmosis to give a total approximate yields of 32 ATP per molecule of glucose.

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH & pyruvate

4. In CR, organic molecules become oxidized as ____ picks up electrons & H & becomes reduced to NADH.

NAH+

OIL RIG stands for:

Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain

When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compounds becomes___. (think of an electron donor)

Oxidized

Photophosphorylation:

The production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light rxn of photosynthesis

What is the purpose of fermentation?

To regenerate NAD+ electron carrier

Define glycolysis:

a process where one molecule of glucose is split in half to produce two molecule of pyruvate

Define thylakoid:

a stack of flattened membranous disks containing chlorophyll and found in the chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ____ ATPs. a) 0 b) 1 c) 2

c) 2 **(energy payoff phase)

Which of the following are "produced during the light rxn " of photosynthesis? a) glucose, ADP, NADP+ b) ADP, NADP+, O2 c) ATP, NADPH , O2

c) ATP, NADPH , O2 **(calvin cycle produces glucose in light rxn- glucose, G3P, NADP+, NAD, phosphate

The electrons lost from the special pair in photosynthesis II are replaced by electrons from.. a) CO2 b) ATP c) H20

c) H2O

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occur? a) pyruvate is reduced by oxidizing NADH b) oxygen atoms are formed into oxygen gas c) a compound called coenzyme A binds a two carbon fragment

c) a compound called coenzyme A binds a two carbon fragment **(carbon stripped as well as electrons- which gives us energy)

The major (but not only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the_____. a) formations of CO2 b) formations of ATP c) formation of NADH & FADH2

c) formation of NADH & FADH2 **(major ATP is produced last but not the overall BIG payoff like NADH & FADH2)

During CR, the energy in glucose... a) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia b) is released all at once c) is carried by electrons

c) is carried by electrons **(energy used eventually to make ATP)

a molecule is oxidized when it: a) gains an electron b) loses a hydrogen ion c) loses an electron **(remember OIL RIG)

c) loses an electron

in eukaryoytes, most of the high energy electrons released from glucose by CR____. a) are used to form ATP in the citric acid cycle b) are used for synthesizing lactic acid c) reducing NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain

c) reducing NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain

explain the relationship between the light rxn and the calvin cycle: ARE RELATED

calvin cycle provides the processor molecules that are needed

Facultative anaerobes: (yeast & muscle cells)

can use fermentation to generate energy or CR, depending on conditions

attachment of carbon dioxide gas to an organic molecule:

carbon dioxide fixture

4 Major steps in the Calvin Cycle:

carbon fixiation: Reductions: first molecule has low energy & gets energized from the light rxn 1 G3P comes out last part is regenerating energy is RuBp which came form the light rxn

What does photosynthesis contain?

chlorophyll

green photosynthetic pigment that absorbs solar energy:

chlorophyll

Where does fermentation occur?

cytoplasm

Where does Glycolysis occur?

cytoplasmic fluid

Anaerobic:

does not require oxygen

Describe the role of an electron carrier in CR:

electron carriers: 2 NAD & FAD (oxidized), can hold 2 electrons when they do they are reduced turns into NADH + H+ reduced is FADH2 If joined with oxygen they lose all power. **(Think of this as a shuttle bus for electrons)

1. The transfer of ______ from one molecule to another is an oxidation- reductions rxn, or redox rxn.

electrons

What are the parts of the chloroplast?

inner membrane outer membrane stroma thylakoid granum thylakoid space

inputs & outputs of light rxn:

inputs: water then water produces oxygen, Hydrogen ions get put into, & sunlight (energy) outputs: ATP, NADPH

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:

is a group of enzymes that prepares pyruvate to enter the next (third) step of cellular respiration (Krebs cycle)

why is ATP not in abundance in a cell?

it is not good for storing large amounts of energy for a long period of time

What happens to pyruvate in fermentation?

it is reduced, NADH hands electrons off & reduced to lactate

Define hydrolyze:

its when the cell breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate on the ATP:

2. In CR, glucose becomes ________ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidized

What is oxidized during CR? What is reduced during CR?

oxidized: glucose reduced: oxygen

5. NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox rxn to the final electron acceptor____.

oxygen

Aerobic Requires:

oxygen

pigment molecules benefit plant cells:

pigments absorb energy (photons). visible light not the whole spectrum having multiple max. energy that comes from the electron

Photosynthesis occurs in what kinds of cells?

plant cells and some prokaryotic cells

Where in CR is G3P Produced? Where have we seen G3P before?

produced: glycolysis seen G3P: calvin cycle

Does photosynthesis produce or break down glucose (C6H12O6)?

produces glucose (C6H12O6)

relate the product of the calvin cycle to glucose and CR:

product is G3P, 2 of those make a glucose. G3P is also a precursor to things, glossy is used for energy in CR for the plant. (broken down in the mitochondria)

Define "electron transport chain"

the process in which NADH and FADH2 hand down electrons to a chain of carrier molecules; electrons are passed along from one carrie to another therefore releasing a little energy at each step.

The ultimate source of energy in the sugar molecules produced by photosynthesis is:

the sun

Phosphorylation:

the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation

biosynthesis:

the use of intermediate molecules and ATP to generate organic molecules

What is the Calvin cycle:

~The Calvin cycle is another name for the light independent rxn in which ATP and NADPH from the light dependent rxn are used to produce high energy sugars. ~occurs in the stroma surrounding the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast ~starts with the molecule RuBP. ~uses the energy in ATP and NADPH from the light rxn ~turns twice to produce one molecule of glucose.

Cellular Respiration (CR)

~aerobic harvesting and conversion of chemical energy form the bonds in glucose (food) to the chemical energy cells can use, which is ATP; harvesting occurs in small steps to efficiently capture all released energy. ~the CR pathway is activated by supply & demand: as ATP levels rise, the pathway slows down or stops; as ADP levels rise, the pathway speeds up or reactivates

During Redox Rxn:

~electrons are lost from one substance & added to another substance

Stage 1: Glycolysis (occurs in cytoplasm)

~energy investment phase: 2 ATP are used to activate glucose, which is broken into 2 molecules of G3P. ~energy payoff phase: G3P is converted to pyruvate through redox rxn; net gain of 3 ATP from substrate level phosphorylation start with GLUCOSE=2 G3P=2 pryuvate 2ATP 2NADH 2rd: pryuvate oxidation: 2 pryuvate = 2 acetyl Co A (2NADH &CO2) Citric acid cycle: all remaining energy harvested (produce 6 NADH & 2FADH2 & 2ATP) (substrate level phosphorylation) ex. exhaled all the choice cake we have eaten. *figures on test

Stage 2: Pyruvate oxidation & the Citric Acid Cycle (occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)

~pryruvate oxidation: redox rxn converts pyruvate to acetyl Co A (2 carbon molecule) ~citric acid cycle: all possible energy from glucose is harvested in this step through a series of redox rxn; 2 ATP are produced through a substrate level phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle must rotate twice ib order to oxidize single molecule of glucose. *at this point all the energy from glucose is carried by NADH and FADH2 in the form of electrons