bio chapter 16- first bio hw after spreak
The most important mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is
Aldosterone
The condition resulting from hypersecretion of glucocorticoids that is characterized by accumulation of subcutaneous fat in the midsection and masculinization in women, among other symptoms, is called
Cushing syndrome.
Clusters of endocrine tissue in the pancreas are called pancreatic islets, or islets of
Langerhans.
Match each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland with the target tissue or gland that it acts on.
adrenocorticotropic hormone--adrenal cortex growth hormone--bones, muscle, other tissues luteinizing hormone--ovaries, testes prolactin--mammary glands
What do most researchers believe is the most common underlying cause of type 1 diabetes?
an autoimmune response to the pancreatic islets
The hormone prolactin is secreted by the ______ pituitary gland; it promotes ______.
anterior; milk production
Which of these molecules is a common second messenger for peptide hormones?
cAMP
Blood calcium level is regulated in part by ____ a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when the blood calcium level rises.
calcitonin
Which hormones play a role in calcium metabolism?
calcitonin PTH
Select all correct descriptions of congenital hypothyroidism.
can cause intellectual disability can be treated by thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Steroid hormones are considered to be lipids, because they are all derived from what specific lipid?
cholesterol
Select all mechanisms by which glucocorticoids raise the blood glucose level
conversion of amino acids to glucose metabolism of fatty acids
Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?
cortisol
Select all sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) that are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
dehydroepiandrosterone estradiol
Match each sex hormone (gonadocorticoid) secreted by the adrenal cortex with the correct description.
dehydroepiandrosterone--androgen that plays a role in sexual development of males and females estradiol--regulates growth of the skeleton and maintains bone mass
A deficiency in the production of antidiuretic hormone leads to a disease called ___ insipidus.
diabetes
The disease characterized by a high blood glucose due to a deficiency of insulin production or failure of cells to respond to insulin is _____ mellitus.
diabetes
Match the type of pancreas function on the left with the specific example on the right.
endocrine function---secretion of insulin and glucagon exocrine function--secretion of digestive juices
releases secretion into the blood
endocrine gland
Select all common symptoms or signs of diabetes mellitus.
excessive thirst high blood sugar glucose in the urine frequent urination hunger fatigue weight loss
Glands that release their secretions into ducts rather than into the blood are called ___ glands
exocrine
releases secretion into a duct
exocrine gland
The pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose level is
glucagon
The pancreatic hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose is
glucagon
The hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex, like cortisol, which raise the blood glucose level are collectively called
glucocorticoids
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex, and regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
glucocorticoids
Select all possible structures of peptide hormones.
glycoproteins modified amino acids proteins
Select all of these hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
growth hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone
The B (beta) cells of the pancreatic islets normally secrete insulin in response to
high blood glucose.
Select all conditions that could result in Cushing syndrome.
high or prolonged doses of glucocorticoids tumor affecting the pituitary gland tumor affecting the adrenal cortex
Select all common symptoms or signs associated with exophthalmic goiter.
hyperactivity protruding eyes irritability
Exophthalmic goiter is most closely associated with
hyperthyroidism.
During childbirth, as uterine contractions increase, the amount of oxytocin released
increases due to positive feedback.
The pancreatic hormone that decreases blood glucose level is called
insulin
Because the cells of a diabetic cannot use glucose, they turn to metabolizing fat, which can lead most directly to a condition called
ketoacidosis.
The stimulus that causes the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone is
low blood calcium
Which of the following is a function of mineralocorticoid hormones?
maintain blood volume and salt balance
Hormones secreted by the adrenal ___ are a short-term response to stress or emergency situations.
medulla
Select the two major portions of the adrenal glands.
medulla, cortex
The adrenal glands consist of an inner adrenal __ and the outer adrenal__
medulla, cortex
Another term for hypothyroidism in an adult is
myxedema.
To maintain homeostasis, ADH functions via a ______ feedback mechanism that responds to blood ______ concentration.
negative, salt
Select the hormones that are produced by the adrenal medulla.
norepinephrine, epinephrine
The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that causes contraction of the uterus and milk letdown is
oxytocin
Which hormone induces uterine contractions during child birth?
oxytocin
The abdominal organ that secretes both digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon is called the
pancreas.
The four glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are the ____ glands
parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are considered antagonistic hormones because they have opposing actions. Match the hormone on the left to the correct description on the right.
parathyroid hormone--promotes the release of calcium from the bones when blood calcium levels are low calcitonin--promotes the uptake of calcium by the bones when blood calcium levels are high
Select the functions of the thyroid gland.
participate in calcium homeostasis regulate metabolic rate
Growth hormone is what type of hormone?
peptide
The secretion of oxytocin is controlled by ___ feedback because as contractions increase, the blood levels of oxytocin also increase.
positive
The anterior pituitary hormone that promotes milk production is called
prolactin
Select all direct effects of parathyroid hormone in the body.
promotes activity of osteoclasts activates vitamin D in the kidneys
Select all correct functions of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol.
promotes breakdown of muscle proteins, promotes metabolism of fatty acids, relieves swelling
Which treatment would be most beneficial for exophthalmic goiter?
surgery and radioactive iodine
The hormone calcitonin is secreted by the ______ gland.
thyroid
Which iodine containing hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
thyroxine triiodothyronine
Which type of diabetes is most commonly associated with insulin resistance?
type 2
Select all effects of insulin on the human body.
uptake of glucose by cells increased synthesis of fat
Select all common signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults (myxedema).
weight gain hair loss lethargy
Mineralocorticoids are produced mainly by which region of the adrenal glands?
zona glomerulosa