bio chapter 16- first bio hw after spreak

The most important mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is

Aldosterone

The condition resulting from hypersecretion of glucocorticoids that is characterized by accumulation of subcutaneous fat in the midsection and masculinization in women, among other symptoms, is called

Cushing syndrome.

Clusters of endocrine tissue in the pancreas are called pancreatic islets, or islets of

Langerhans.

Match each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland with the target tissue or gland that it acts on.

adrenocorticotropic hormone--adrenal cortex growth hormone--bones, muscle, other tissues luteinizing hormone--ovaries, testes prolactin--mammary glands

What do most researchers believe is the most common underlying cause of type 1 diabetes?

an autoimmune response to the pancreatic islets

The hormone prolactin is secreted by the ______ pituitary gland; it promotes ______.

anterior; milk production

Which of these molecules is a common second messenger for peptide hormones?

cAMP

Blood calcium level is regulated in part by ____ a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when the blood calcium level rises.

calcitonin

Which hormones play a role in calcium metabolism?

calcitonin PTH

Select all correct descriptions of congenital hypothyroidism.

can cause intellectual disability can be treated by thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Steroid hormones are considered to be lipids, because they are all derived from what specific lipid?

cholesterol

Select all mechanisms by which glucocorticoids raise the blood glucose level

conversion of amino acids to glucose metabolism of fatty acids

Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?

cortisol

Select all sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) that are secreted by the adrenal cortex.

dehydroepiandrosterone estradiol

Match each sex hormone (gonadocorticoid) secreted by the adrenal cortex with the correct description.

dehydroepiandrosterone--androgen that plays a role in sexual development of males and females estradiol--regulates growth of the skeleton and maintains bone mass

A deficiency in the production of antidiuretic hormone leads to a disease called ___ insipidus.

diabetes

The disease characterized by a high blood glucose due to a deficiency of insulin production or failure of cells to respond to insulin is _____ mellitus.

diabetes

Match the type of pancreas function on the left with the specific example on the right.

endocrine function---secretion of insulin and glucagon exocrine function--secretion of digestive juices

releases secretion into the blood

endocrine gland

Select all common symptoms or signs of diabetes mellitus.

excessive thirst high blood sugar glucose in the urine frequent urination hunger fatigue weight loss

Glands that release their secretions into ducts rather than into the blood are called ___ glands

exocrine

releases secretion into a duct

exocrine gland

The pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose level is

glucagon

The pancreatic hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose is

glucagon

The hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex, like cortisol, which raise the blood glucose level are collectively called

glucocorticoids

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex, and regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?

glucocorticoids

Select all possible structures of peptide hormones.

glycoproteins modified amino acids proteins

Select all of these hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

growth hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone

The B (beta) cells of the pancreatic islets normally secrete insulin in response to

high blood glucose.

Select all conditions that could result in Cushing syndrome.

high or prolonged doses of glucocorticoids tumor affecting the pituitary gland tumor affecting the adrenal cortex

Select all common symptoms or signs associated with exophthalmic goiter.

hyperactivity protruding eyes irritability

Exophthalmic goiter is most closely associated with

hyperthyroidism.

During childbirth, as uterine contractions increase, the amount of oxytocin released

increases due to positive feedback.

The pancreatic hormone that decreases blood glucose level is called

insulin

Because the cells of a diabetic cannot use glucose, they turn to metabolizing fat, which can lead most directly to a condition called

ketoacidosis.

The stimulus that causes the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone is

low blood calcium

Which of the following is a function of mineralocorticoid hormones?

maintain blood volume and salt balance

Hormones secreted by the adrenal ___ are a short-term response to stress or emergency situations.

medulla

Select the two major portions of the adrenal glands.

medulla, cortex

The adrenal glands consist of an inner adrenal __ and the outer adrenal__

medulla, cortex

Another term for hypothyroidism in an adult is

myxedema.

To maintain homeostasis, ADH functions via a ______ feedback mechanism that responds to blood ______ concentration.

negative, salt

Select the hormones that are produced by the adrenal medulla.

norepinephrine, epinephrine

The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that causes contraction of the uterus and milk letdown is

oxytocin

Which hormone induces uterine contractions during child birth?

oxytocin

The abdominal organ that secretes both digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon is called the

pancreas.

The four glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are the ____ glands

parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are considered antagonistic hormones because they have opposing actions. Match the hormone on the left to the correct description on the right.

parathyroid hormone--promotes the release of calcium from the bones when blood calcium levels are low calcitonin--promotes the uptake of calcium by the bones when blood calcium levels are high

Select the functions of the thyroid gland.

participate in calcium homeostasis regulate metabolic rate

Growth hormone is what type of hormone?

peptide

The secretion of oxytocin is controlled by ___ feedback because as contractions increase, the blood levels of oxytocin also increase.

positive

The anterior pituitary hormone that promotes milk production is called

prolactin

Select all direct effects of parathyroid hormone in the body.

promotes activity of osteoclasts activates vitamin D in the kidneys

Select all correct functions of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol.

promotes breakdown of muscle proteins, promotes metabolism of fatty acids, relieves swelling

Which treatment would be most beneficial for exophthalmic goiter?

surgery and radioactive iodine

The hormone calcitonin is secreted by the ______ gland.

thyroid

Which iodine containing hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

thyroxine triiodothyronine

Which type of diabetes is most commonly associated with insulin resistance?

type 2

Select all effects of insulin on the human body.

uptake of glucose by cells increased synthesis of fat

Select all common signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults (myxedema).

weight gain hair loss lethargy

Mineralocorticoids are produced mainly by which region of the adrenal glands?

zona glomerulosa