BIO Chapter 4

Enzymes called proteases in the ER lumen catalyze folding of proteins into proper conformations.

False

In scanning electron microscopy, an electron beam passes through a very thin slice of a specimen and then falls onto a photographic plate or a fluorescent screen.

False

Which two organelles are responsible for converting energy into forms that can be used by cells?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Briefly explain the relationship between the surface area and volume of a cell and overall cell size. List two ways in which organisms have successfully "solved" this problem.

Surface area of cell has to be large enough to support metabolism of cell volume

Microfilaments are linked with one another and with other proteins by linker proteins.

True

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol needed to make____

cell membranes

What type of microscopy uses a laser to excite fluorophores in a thin slice through a cell ?

confocal microscopy

Name the part of the cell outside the nucleus.

cytoplasm

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome. The purpose is to...

degrade the pathogens into components, which the cell recycles/uses an energy source

nucleolus

granular body within an organelle which consists of RNA and protein

Which strategy is the most effective for larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio?

having thin, finger-like projections

vacuoles

large membranous sacs of plants and fungi

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules

Intermediate filaments are most closely associated with

microvilli

What organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

mitochondria

What enzyme in the ER lumen catalyze the efficient folding of proteins into proper conformations?

molecular chaperones

specialized structures within a living cell are known as...

organelles

A cell is surrounded by which distinctive surface membrane ?

plasma membrane

What is a characteristic found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?

plasma membrane

What is the purpose of the cristae of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

to break down nutrients

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

transformation of energy

The micrometer (μm) is the most convenient unit for measuring cells

true

plastids

encloses an internal thylakoid membrane

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of proteins and cholesterol needed to make membranes.

False

Proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes may be further modified within what organelle ?

Golgi complex

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is best illustrated by...

basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry

lysosome

membranous sacs in animals

If a bacterial toxin destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

protein synthesis

What does nucleolus, within the nucleus, synthesize ?

ribosomal RNA

Rough ER

ribosomes stud its outer surface

Peroxisomes are found in large numbers in cells that synthesize, store, and degrade lipids, and one of their functions is to break down protein molecules.

False

A basal body anchors what part of a cell?

flagellum

The many short appendages that a cell has are called cilia.

True

Upon observing a cell of a grass blade, you notice a prominent sac that occupies a large portion of the cell. Which organelle is this?

Vacuole

Necessary for a cell to maintain its function and growth...

food

Briefly compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Identify three ways that differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes impact cell function.

Both have cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, RNA, and plasma membrane. Difference is only eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotes generate more ATP molecules

Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are similar to which animal cell organelle?

Lysosomes

What technique is used to separate different part of cells so that they can be studied by both physical and chemical methods?

cell fractionation

DNA is associated with certain proteins, forming a complex called...

chromatin

The ratio of the size of the image seen w/ the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

magnification

microfilaments

rodlike structures consisting of actin

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in what process ?

Accepting vesicles from the ER

You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin. Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as a(n)

Actin filament

Identify two structural components of the cytoskeleton, and briefly describe their function(s).

Microtubules- move vesicles and organelles via special attachment proteins. Microfilaments- serve a role in cytokinesis, movement, and changes in cell shape