Bio Exam 2

A nucleotide is a molecule with three parts. Name them.

A five carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) One or more phosphate groups A nitrogen containing base, with a single or double ring

Which of the following genotype in human beings will have the better fitness to survive malaria? a. a person with two copies of normal hemoglobin genes b. a person with one copy of normal hemoglobin genes and one copy with sickle cell hemoglobin c. a person with two copies of sickle cell hemoglobin d. all the above

A person with one copy of normal hemoglobin genes and one copy with sickle cell hemoglobin (B)

What are codons?

A sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

The enzyme that accomplishes transcription is termed A) DNA polymerase. B) RNA polymerase. C) DNA ligase. D) RNA ligase. E) RNA replicase.

A) DNA polymerase

Chlamydomonas under microscope has a very distinct nucleus, has organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast and are unicellular! Which cell group will it belong to? A) eukaryotic B) prokaryotic

A) eukaryotic

Which of the following is not a property of life? A) molding or adapting to one's environment B) regulating materials that enter or leave the system C) responding to stimuli D) maintaining a relatively constant internal condition E)reproducing, passing hereditary material to the next generation

A) molding or adapting to one's environment

. Together with proteins and rRNA which is nothing but the Ribosomal subunits helps in ____. A) provides a site for polypeptide synthesis B) transports amino acids to the ribosome C) travels to the ribosome to direct the assembly of polypeptides D) transcribes DNA E) translates DNA

A) provides a site for polypeptide synthesis

PCR can be used to amplify DNA from any source. A)True B)False

A)True

List all the nitrogen containing bases that is required to create DNA and RNA.

A, C, G, T

An energy-carrier molecules like ___________________ is a ribose nucleotide with and adenine based and three phosphate groups.

ATP

In mRNA the "start" sequence is A) UAA B) UAG C) UGA D) AUG E) GUU

AUG

Which one of the following is not associated with translation? A) rRNA and ribosome subunits B) mRNA C) tRNA D) anticodon E) All are involved with translation.

All are involved with translation

Which enzyme is incorrectly matched to its function? A) RNA polymerase -- transcription B) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase -- attaches an amino acid to a tRNA C) peptidyl transferase -- translation D) All of the above are paired correctly.

All of the above are correctly paired

Which one of the following is not a kind of RNA? A) tRNA (transfer RNA) B) mRNA (messenger RNA) C) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) D) All of the above are kinds of RNA.

All of the above are kinds of RNA

Which of the following best describes transcription? A) DNA -> DNA B) DNA -> RNA C) DNA -> Protein D) RNA -> DNA E) RNA -> Protein

B

Bacteria accomplish chemotaxis by A) Steering toward better growth conditions. B) Making long, uninterrupted runs when conditions are good. C) Frequently stopping and tumbling to better sense good conditions. D) Stopping movement when conditions are good.

B) Making long, uninterrupted runs when conditions are good.

Bacteria will tend to __________ when Hydrogen peroxide is in its surroundings. A) move towards B) away from

B) away from

PCR requires all of the following EXCEPT A)primers. B)DNA ligase. C)DNA polymerase. D)DNA of interest. E)deoxyrobinucleotides.

B)DNA ligase.

During the PCR, the hydrogen bonds of the double-stranded DNA molecules are broken by the enzyme helicase. A)True B)False

B)False

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a common tool for the study, which of the following? a. finding common ancestors of humans and chimps b. finding the maternal genealogy of human species c. finding the 16S diversity in bacteria d. both a and b e. all the above

Both A and B: finding common ancestors of humans and chimps and finding the maternal genealogy of human species

The most likely source of the Taq polymerase used in PCR is a bacterium that lives in A)soil. B)arctic ice. C)hot vents .D)humans. E)plants.

C)hot vents

A nucleotide deletion in DNA replication A) causes one amino acid of the protein to be incorrect B) causes all of the amino acids of the protein to be incorrect C) causes the amino acids inserted after the deletion to be incorrect D) causes the amino acids inserted before the deletion to be incorrect E) has no effect on the resulting protein

Causes the amino acids inserted after the deletion to be incorrect

The genetic code consists of groups of three nucleotides called A) codons B) introns C) anticodons D) reading frames E) triplets

Codons

The complimentary messenger RNA strand that would be synthesized from the DNA base sequence of CTGAC would be...(**Careful RNA has uracil that base pairs complimentary to adenine on DNA!) A) GACTG B) UGACU C) AGTUG D) GACUG E) GACGU

D

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotes? A) DNA B) cell membrane C) cell wall D) endoplasmic reticulum

D) endoplasmic reticulum

_______? : is a living organism's genetic material

DNA

Name the two important nucleic acid that our cells need for protein synthesis?

DNA and RNA

What does DNA liaise do?

DNA liaise helps in retesting the DNA stand by joining breaks in the phospholipid backbone that occur in replication and recombination

What contributes greatly to increase antibody diversity in humans?

DNA mutation and and recombination greatly contribute to the increase in antibody diversity in humans.

If you start with one double-stranded DNA molecule and you perform SIX cycles of PCR, how many double-stranded copies of the DNA will you have?A)6 B)8 C)16 D)32 E)64

E)64

The order in which nucleotides are moved along the ribosomes binding sites is (Do you remember the animation how the ribosome looked?) A) APE B) PEA C) EPA D) EAP

EPA

Insertions and deletions are often called ___________ mutations because when one occurs within a coding region it can result in a shift in the reading frame used for translation of the protein specified by the gene.

FRAMESHIFTS

Genes are composed of segments of "extra," nonessential materials called exons. A) True B) False

False

In a frameshift mutation all the amino acids before the mutation are changed. A) True B) False

False

Just as one amino acid may be specified by more than one codon, one codon may specify more than one amino acid. A) True B) False

False

The synthesis of messenger RNA is called translation. A) True B) False

False

The terminator of a gene is located upstream of the coding region. A) True B) False

False

Transcription takes place in the nucleus using the DNA in the nucleus as a template for the formation of proteins. A) True B) False

False

Unwinding of the DNA during transcription is the result of the activity of a helicase enzyme downstream of the RNA polymerase. (Clue: DNA helicase comes in DNA replication. Does it also appear during transcription when mRNA is synthesized?) A) True B) False

False

Viral genomes are the slowest evolving entities in biology, because of their short replication time and the large quantity of offspring released per replication cycle. a. True b. False

False

Enzymes called amino acyl-tRNA synthetases A) synthesizes tRNA B) attaches amino acids to tRNA C) strips tRNA from its amino acid in the process of translation D) destroys excess tRNA molecules E) helps tRNA synthesize amino acids

attaches amino acids to tRNA

What does RNA polymerase do?

binds to DNA and separates DNA strands, uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA

Of the following biological levels of organization, which represents the smallest or lowest level? A) organs B) populations C) cells D) organisms E) tissues

cells

A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA A) will have no effect on the resulting protein B) changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon C) causes the codon to be correct, but the anticodon to be incorrect D) causes protein synthesis to stop

changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon

Life can go on without the need for non-living systems. (true / false)

false

What are exons?

in charge of coding specific amino acids that create a specific protein

What are introns?

introns are the "junk DNA" of the system that help aid in the avoidance of constant mutation

The direct result of transcription is: A) a duplicate DNA molecule B) nRNA C) a protein D) mRNA E) none of the above

mRNA

_______?: is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene

mutation

The ____________ is the control centre of the eukaryotic cell.

nucleus

n mRNA, the series of nucleotides CCC specifies A) serine B) proline C) alanine D) arginine E) stop

proline

The phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next nucleotide in the same strand producing a _______________backbone.

sugar phospahte

In ________ mutation where a mutated codon specifies for the same amino acid as the unmutated codon, where it has no effect on the coding function of the genome.

synonymous (silent)

In the process of translation, the amino acids are arranged to form specific proteins because they are attached to: A) rRNA B) tRNA C) mRNA D) promoter E) none of the above

tRNA

Which one of the following is not associated with transcription? A) tRNA B) mRNA C) RNA polymerase D) DNA E) a promoter

tRNA

The function of mRNA is to A) provide a site for polypeptide synthesis B) transport amino acids to the ribosome C) travel to the ribosome to direct the assembly of polypeptides D) transcribe DNA E) translate DNA

travel to the ribosome to direct the assembly of polypeptides

. Evolution and natural selection are the same thing. A) True B) False

true

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide could result in same amino acid (or) a different amino acid being added into a protein. A) True B) False

true

In transcription, the nucleotide sequence CAT in template DNA would specify _______________ in mRNA. A) TAC B) GAU C) CAT D) GTU E) GUA

GUA

What does RNA ligase do?

Is in charge of the new 5 to 3 oh prime direction bonds

If let us imagine two species! X-men and normal Humans had fewer mutations and few diffrences between their genomes then how will the fork distance appear from the common ancestors?

It would appear closer together than those of common ancestors because case stay 3 talked about how the greater number of mutations is proportional to the length of time that 2 groups have been separate.

What does DNA polymerase do?

Joins individual nucleotides to make complementary strands and proofreads the sequence of bases and corrects errors

What does DNA gyrase do?

Make sure DNA does not flipflop, it has a DNA helix structure

n eukaryotes, the "start" codon also specifies the amino acid, A) phenylalanine B) valine C) aspartate D) methionine

Methionine

When a codon that specifies glutamic acid undergoes a point mutation to specify a different amino acid like valine. What kind of mutational change is this referred to? a. silent (synonymous) b. missense (non-synonymous) c. non-sense d. readthrough

Missense (non-synonymous) (B)

Where in our body or in plants does mitosis occur?

N PLANTS STEM/LEAVES, HUMANS SKIN CELLS

The ____________ is the control center of the eukaryotic cell.

NUCLEUS

Does any other organelle have DNA other than nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast?

No

The nucleic acid sequence in mRNA is determined by A) the order of amino acids in the protein B) nucleotide sequence in DNA C) nucleotide sequence in t-RNA D) all of the above

Nucleotide sequence in DNA (B)

The complete sequence of D N A in an organism, its genome, contains millions or even billions of ______________

Nucleotides

Extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria cytoplasm that has a reputation for carrying antibiotic resistance genes! a. Plasmids b. Nucleolus c. mitochondria d. chloroplast

Plasmids

The segment of the DNA molecule where messenger RNA synthesis begins is called the... A) promoter region. B) sigma factor. C) transcription terminator. D) polymerase. E) template.

Promoter region

The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene. A) coding region B) promoter C) operator D) regulator E) initiator

Promoter region

The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced. A) RNA cleaving B) RNA translocation C) RNA elongation D) RNA splicing E) RNA releasing

RNA splicing

Which stage during cell division in Mitosis DNA is synthesized?

S-Phase

In messenger RNA, the nucleotide series UAG specifies A) arginine B) serine C) stop D) proline E) aspartate

STOP

Information in D N A is used to direct the synthesis of proteins in two steps, called _________ and ___________

TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION

If let us imagine two species! X-men and normal Humans had greater number of mutations and more diffrences between their genomes then how will the fork distance appear from the common ancestors?

The fork distance would be farther apart due to the reason that they have more mutations. Case stay 3 talked about how the greater number of mutations is proportional to the length of time that 2 groups have been separate.

Synthesis of a new strand of messenger RNA is in the 5'P to 3'OH direction. (Clue- Take two hands- make the fist, thumb, index finger and the baby finger model I showed you in class!) A) True B) False

True

The RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase is complementary to the template strand of the DNA. A) True B) False

True

The addition of a single nucleotide into the DNA sequence may result in a frameshift mutation. A) True B) False

True

The mutation rate represents the number of mutations per site per replication. Mutations can be deleterious, neutral or beneficial. a. True b. False

True

The two strands of D N A are wound about each other to form a double helix, like a ladder twisted into the shape of a spiral staircase? (True/ False)

True

What does DNA helicase do?

Unwinds the two DNA stands in order for transcription to occur

Consider if there is a long codon sequence, where stop codon is at the end for a protein called "MTeX". However, due to a result of mutation right in the middle of the gene a codon for an amino acid change into a stop codon. What will happen and name the mutation?

Will no longer be a stop codon but a protein sequence and will elongate the polypeptide, the nonsense mutation.

Does chloroplast and mitochondria have DNA of their own? Do they look similar and complex in arrangement like the nuclear DNA?

Yes they do, similar in structure, less introns, smaller than nuclear DNA, and found in plant cells.

Does nucleus in a eukaryotic cell have DNA?

Yes; it is membrane bound

In the process of translation, A) a strand of mRNA is formed with nucleotide sequences complementary to those of DNA B) nucleotide sequences of tRNA are established C) a polypeptide is formed in response to the rRNA nucleotide sequence D) rRNA is synthesized with sequences complementary to those of tRNA E) a polypeptide is formed as dictated by the nucleotide sequence in mRNA

a polypeptide is formed as directed by the nucleotide sequence in mRNA

The direct result of translation is: A) a duplicate DNA molecule B) nRNA C) a protein D) mRNA E) all of the above

a protein

In the process of transcription A) the base sequence of DNA is copied into tRNA B) a polypeptide is formed as specified by the genes in a chromosome C) rRNA is specified by exons in DNA D) a strand of mRNA is formed with base sequences complementary to those of DNA E) mRNA is formed as coded by introns

a strand of mRNA is formed with the base sequences complementary to those of DNA

In eukaryotes, there are _______________ codons that specify amino acids. A) 21 B) 24 C) 61 D) 64 E) 60

64

Exons may represent subunits of a large polypeptide chain. (True or False)

True

If a frameshift mutation causes a stop codon to be inserted into the middle of a DNA sequence then - ? A) the resulting protein will not be affected B) the phenotype will change but not the genotype C) the resulting protein will be too short and non-functional D) the resulting protein will be too long and non-functional

The resulting protein will be to short and non-functional

In what case study did the normal spherical RBC become cresent shaped?

The sickle cell anemia case

How a bacteria can replicate its DNA during asexual reproduction?

Through Binary Fission

The name of the structure that causes the synthesis of RNA to cease is called the... A) promoter region B) sigma factor C) transcription terminator D) polymerase E) template

Transcription Terminator

The function of tRNA is to A) provide a site for polypeptide synthesis B) transport amino acids to the ribosome C) travel to the ribosome to direct the assembly of polypeptides D) transcribe DNA E) translate DNA

Transport amino acids to the ribosome

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase directs the synthesis of tRNA molecules from a DNA template. A) True B) False

True

An error in DNA replication known as replication slippage could lead to an increase or decrease in the number of repeat units in a tandem repeat such as CGG (Fragile X-syndrome) a. True b. False

True

DNA mutations if not corrected are passed on to a cell's progeny. A) True B) False

True