Unit 8: Psychological Disorders and Therapies

A psychological condition in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding time spent apart from people or locations of meaningful attachment.

Separation anxiety disorder

The first psychological therapy was introduced by

Sigmund Freud

What therapist introduced the use of free association?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic therapy

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts.

Characterized by intense fear in one or more social situations due to anxiety over potential social interactions

Social anxiety disorder

Research on anxiety disorders indicates that

Some people are more genetically predisposed than others to develop anxiety disorders

The impediment of ability to learn or use specific academic skills such as reading, writing, or arithmetic, which are the foundations of other academic learning

Specific learning disorder

Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, event, or person

Specific phobia

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

psychotic disorder

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

phobia

abnormal fear

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

An important feature of client centered therapy is

active listening

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called

counterconditioning

Systematic desensitization is a form of __, which is a type of ___.

counterconditioning; behavior therapy

social-cultural perspective

cultural differences affects diagnosis rates

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Explanations for anxiety disorders

fear can be conditioned by anxiety-arousing events from our past. fear can be generalized from situation to another. avoiding frightening situations serves as reinforcement. we can learn fear through observation. some fears are more naturally learned than others (snakes, heights ext.)

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by

feelings of personal worthlessness

Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________.

free association; active listening

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Humanistic Perspective

inability to reach full potential causes disorders

Personality disorders are best described as

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Judicial systems are responsible for making decisions regarding

insanity

The psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as

insight therapies

systematic desensitization

patient first identifies an anxiety hierarchy, then is taught coping or relaxation techniques, and then experiences the hierarchy step-by-step while relaxing

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called SSRIs because they

slow the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses.

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

two weeks

Free association involves the

uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.

Labels can create

Self fulfilling prophecies

Mary Cover Jones

"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits - developed systematic desensitization

chronic schizophrenia

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

acute schizophrenia

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.

In order to be considered psychologically abnormal today you must follow the "three Ds" which are:

- deviance: difference from one's typical cultural population - distressful: causing yourself to be uncomfortable, etc - dysfunctional: impairing day to day life

Characterized by anxiety where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to vast openness or crowdedness

Agoraphobia

Anxiety disorders include

-generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) -panic disorders -separation anxiety disorder -phobias -agoraphobia -social anxiety disorder -selective mutism

The psychologist known for challenging people's absurd self-defeating ideas is

Albert Ellis

Primary symptoms involve disturbances in eating behavior and distress or concern about body shape or weight

Feeding and eating disorders

exposure therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

An emerging biomedical treatment for depression that involves applying rapid pulses of magnetic stimulation to the brain from a coil held near the scalp.

Excoriation

An impulse control disorder, characterized by the repeated urge to pick it, one's own skin often to the extent that damage is caused

An eating disorder characterized by food intake restriction, distorted body self-perception, and possible excessive exercise

Anorexia nervosa

Patient confronts their phobia at its worst. This is faster, less efficient, more traumatic than systematic desensitization.

Flooding

A psychotherapist is more likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ____ various psychological disorders

Identify

Identifying mental illness by symptoms presented and curing it through treatment and therapy

Medical mode

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging (vomiting, or taking a laxative) and possible excessive exercise

Bulimia nervosa

By the 1800s reformation began in how mental illness was looked at leading to hospitals replacing asylums and the development of ____ ____/mental health movement.

Medical modes

Researchers recently estimated that approximately ________ percent of adult Americans had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder during the prior year.

26

Xanax and Ativan are ___ drugs

Antianxiety

Primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. These are the most common group of mental disorders in the USA.

Anxiety disorders

Insight therapy

Any therapy that attempts to discover relationships between unconscious motivations and current abnormal behavior.

Was formally a type of high functioning autism without the usual cognitive and language delays. It no longer exists as a standalone diagnosis.

Asperger syndrome

Characterized by significant problems with attention and inhibition control, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD

Characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some case cognitive delays

Autism spectrum disorder

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interaction

Avoidant personality disorder

Disassociative fugue

A subset of disassociative amnesia, where a person forgets their past, creates a brand new identity and begins a new life in a different location

Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are major symptoms of

ADHD

Characterized by being unable to adjust or cope with a particular stressor, such as a major life event

Adjustment disorder

ABC approach

Adversity, beliefs about the adversity, and consequences of the belief

counterconditioning

A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Dr. Macintosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. Dr. Macintoshes emphasis best illustrates

A biopsychosocial approach

Group and Family Therapy

A method of therapy which views a relationship as a system. The therapist guides the clients to improve communication among people in their life.

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Episodes of intense drag that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of

A panic disorder

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

An immediate rational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of

A specific phobia

Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic of

Beck's cognitive therapy

Characterized by periods of mania or elevated mood and activity/energy, alternating with periods of depression

Bipolar disorder

A person is excessively concerned about, and preoccupied by one or more imagined, or minor defects in their physical features

Body dysmorphic disorder, BDD

Characterized by impulsivity and extreme instability in emotions, relationships and the self image

Borderline personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of manipulation and a disregard for the rights of others

As a psychotherapist, Dr. Benoit does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Benoit's position is most characteristic of ___ therapy.

Client centered

Helps clients work out the problem by incorporating active listening and unconditional positive regard

Client centered therapy

Characterized by suffering of neurological symptoms, such as numbness blindness or paralysis without definable organic cause

Conversion disorder

The major group of behavioral therapies is called

Counterconditioning

Many clinicians diagnose disorders by answering questions from five levels of the

DSM-V

By the 1950s, ____ became the norm

Deinstitutionalization

A mental disorder where a person experiences a feeling of watching oneself act with no control over a situation (depersonalization) and a belief that one's external world is unreal (de realization).

Depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD)

American psychiatric association's __________, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. - known as the psychiatrics Bible; also used for insurance - lists individual disorders into categories of disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

In a study by David Rosenhahn, researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be hearing voices. This study best illustrated the negative affects of.

Diagnostic labels

Individual experiences retrograde autobiographical loss of memory with no physiological basis for disruption

Disassociative amnesia

Symptoms include conscious becoming separated, or disassociated from previous memories, thoughts or feelings

Disassociative disorders

Several weeks after being fired from a job he had held for more than 20 years Landon awoke one morning in a state of bewildered confusion he had a little sense of who he was, and he even fail to recognize his wife. Landon experience is most indicative of

Dissociative disorder

This is when a person exhibits two or more distinct, alternating personalities

Dissociative identity disorder

Three D's of Abnormality

Distressing (to self and others), Dysfunctional (for person or society) and Deviant (Violates social norms)

What are explanations for schizophrenia?

Dopamine overactivity, low frontal lobe activity, overactive thalamus and amygdala, pregnancy viral infections, and other birth complications, genetic influences, and breakdowns in selective attention

Modern day therapy often involves a ___ ____: utilizing a variety of treatments from multiple schools of thought.

Eclectic approach

This biomedical therapy is often used as a last resort for major depressive disorder

Electroconvulsive therapy

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Humanistic therapist are most likely to

Emphasize the importance of self awareness for psychological adjustment

Explanations of depressive disorders

Explanations include alcohol abuse increasing risk, genetic influences, low amounts of serotonin and norepinephrine, and negative explanatory style

Works with individuals of the same family simultaneously to nurture change in development and interaction between family members

Family therapy

Joseph Wolphe

Father of Behavior Therapy Trained in psychoanalysis Believed that fear and phobias were learned Extended Mary's work

psychoanalytic therapies aim to bring clients unconscious into awareness to identify origins of their disorder via

Free association

Characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about events or activity with no causal root

Generalized anxiety disorder

Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most the time but doesn't know why. Without warning his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from

Generalized anxiety disorder

Alcoholics anonymous is a good example of this type of therapy

Group therapy

Seeing one-eyed monster's would be a ___. Believing that you were Christopher Columbus would be a ___.

Hallucination ;delusion

Characterized by a pattern of excessive attention seeking, including a need for approval

Histrionic personality disorder

Instead of focusing on the cure of psychological disorders, ________ therapies seek to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment.

Humanistic

An individual excessively worries about a serious illness, based on little or no evidence to substantiate the worry

Illness anxiety disorder

Conversation oriented therapy, aimed to help client become aware or gain insight into the underlying motives for the problem

Insight therapy

The ultimate goal of this type of therapy is to promote growth and the client

Insight therapy

Characterized by a significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning defined at an IQ score below 70

Intellectual disability

What are long term side effects of antipsychotic drug usage?

It can cause tardive dyskinesia, which is the repetitive involuntary movement of the body that often involves the tongue and mouth

Used to treat bipolar disorder

Lithium

Little Peter experiment

Little peter was afraid of rabbits. Jones used food as the pleasant stimulus. The food and the rabbit became associated which led to Little Peter to be less afraid of the rabbit while it was moved closer to him. Little Peter became confident around the rabbit that he was able to pet the rabbit without fear

Procedure, that cuts or scrapes away connections to, and from the prefrontal cortex

Lobotomy

Characterized by persistent and pervasive low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities with no causal factor.

Major depressive disorder

Characterized by extreme egocentrism and self importance and excessive preoccupation with power prestige and vanity

Narcissistic personality disorder

The primary symptoms of these disorders are characterized by the impairments of the growth and development of the brain and the central nervous system

Neurodevelopmental disorders

The word insanity is

Not an actual diagnosis and does not appear in the DSM. It only comes out of the legal system.

Symptoms include impulsivity (cant inhibit repetitive behaviors) or compulsivity (can't recognize task completion)

Obsessive compulsive and related disorders

Persistent, unwanted thoughts or obsessions, causing the feeling of needing to engage in a particular action or compulsion to make the obsession stop

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A token economy represents the application of the principles of

Operant conditioning

The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle scarred war veterans best illustrates symptoms of

PTSD

This disorder is characterized by frequent panic attacks or incidents of intense terror in which a person experiences dread and accompanying physiological sensations , such as chest pain and choking.

Panic disorder

Somatic symptoms and related disorders

Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (e.g., paralysis, blindness, illness, or chronic pain) for which there is no identifiable physical cause.

A person who is capable of speech, does not speak in specific situations or to specific people

Selective mutism

Positive schizophrenia symptoms

Presence of inappropriate behaviors - delusions, or false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur - hallucinations or sensory experiences without sensory stimulation - excessive or purposeless movement - Word salad or confused in often repetitive language

Rosenhan Study

Pseudo-patients could not be distinguished from regular patients. Behaviors were viewed as abnormal because of contextual bias.

Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adults psychological disorder by exploring the persons childhood experiences?

Psychoanalyst

The scientific study of the effects of drugs

Psychopharmacology

Assumes that negative explanatory style leads to depression, and attempts to convince the sufferer to challenge/modify these attitudes

Rational-emotive behavior therapy

Characterized by persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way

Reactive attachment disorder

This is a mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social behavior, and a failure to recognize what is real

Schizophrenia

IQs below 70 typically have been excluded from

The death penalty, due to mental retardation. This may be different due to change in intellectual disability, based on construct of adaptive functioning.

How did the main focus of mental illness treatment change in the 1800s?

The main focus changed from the individual being the problem to the illness being the problem.

Ecclectic approach

Therapist will use different theories and therapies combined to treat a mental disease

Early theories of psychological abnormalities

Thought to be caused by a variety of phenomenon, such as being possessed by evil spirits, alignment of the stars, Godlike powers, etc.

Characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic

Tourette's disorder

Primary symptoms involve explicit exposure to a traumatic or stressful event

Trauma and stressor related disorders

Early treatments for psychological abnormalities

Treatment for psychological abnormalities were typically barbaric: spirit possessions were often treated by trephination or drilling holes into the skull to release the spirit or exorcisms, other abnormalities were treated with beatings, burnings, castrations, removal of intestine animal, blood transfusions, imprisonment, etc.

Carl Rogers referred to a caring, non-judgemental attitude as

Unconditional positive regard

A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that _____ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year

United States

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient - often used as a last resort for major depressive disorder

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Trichotillomania

a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

token economy

a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

After Charles Darwin began suffering from panic disorder, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company. His panic disorder was apparently accompanied by

agoraphobia

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of

agoraphobia

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism

Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the

amygdala

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

Which drugs are designed to depress central nervous system activity

antianxiety drugs

The distinctive older term psychopath refers to an individual with

antisocial personality disorder

Melea suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Melea, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Melea's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist.

behavior

Therapists practice ________ by using positive reinforcers to reward closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.

behavior modification

After Anika learned that her history professor had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the professor's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the

biasing power of diagnostic labels

what does biopyschosocial model focus on

biology, social, and psychological factors; focuses on the causes of the disorder rather than the treatment

Schizophrenia is a disorder that is most likely to be treated with

biomedical therapies

Mania is most likely to be associated with a(n)

bipolar disorder

Which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder? - catatonia - bipolar disorder - generalized anxiety disorder - agoraphobia - antisocial personality disorder

bipolar disorder

Hoarding disorder

characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness

Carl Rogers is known for the development

client-centered therapy

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

somatic symptom disorder

condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin

Experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense is indicative of

conversion disorder

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with

depression

The number one reason people seek mental health services is

depression

Psychiatrist and psychologist label behavior as disordered when it is

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

Behavioral Perspective

disorder behaviors are rewarding

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by

disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity

A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of

dissociation

Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

dissociative identity disorder

Tardive dyskinesia is often associated with long-term use of drugs that occupy certain ___ receptor sites

dopamine

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine

Antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Transference refers to a client's

expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.

evolutionary perspective

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Compared with ECT, rTMS is __ likely to produce seizures and ___ likely to produce memory loss.

less and less

Quinn, an 18-year-old college freshman, has missed almost all his classes during the past month. He spends most of his time in his bedroom, frequently not even bothering to get dressed or eat meals. He thinks his whole life has been a failure and blames himself for being a social misfit. Quinn is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

As Jordan watches, his brother receives an electric shock from touching the frayed toaster cord. Jordan is now intensely afraid of toasters. This best illustrates that fear can be learned through

observational learning

The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of

obsessive compulsive disorder

Anxiety is considered disordered if it is

persistent and distressing

Phobias are most likely to be characterized by

persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Albert Ellis

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are ___ of inappropriate behaviors and negative symptoms are the ____ of appropriate behaviors.

presence; absence

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has a few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of a psychological disorder if it is.

preventing her from functioning effectively

Which form of therapy is most likely to be criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven?

psychoanalysis

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Psychological disorders that researchers believe are learned, such as phobias, are most likely to be treated with

psychotherapy

Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he complained of a headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Austin's behavior is an example of

resistance

In which type of disorder is a persons speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a word salad

schizophrenia

Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the psychiatric hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from

schizophrenia

People First Language

seeing individuals as people first and not as being defined by their disorder

A conversion disorder is a type of

somatoform disorder

A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates

stimulus generalization

psychoanalytic perspective

stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

cognitive perspective

symptoms of disorders due to maladaptive thinking

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behaviors - flat affect: apathetic state involving lack of emotion - catatonia or motionless for hours - loss of interest in every day activities/lack of pleasure - feeling out of touch with people, family and friends

Post traumatic growth

the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative events

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

diagnostic labeling effects

the fact that labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies; the label may make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it may actually increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with

their own self-importance

Humanistic therapies

therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

biomedical therapy

therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms

Cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Group Therapy

treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

behavioral therapies

treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach, is one who

uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches

virtual reality exposure therapy

uses virtual reality to expose patients to simulations of their fear

Biological Perspective

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems