Unit 8: Psychological Disorders and Therapies
A psychological condition in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding time spent apart from people or locations of meaningful attachment.
Separation anxiety disorder
The first psychological therapy was introduced by
Sigmund Freud
What therapist introduced the use of free association?
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic therapy
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts.
Characterized by intense fear in one or more social situations due to anxiety over potential social interactions
Social anxiety disorder
Research on anxiety disorders indicates that
Some people are more genetically predisposed than others to develop anxiety disorders
The impediment of ability to learn or use specific academic skills such as reading, writing, or arithmetic, which are the foundations of other academic learning
Specific learning disorder
Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, event, or person
Specific phobia
schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
psychotic disorder
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
phobia
abnormal fear
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
An important feature of client centered therapy is
active listening
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called
counterconditioning
Systematic desensitization is a form of __, which is a type of ___.
counterconditioning; behavior therapy
social-cultural perspective
cultural differences affects diagnosis rates
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Explanations for anxiety disorders
fear can be conditioned by anxiety-arousing events from our past. fear can be generalized from situation to another. avoiding frightening situations serves as reinforcement. we can learn fear through observation. some fears are more naturally learned than others (snakes, heights ext.)
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by
feelings of personal worthlessness
Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________.
free association; active listening
Transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Humanistic Perspective
inability to reach full potential causes disorders
Personality disorders are best described as
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Judicial systems are responsible for making decisions regarding
insanity
The psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as
insight therapies
systematic desensitization
patient first identifies an anxiety hierarchy, then is taught coping or relaxation techniques, and then experiences the hierarchy step-by-step while relaxing
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are
sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called SSRIs because they
slow the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses.
Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least
two weeks
Free association involves the
uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.
Labels can create
Self fulfilling prophecies
Mary Cover Jones
"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits - developed systematic desensitization
chronic schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
acute schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.
In order to be considered psychologically abnormal today you must follow the "three Ds" which are:
- deviance: difference from one's typical cultural population - distressful: causing yourself to be uncomfortable, etc - dysfunctional: impairing day to day life
Characterized by anxiety where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to vast openness or crowdedness
Agoraphobia
Anxiety disorders include
-generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) -panic disorders -separation anxiety disorder -phobias -agoraphobia -social anxiety disorder -selective mutism
The psychologist known for challenging people's absurd self-defeating ideas is
Albert Ellis
Primary symptoms involve disturbances in eating behavior and distress or concern about body shape or weight
Feeding and eating disorders
exposure therapy
An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
An emerging biomedical treatment for depression that involves applying rapid pulses of magnetic stimulation to the brain from a coil held near the scalp.
Excoriation
An impulse control disorder, characterized by the repeated urge to pick it, one's own skin often to the extent that damage is caused
An eating disorder characterized by food intake restriction, distorted body self-perception, and possible excessive exercise
Anorexia nervosa
Patient confronts their phobia at its worst. This is faster, less efficient, more traumatic than systematic desensitization.
Flooding
A psychotherapist is more likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ____ various psychological disorders
Identify
Identifying mental illness by symptoms presented and curing it through treatment and therapy
Medical mode
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging (vomiting, or taking a laxative) and possible excessive exercise
Bulimia nervosa
By the 1800s reformation began in how mental illness was looked at leading to hospitals replacing asylums and the development of ____ ____/mental health movement.
Medical modes
Researchers recently estimated that approximately ________ percent of adult Americans had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder during the prior year.
26
Xanax and Ativan are ___ drugs
Antianxiety
Primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. These are the most common group of mental disorders in the USA.
Anxiety disorders
Insight therapy
Any therapy that attempts to discover relationships between unconscious motivations and current abnormal behavior.
Was formally a type of high functioning autism without the usual cognitive and language delays. It no longer exists as a standalone diagnosis.
Asperger syndrome
Characterized by significant problems with attention and inhibition control, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD
Characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some case cognitive delays
Autism spectrum disorder
Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interaction
Avoidant personality disorder
Disassociative fugue
A subset of disassociative amnesia, where a person forgets their past, creates a brand new identity and begins a new life in a different location
Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are major symptoms of
ADHD
Characterized by being unable to adjust or cope with a particular stressor, such as a major life event
Adjustment disorder
ABC approach
Adversity, beliefs about the adversity, and consequences of the belief
counterconditioning
A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Dr. Macintosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. Dr. Macintoshes emphasis best illustrates
A biopsychosocial approach
Group and Family Therapy
A method of therapy which views a relationship as a system. The therapist guides the clients to improve communication among people in their life.
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Episodes of intense drag that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of
A panic disorder
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
conversion disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
tardive dyskinesia
A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.
An immediate rational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of
A specific phobia
Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic of
Beck's cognitive therapy
Characterized by periods of mania or elevated mood and activity/energy, alternating with periods of depression
Bipolar disorder
A person is excessively concerned about, and preoccupied by one or more imagined, or minor defects in their physical features
Body dysmorphic disorder, BDD
Characterized by impulsivity and extreme instability in emotions, relationships and the self image
Borderline personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Characterized by a pervasive pattern of manipulation and a disregard for the rights of others
As a psychotherapist, Dr. Benoit does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Benoit's position is most characteristic of ___ therapy.
Client centered
Helps clients work out the problem by incorporating active listening and unconditional positive regard
Client centered therapy
Characterized by suffering of neurological symptoms, such as numbness blindness or paralysis without definable organic cause
Conversion disorder
The major group of behavioral therapies is called
Counterconditioning
Many clinicians diagnose disorders by answering questions from five levels of the
DSM-V
By the 1950s, ____ became the norm
Deinstitutionalization
A mental disorder where a person experiences a feeling of watching oneself act with no control over a situation (depersonalization) and a belief that one's external world is unreal (de realization).
Depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD)
American psychiatric association's __________, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. - known as the psychiatrics Bible; also used for insurance - lists individual disorders into categories of disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
In a study by David Rosenhahn, researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be hearing voices. This study best illustrated the negative affects of.
Diagnostic labels
Individual experiences retrograde autobiographical loss of memory with no physiological basis for disruption
Disassociative amnesia
Symptoms include conscious becoming separated, or disassociated from previous memories, thoughts or feelings
Disassociative disorders
Several weeks after being fired from a job he had held for more than 20 years Landon awoke one morning in a state of bewildered confusion he had a little sense of who he was, and he even fail to recognize his wife. Landon experience is most indicative of
Dissociative disorder
This is when a person exhibits two or more distinct, alternating personalities
Dissociative identity disorder
Three D's of Abnormality
Distressing (to self and others), Dysfunctional (for person or society) and Deviant (Violates social norms)
What are explanations for schizophrenia?
Dopamine overactivity, low frontal lobe activity, overactive thalamus and amygdala, pregnancy viral infections, and other birth complications, genetic influences, and breakdowns in selective attention
Modern day therapy often involves a ___ ____: utilizing a variety of treatments from multiple schools of thought.
Eclectic approach
This biomedical therapy is often used as a last resort for major depressive disorder
Electroconvulsive therapy
Active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
Humanistic therapist are most likely to
Emphasize the importance of self awareness for psychological adjustment
Explanations of depressive disorders
Explanations include alcohol abuse increasing risk, genetic influences, low amounts of serotonin and norepinephrine, and negative explanatory style
Works with individuals of the same family simultaneously to nurture change in development and interaction between family members
Family therapy
Joseph Wolphe
Father of Behavior Therapy Trained in psychoanalysis Believed that fear and phobias were learned Extended Mary's work
psychoanalytic therapies aim to bring clients unconscious into awareness to identify origins of their disorder via
Free association
Characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about events or activity with no causal root
Generalized anxiety disorder
Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most the time but doesn't know why. Without warning his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from
Generalized anxiety disorder
Alcoholics anonymous is a good example of this type of therapy
Group therapy
Seeing one-eyed monster's would be a ___. Believing that you were Christopher Columbus would be a ___.
Hallucination ;delusion
Characterized by a pattern of excessive attention seeking, including a need for approval
Histrionic personality disorder
Instead of focusing on the cure of psychological disorders, ________ therapies seek to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment.
Humanistic
An individual excessively worries about a serious illness, based on little or no evidence to substantiate the worry
Illness anxiety disorder
Conversation oriented therapy, aimed to help client become aware or gain insight into the underlying motives for the problem
Insight therapy
The ultimate goal of this type of therapy is to promote growth and the client
Insight therapy
Characterized by a significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning defined at an IQ score below 70
Intellectual disability
What are long term side effects of antipsychotic drug usage?
It can cause tardive dyskinesia, which is the repetitive involuntary movement of the body that often involves the tongue and mouth
Used to treat bipolar disorder
Lithium
Little Peter experiment
Little peter was afraid of rabbits. Jones used food as the pleasant stimulus. The food and the rabbit became associated which led to Little Peter to be less afraid of the rabbit while it was moved closer to him. Little Peter became confident around the rabbit that he was able to pet the rabbit without fear
Procedure, that cuts or scrapes away connections to, and from the prefrontal cortex
Lobotomy
Characterized by persistent and pervasive low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities with no causal factor.
Major depressive disorder
Characterized by extreme egocentrism and self importance and excessive preoccupation with power prestige and vanity
Narcissistic personality disorder
The primary symptoms of these disorders are characterized by the impairments of the growth and development of the brain and the central nervous system
Neurodevelopmental disorders
The word insanity is
Not an actual diagnosis and does not appear in the DSM. It only comes out of the legal system.
Symptoms include impulsivity (cant inhibit repetitive behaviors) or compulsivity (can't recognize task completion)
Obsessive compulsive and related disorders
Persistent, unwanted thoughts or obsessions, causing the feeling of needing to engage in a particular action or compulsion to make the obsession stop
Obsessive compulsive disorder
A token economy represents the application of the principles of
Operant conditioning
The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle scarred war veterans best illustrates symptoms of
PTSD
This disorder is characterized by frequent panic attacks or incidents of intense terror in which a person experiences dread and accompanying physiological sensations , such as chest pain and choking.
Panic disorder
Somatic symptoms and related disorders
Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (e.g., paralysis, blindness, illness, or chronic pain) for which there is no identifiable physical cause.
A person who is capable of speech, does not speak in specific situations or to specific people
Selective mutism
Positive schizophrenia symptoms
Presence of inappropriate behaviors - delusions, or false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur - hallucinations or sensory experiences without sensory stimulation - excessive or purposeless movement - Word salad or confused in often repetitive language
Rosenhan Study
Pseudo-patients could not be distinguished from regular patients. Behaviors were viewed as abnormal because of contextual bias.
Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adults psychological disorder by exploring the persons childhood experiences?
Psychoanalyst
The scientific study of the effects of drugs
Psychopharmacology
Assumes that negative explanatory style leads to depression, and attempts to convince the sufferer to challenge/modify these attitudes
Rational-emotive behavior therapy
Characterized by persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way
Reactive attachment disorder
This is a mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social behavior, and a failure to recognize what is real
Schizophrenia
IQs below 70 typically have been excluded from
The death penalty, due to mental retardation. This may be different due to change in intellectual disability, based on construct of adaptive functioning.
How did the main focus of mental illness treatment change in the 1800s?
The main focus changed from the individual being the problem to the illness being the problem.
Ecclectic approach
Therapist will use different theories and therapies combined to treat a mental disease
Early theories of psychological abnormalities
Thought to be caused by a variety of phenomenon, such as being possessed by evil spirits, alignment of the stars, Godlike powers, etc.
Characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic
Tourette's disorder
Primary symptoms involve explicit exposure to a traumatic or stressful event
Trauma and stressor related disorders
Early treatments for psychological abnormalities
Treatment for psychological abnormalities were typically barbaric: spirit possessions were often treated by trephination or drilling holes into the skull to release the spirit or exorcisms, other abnormalities were treated with beatings, burnings, castrations, removal of intestine animal, blood transfusions, imprisonment, etc.
Carl Rogers referred to a caring, non-judgemental attitude as
Unconditional positive regard
A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that _____ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year
United States
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient - often used as a last resort for major depressive disorder
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Trichotillomania
a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
token economy
a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months
mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
After Charles Darwin began suffering from panic disorder, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company. His panic disorder was apparently accompanied by
agoraphobia
Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of
agoraphobia
Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by
alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism
Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the
amygdala
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
social anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
Which drugs are designed to depress central nervous system activity
antianxiety drugs
The distinctive older term psychopath refers to an individual with
antisocial personality disorder
Melea suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Melea, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Melea's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist.
behavior
Therapists practice ________ by using positive reinforcers to reward closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.
behavior modification
After Anika learned that her history professor had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the professor's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the
biasing power of diagnostic labels
what does biopyschosocial model focus on
biology, social, and psychological factors; focuses on the causes of the disorder rather than the treatment
Schizophrenia is a disorder that is most likely to be treated with
biomedical therapies
Mania is most likely to be associated with a(n)
bipolar disorder
Which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder? - catatonia - bipolar disorder - generalized anxiety disorder - agoraphobia - antisocial personality disorder
bipolar disorder
Hoarding disorder
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
Carl Rogers is known for the development
client-centered therapy
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
somatic symptom disorder
condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin
Experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense is indicative of
conversion disorder
Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with
depression
The number one reason people seek mental health services is
depression
Psychiatrist and psychologist label behavior as disordered when it is
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
Behavioral Perspective
disorder behaviors are rewarding
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by
disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity
A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of
dissociation
Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
dissociative identity disorder
Tardive dyskinesia is often associated with long-term use of drugs that occupy certain ___ receptor sites
dopamine
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine
Antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
Transference refers to a client's
expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.
evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Compared with ECT, rTMS is __ likely to produce seizures and ___ likely to produce memory loss.
less and less
Quinn, an 18-year-old college freshman, has missed almost all his classes during the past month. He spends most of his time in his bedroom, frequently not even bothering to get dressed or eat meals. He thinks his whole life has been a failure and blames himself for being a social misfit. Quinn is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder
As Jordan watches, his brother receives an electric shock from touching the frayed toaster cord. Jordan is now intensely afraid of toasters. This best illustrates that fear can be learned through
observational learning
The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of
obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety is considered disordered if it is
persistent and distressing
Phobias are most likely to be characterized by
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Aaron Beck
pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.
Albert Ellis
pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are ___ of inappropriate behaviors and negative symptoms are the ____ of appropriate behaviors.
presence; absence
Alexis is socially withdrawn and has a few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of a psychological disorder if it is.
preventing her from functioning effectively
Which form of therapy is most likely to be criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven?
psychoanalysis
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Psychological disorders that researchers believe are learned, such as phobias, are most likely to be treated with
psychotherapy
Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he complained of a headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Austin's behavior is an example of
resistance
In which type of disorder is a persons speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a word salad
schizophrenia
Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the psychiatric hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from
schizophrenia
People First Language
seeing individuals as people first and not as being defined by their disorder
A conversion disorder is a type of
somatoform disorder
A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates
stimulus generalization
psychoanalytic perspective
stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior
Psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
cognitive perspective
symptoms of disorders due to maladaptive thinking
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors - flat affect: apathetic state involving lack of emotion - catatonia or motionless for hours - loss of interest in every day activities/lack of pleasure - feeling out of touch with people, family and friends
Post traumatic growth
the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative events
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
diagnostic labeling effects
the fact that labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies; the label may make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it may actually increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way
epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with
their own self-importance
Humanistic therapies
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
biomedical therapy
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
Cognitive therapies
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Group Therapy
treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
behavioral therapies
treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques
A therapist who takes an eclectic approach, is one who
uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches
virtual reality exposure therapy
uses virtual reality to expose patients to simulations of their fear
Biological Perspective
view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems
