Bio Exam 2

How do capillaries facilitate exchange of gases and micronutrients? A) Material is moving really quickly through them, exchanging gases and micronutrients really fast B) Capillaries are covered in smooth muscle which helps with diffusion C) Capillaries are thin in diameter so blood moves through them slowly, facilitating diffusion D) Capillaries are thick in diameter with large surface area: volume ratios which helps with diffusion

C) Capillaries are thin in diameter so blood moves through them slowly, facilitating diffusion

Which would be the best body plan for a mammal adapted for life in a cold climate to minimize heat loss? A) Large size, spherical body, long ears B) Large size, elongated body, short ears C) Large size, spherical body, short ears D) Small size, elongated body, long ears E) Small size, spherical shape, short ears

C) Large size, spherical body, short ears

You measure the temperature of an animal and find it's 5 degrees warmer than the current outside temperature. What can you conclude from this? A) The animal is an endotherm B) The animal is an ectotherm C) The animal is regulating its temperature D) A and C E) B and C

C) The animal is regulating its temperature

Which of these is an example of negative feedback? A) As a blood clot begins to form, the process of its formation gets faster and faster. B) the generation of a nerve signal, where sodium ions moving through sodium channels in the cell membrane cause additional sodium channels to open up C) the "thermostat" in the hypothalamus of mammals shuts off shivering once normal body temperature is reached D) The digestive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid; pepsin itself can then convert pepsinogen into pepsin. E) Once labor during childbirth begins, uterine contractions increase in frequency and intensity to push the baby out

C) the "thermostat" in the hypothalamus of mammals shuts off shivering once normal body temperature is reached

Why do you need a gas exchange system? A) to get rid of carbon dioxide B) to circulate micronutrients C) to oxygenate our blood D) A and C E) All of the above

D) A and C

Which of the following is NOT true of bird and mammalian lungs? A) Bird lungs are more efficient than mammalian lungs B) Bird lungs use a continuous flow system C) Mammalian lungs are made up of alveoli D) Mammalian lungs contain anterior and posterior air sacs

D) Mammalian lungs contain anterior and posterior air sacs

What is the correct order of organs that food passes through along the alimentary canal? A) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine B) mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C) pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine D) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine E) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine

D) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following organisms requires the most energy to maintain their body temperature (per unit mass)? Anaconda (large ectotherm) Elephant (large endotherm) Deer mouse (small endotherm) Human (medium endotherm) Leafcutter ant (small ectotherm)

Deer mouse (small endotherm)

The difference between T and B cells is: A) B cells produce antibodies whereas T cells do not B) B cells attach to infected cells whereas T cells attach to free-living invaders C) B cells attach to free-living invaders whereas T cells attach to infected cells D) Both A and B E) Both A and C

E) Both A and C

Which of the following is true of ectotherms? A) they obtain their heat from the environment B) they require less energy per unit mass than endotherms C) the group includes reptiles and amphibians D) they can use behavior to regulate body temperature E) all of the above are true of ectotherms

E) all of the above are true of ectotherms

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the A) trachea. B) larynx. C) bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) alveoli.

E) alveoli.

When your body is injured, chemical signals attract a type of blood cell called platelets from your blood stream to cling to the injury site, which function to promote clotting and prevent further bleeding. Once arrived, platelets send out additional signals attracting even more platelets, helping to accelerate the clotting process. How would you best characterize this sequence of events? A) a complement system B) homeostatic equilibrium C) inflammatory response D) innate immunity E) positive feedback

E) positive feedback

A powerful four-chambered heart (birds and mammals) was an essential adaptation supporting the endothermic way of life... why?

Endotherms have high metabolic demands

In which group of organisms does blood flow directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without returning to the heart?

Fish

Both amphibians and flatworms exchange gases by diffusion - can either of them rely on diffusion alone for their gas exchange needs?

Flatworms can

Characteristics of respiratory surfaces depend on body size, metabolic rate, and lifestyle. Relative to an ectotherm of similar body size, an endotherm would be expected to:

Have a greater respiratory surface area

Why are small mammals less common at higher latitudes?

Higher SA:V increases heat loss

What SA:vol advantage does the sea anemone generate by growing lots of thin tentacles?

It has more opportunities to trap food

During digestion, hydrochloric acid (HCl) lowers the stomach's pH and this causes the enzyme pepsinogen to be converted to its active form, called pepsin. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme, which means it cleaves (breaks) peptide bonds associated with food particles. The enzyme pepsin can also cleave pepsinogen into pepsin, and this causes the rate at which pepsinogen is converted to pepsin to increase. This is an example of: A) A negative feedback loop B) A positive feedback loop C) The importance of keeping your stomach pH high during digestion D) The importance of hormones in activating pepsin

B) A positive feedback loop

The ____________ has/have the thinnest walls. A) Aorta B) Capillaries C) Posterior vena cava D) Pulmonary artery E) Right ventricle

B) Capillaries

How does your stomach avoid digesting itself? A) It recognizes the difference between your own cells and the other things you eat B) It doesn't - its continuously being digested C) It has a protective layer of mucous A and C B and C

B) It doesn't - its continuously being digested C) It has a protective layer of mucous

Some salamanders lack lungs and respire through their skin as well as tissues lining their mouths What would you guess are differences between lungless salamanders and salamanders with lungs? A) Lungless salamanders have smaller surface area: volume ratios than salamanders with lungs B) Lungless salamanders have larger surface area: volume ratios than salamanders with lungs C) Lungless salamanders live on dry land whereas salamanders with lungs live in moist environments D) Lungless salamanders have a greater need for oxygen compared to salamanders with lungs E) A and D

B) Lungless salamanders have larger surface area: volume ratios than salamanders with lungs

Which is FALSE? A) Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the mouth and small intestine and are absorbed only in the small intestine B) Proteins are mechanically digested in the mouth and stomach and are chemically digested and absorbed in the stomach only C) Fats are digested by enzymes in the small intestine and are absorbed only in the small intestine D) Different enzymes are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats E) All of the above are actually correct.

B) Proteins are mechanically digested in the mouth and stomach and are chemically digested and absorbed in the stomach only

How does the macrophage "know" which cells are bacterial? A) The bacteria are bright yellow whereas the macrophage is pink B) The bacteria are covered in bacteria-specific proteins C) The bacteria are too small to be one of our cells bacteria have nuclei just like our red blood cells D) The bacteria are too large to be one of our cells

B) The bacteria are covered in bacteria-specific proteins

Which is NOT true about blood flow in the heart? A) Contraction of the right atrium forces blood into the right ventricle B) The pulmonary veins bring oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart C) When the left and right ventricles contract, valves keep blood from flowing back into their respective atria D) A and C E) All of the above are actually correct

B) The pulmonary veins bring oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart

Which of the following statements about diffusion across a cell membrane is true? A) It takes longer for particles to diffuse throughout large cells in comparison to small cells because of the larger surface area of the cell membrane. B) The surface area of the membrane determines how many molecules can enter and exit a cell at once. C) Small cells and large cells have similar abilities to balance the rate of oxygen uptake (the rate it diffuses into the cell across the cell membrane) with the rate of oxygen consumption (the rate that oxygen is used up by the cell). D) The speed of diffusing particles is slower in large cells than in small cells.

B) The surface area of the membrane determines how many molecules can enter and exit a cell at once.

Homeostasis typically relies on negative feedback because positive feedback A) requires a response but not a stimulus. B) drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point. C) acts within, but not beyond, a normal range. D) can decrease but not increase a variable. E) involves one location rather than several across the body.

B) drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point.

Where does gas and nutrient exchange take place in open vs. closed circulatory systems? A) Hemolymph exchanges directly with other tissues in open systems, blood exchanges directly with interstitial fluid in closed systems B) Interstitial fluid exchanges directly with other tissues in open and in closed circulatory systems C) Hemolymph exchanges directly with other tissues in closed systems, blood exchanges directly with interstitial fluid in open systems D) Blood exchanges directly with tissues in both open and closed circulatory systems

A) Hemolymph exchanges directly with other tissues in open systems, blood exchanges directly with interstitial fluid in closed systems

When trying to exchange materials (like nutrients) into or out of cells most efficiently, what relationship between surface area and volume is most beneficial? A) Maximize surface area and minimize volume. B) Keep surface area and volume equal. C) Minimize surface area and maximize volume. D) None of these answers are correct.

A) Maximize surface area and minimize volume.

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the A) lungs. B) skeletal muscles. C) liver. D) heart. E) brain.

A) lungs.

Why is the "secondary immune response" stronger and faster than the "primary immune response"? It is due to: A) production of memory B cells during the first exposure B) production of memory macrophages during the first exposure C) production of macrophages following the first exposure D) none of the above, the primary response is stronger and faster than the secondary response

A) production of memory B cells during the first exposure

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.

A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

The smallest bird (bee hummingbird) and the smallest mammal (Etruscan shrew) are each 1.8g. Much smaller fish, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates exist. Do you think a bird or mammal half the weight of these record-holders could be discovered in the future? Why or why not?

No, such a creature probably could not keep warm even at the Equator.

What animal has a greater surface area to volume ratio?

Tapeworm

The capillaries allow for material exchange (e.g., oxygen, nutrients, waste products). Why doesn't this occur in the arteries and veins?

The blood is flowing too fast The walls of arteries and veins are too thick

Blood pressure is highest in the: a) Aorta b) Posterior vena cava c) Anterior vena cava d) Pulmonary arteries e) Capillaries

a) Aorta

Which statement about the mammalian heart is correct? a) In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs b) Blood exits the heart via the atria c) Oxygenated blood moves only through the right side of the heart d) Blood first enters the heart at the ventricles e) When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left ventricle

a) In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because: a) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules. b) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. c) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. d) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient. e) a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not.

a) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules.

Which of the following cells can engulf (phagocytize) a pathogen? a) Macrophages b) Natural killer cells c) Platelets d) B cells

a) Macrophages

Why should organ donors be closely related to organ recipients (those needing the organ transplant)? Choose the BEST answer. a) because they have similar MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins b) because they are likely to have similar blood types c) because they share similar bacterial symbionts d) because they have been exposed to similar pathogens e) because they share the same complement system (cascade of interacting proteins)

a) because they have similar MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

Homeostasis typically relies on negative feedback because positive feedback: a) drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point. b) can decrease but not increase a variable. c) acts within, but not beyond, a normal range. d) requires a response but not a stimulus. e) involves one location rather than several across the body.

a) drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point.

Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common? a) exchange surfaces are moist b) enclosed in a hard, protective structure (like a ribcage) c) have to be exposed to air to function d) involves transport of CO2 and O2 across a membrane via active transport (phagocytosis) e) found only in chordates

a) exchange surfaces are moist

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in the lungs and in the intestines, evolutionary pressures have: a) increased the surface area available for exchange b) increased the number of cell layers c) increased the volume of the cells in these linings d) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings e) increased the thickness of these linings

a) increased the surface area available for exchange

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells: a) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach. b) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach. c) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach. d) include pepsinogen. e) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.

a) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.

B lymphocytes respond to antigens by ______________, while cytotoxic T lymphocytes respond to antigens by _____________. a) producing antibodies, direct attack on the pathogen b) producing more antigens, producing more antibodies c) inhibiting red blood cell production, accelerating lymphocyte production d) producing the hormone insulin, producing antibodies

a) producing antibodies, direct attack on the pathogen

You encounter two different species of cube-shaped organisms. The smaller species has the dimensions of 1 x 1 x 1 cm (length x width x height) while the larger species has dimensions of 2 x 2 x 2 cm. Both species are endothermic. Let's say you encounter 8 of the small species and 1 individual of the larger species. What would you expect to be true about food consumption by the two species (in total), assuming equivalent environmental conditions? a) the 8 small cubes would consume more food (in total) than the 1 large cube b) the 1 large cube would consume more food than the 8 small cubes c) both groups would consume the same amount of food

a) the 8 small cubes would consume more food (in total) than the 1 large cube

The white blood cells (leukocytes) involved with the innate immune system include all of the following EXCEPT: a) natural killer cells b) B cells (lymphocytes) c) macrophages d) neutrophils

b) B cells (lymphocytes)

What are the main cells involved in the specific immune response? a) self cells and non-self cells b) B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes c) antigens and antibodies d) natural killer cells and macrophages

b) B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize: a) Osmosis of carbon dioxide into the blood b) Diffusion of oxygen into the blood c) Endocytosis of carbon dioxide into the blood d) Active transport of oxygen into the blood e) Blood pressure

b) Diffusion of oxygen into the blood

Match the following stages of food processing with their PRIMARY location (i.e., where most of the process occurs) (hint: try to answer the question before you look at the answer options) I digestion II absorption III elimination a) I = stomach, II = stomach, III = small intestine b) I = small intestine, II = small intestine, III = large intestine c) I = stomach, II = large intestine, III = small intestine d) I = small intestine, II = stomach, III = large intestine e) I = stomach, II = small intestine, III = large intestine

b) I = small intestine, II = small intestine, III = large intestine

Rank the following organisms from lowest to highest metabolic demand PER UNIT MASS: I. Endotherm with a high surface area to volume ratio (mouse) II. Ectotherm with a low surface area to volume ratio (great white shark) III. Endotherm with a low surface area to volume ratio (grizzly bear) a) II, I, III b) II, III, I c) They are all equivalent in terms of metabolic demand per unit mass d) III, II, I e) I, II, III

b) II, III, I

Which of the following is a true difference between T cells and B cells? a) T cells, but not B cells, undergo clonal selection only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow b) T cells, but not B cells, can directly attack and destroy infected cells c) T cells, but not B cells, can recognize foreign antigens d) Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity

b) T cells, but not B cells, can directly attack and destroy infected cells

Under what circumstances would you expect your body to produce more of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)? a) You take a trip to the Amazon, which is at a much warmer average temperature than your body is accustomed. b) You begin a new exercise regimen, in which your cardiovascular system is working much harder than usual. c) Two of these answers are correct. d) You begin a new diet that is much lower in protein (peptide) content than your body is accustomed. e) You take a trip to Death Valley in California, which is at a much lower elevation than your body is accustomed.

b) You begin a new exercise regimen, in which your cardiovascular system is working much harder than usual.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved with: a) disruption of viral DNA b) antigen presentation and recognition c) destruction of bacterial cell membranes d) activation of interferons

b) antigen presentation and recognition

Why is the "secondary immune response" stronger and faster than the "primary immune response"? a) because of the production of memory macrophages during the first exposure b) because of the production of memory T and B cells during the first exposure c) because of the production of natural killer cells during the first exposure d) none of these answers are correct, the primary response is stronger and faster than the secondary response e) because of the production of B cell plasma cells

b) because of the production of memory T and B cells during the first exposure

How do capillaries facilitate exchange of gases and micronutrients within the vertebrate body? a) the high speed of blood traveling within capillaries helps rapidly exchange materials to and from tissues in the body b) capillaries are thin-walled with slow blood flow, which facilitates material exchange c) the smooth muscle layer surrounding the capillaries helps promote diffusion d) capillaries are thick in diameter with a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which offers increased opportunity for absorption

b) capillaries are thin-walled with slow blood flow, which facilitates material exchange

If a person has memory B cells against an antigen on the measles virus, that person: a) is more likely to develop measles b) is much less likely to develop measles a second time c) is able to spread measles to others by physical contact d) will also develop an immunity to the chickenpox virus e) also has natural killer memory cells

b) is much less likely to develop measles a second time

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing: a) all of the signs of a major infection. b) redness, heat, and swelling. c) pain. d) redness and heat only. e) swelling only.

b) redness, heat, and swelling.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding red blood cells (erythrocytes)? a) they have a high surface area to volume ratio b) they contain mitochondria c) they do not contain DNA d) they are produced in the bone marrow e) they are biconcave

b) they contain mitochondria

By the time a meal reaches the large intestine, what major process of digestion is most likely to be occurring? a) absorption of food monomers b) water re-absorption c) protein digestion d) gastrin release e) filtration

b) water re-absorption

Which blood component is matched incorrectly with its function? a) red blood cells (erythrocytes)-- transport oxygen b) white blood cells (leukocytes)-- transport carbon dioxide and regulate blood pH c) platelets (thrombocytes)-- involved in clotting d) plasma-- contains proteins, hormones, waste products, ions, and nutrients

b) white blood cells (leukocytes)-- transport carbon dioxide and regulate blood pH

With an average elevation exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), the Tibetan Plateau is sometimes called "the Roof of the World" and is the world's highest and largest plateau. Natural selection... a) Can generate new heritable traits in a population. b) Is the movement of genetic information from one population to another. c) Acts upon existing genetic variation in a population. d) Is never related to the environmental conditions a population experiences. e) Always produces increasing complexity in a population's traits over time.

c) Acts upon existing genetic variation in a population.

Which of the following best describes the immunological process of "clonal selection," whereby your body produces antibodies in response to an invading pathogen you have NOT previously encountered? a) following phagocytosis, B cells convert pathogen proteins into antibodies b) circulating macrophages "tag" invading pathogens with specific MHC proteins c) B cells that are exposed to specific antigens produce memory and plasma cells, the latter of which produce antibodies d) memory T cells recognize the pathogen and release antibodies e) your body customizes specific antibodies to attack the pathogen ("made to order")

c) B cells that are exposed to specific antigens produce memory and plasma cells, the latter of which produce antibodies

Which barrier must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside the lungs: a) Diaphragm b) Artery wall c) Capillary wall d) Ventricle e) Bronchi

c) Capillary wall

An open circulatory system differs from a closed system in which of the following ways? a) Animals with open systems don't have a heart b) Animals with closed systems don't have vessels c) In an open system there is no difference between the blood and the interstitial fluid d) In animals with a closed system the organs exchange gases and nutrients by direct contact with the blood, but in an open system the organs and blood never come in direct contact e) In both open and closed systems, circulatory fluid is distinct from interstitial fluid

c) In an open system there is no difference between the blood and the interstitial fluid

All are characteristics of red blood cells EXCEPT: a) Most numerous blood cells b) Contain hemoglobin c) Initiate clotting d) High surface area to volume ratio e) Don't contain nuclei or mitochondria when mature

c) Initiate clotting

Which of the following is/are TRUE about where the following macromolecules are digested and absorbed by the body? a) Three of these answers are correct b) Water is absorbed in the stomach and reabsorbed in the large intestine c) Two of these answers are correct d) Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the mouth and the small intestine and are absorbed in the small intestine e) Proteins are digested by enzymes in the stomach and the small intestine, and absorbed in the small intestine

c) Two of these answers are correct

Which organism isn't correctly matched with its circulation type: a) flatworm--diffusion b) dragonfly--open circulation c) bird--closed circulation, 2 chambered heart d) octopus--closed circulation e) mammal--closed circulation, 4 chambered heart

c) bird--closed circulation, 2 chambered heart

Which of the following is TRUE of ectothermy? a) ectotherms have higher metabolic demands relative to similarly-sized endotherms b) ectotherms have higher surface area-to-volume ratios than endotherms c) ectotherms can regulate their temperatures through behavior d) ectotherms can regulate their temperature through metabolic activity e) mammals and birds can be ectotherms under the right conditions

c) ectotherms can regulate their temperatures through behavior

Antigens are: a) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign red blood cells to lyse (break apart). b) proteins embedded in B cell membranes. c) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. d) a specialized type of leukocyte (white blood cell). e) proteins released during an inflammatory response to invading bacteria.

c) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

Which of the following is/are example(s) of the "countercurrent exchange system"? a) air flow within the anterior and posterior air sacs in bird lungs b) absorption and digestion in the small intestine c) gills and gas exchange in fish d) filtration of blood within the glomerulus in the nephron

c) gills and gas exchange in fish

What is the primary function of antibody-mediated immunity? a) it mainly defends against fungi and protozoa b) it protects the body against cancerous cells c) it produces antibodies that circulate in the body d) it mainly defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells

c) it produces antibodies that circulate in the body

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the: a) liver. b) skeletal muscles. c) lungs. d) brain. e) heart.

c) lungs.

Vaccination increases the number of: a) MHC molecules that can present an antigen. b) epitopes that the immune system can recognize. c) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. d) different receptors that recognize a pathogen. e) macrophages specific for a pathogen.

c) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

Which is true about the B plasma cells involved in clonal selection? a) an individual plasma cell contains many different antigen-recognizing proteins on their surface, making them able to detect many different types of antigens b) B-plasma cells directly attack and phagocytize pathogens c) plasma cells are clones of B-cells that have encountered and responded to the presence of an antigen d) plasma cells are B-cells that were once T-cells e) plasma cells are also known as natural killer cells

c) plasma cells are clones of B-cells that have encountered and responded to the presence of an antigen

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that: a) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. b) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. c) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. d) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. e) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental.

c) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Unexpectedly, the temperature outside begins to drop dramatically. Which of the following responses would likely occur in your body following this temperature drop? a) vasodilation b) peristalsis c) vasoconstriction d) hypertension e) ventricular fibrillation

c) vasoconstriction

Which sequence of blood flow would be observed in a mammal? a) left ventricle--aorta--lungs--out to the body tissues b) right atrium--pulmonary artery--left atrium--right ventricle c) veins--right atrium--right ventricle--pulmonary artery--lungs d) pulmonary veins--left atrium--left ventricle--out to the lungs e) right ventricle--pulmonary vein--left ventricle--out to the body tissues

c) veins--right atrium--right ventricle--pulmonary artery--lungs

Which of the following statements is not true? a) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. b) A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule. c) An antigen can have different epitopes. d) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. e) A pathogen makes more than one antigen.

d) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.

Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface for gas exchange between air and blood? a) Diaphragm b) Capillary c) Bronchiole d) Alveolus e) Bronchi

d) Alveolus

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of B cells and cytotoxic T cells? a) B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells b) B cells carry out the cell-mediated repsonse; cytotoxic T cells carry out the antibody mediated response c) B cells mainly respond to viruses; cytotoxic T cells mainly respond to bacteria d) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells e) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells only respond to subsequent exposures

d) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells

Which of the following events doesn't occur as part of the inflammatory response to a break in the skin? a) mast cells release histamines and macrophages release cytokines b) redness and swelling occur as nearby capillaries dilate and become leaky c) neutrophils and macrophages follow a chemical gradient to the infection site to attack pathogens d) B cells secrete antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction

d) B cells secrete antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction

The body regulates breathing in response to: a) Erythropoietin levels in the blood b) Hemoglobin levels c) Blood glucose concentration d) Carbon dioxide levels and blood pH e) Pancreatic enzymes

d) Carbon dioxide levels and blood pH

Which statement about gas (O2 and CO2) transport in humans is correct? a) Most carbon dioxide is transported bound to hemoglobin b) Oxygen combines with water in the blood to form bicarbonate ions c) In the systemic circulation (blood going to supply the body cells) oxygen diffuses from the cells into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the cells d) Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin e) The concentration of oxygen is higher in venous blood than in arterial blood

d) Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? a) All arteries carry oxygenated blood, all veins carry deoxygenated blood b) Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries c) Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart d) Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart e) The diameter of arteries is larger than that of veins

d) Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart

Which is not part of the innate immune system? a) complement proteins b) interferons c) natural killer cells d) cytotoxic T cells e) phagocytic cells (like macrophages)

d) cytotoxic T cells

The best definition of an antigen is: a) lipid found in the blood that causes foreign blood cells to clump together b) protein found inside a B cell nucleus c) body cell that is involved in coordinating an immune response d) foreign molecule that triggers the generation of antibodies e) protein released by lymphocytes during an immune response

d) foreign molecule that triggers the generation of antibodies

Which of the following statements about clonal selection is FALSE? a) each B lymphocyte recognizes only one antigen b) an activated B lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an antigen c) memory cells persist even after the pathogen is eliminated d) macrophages undergo clonal selection

d) macrophages undergo clonal selection

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to: a) the position of muscle attachment sites. b) the evidence of food molecules still present. c) the size of the mouth opening. d) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth. e) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.

d) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that: a) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. b) the pathogen has only one epitope. c) the MHC molecules are heterozygous. d) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change. e) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified.

d) the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change.

Under what circumstances would you expect your body to produce more of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)? a) You take a trip to Antarctica, which is at a much colder average temperature than your body is accustomed b) You take a trip to the Andes mountains, which are at a much higher elevation than your body is accustomed c) You begin a new diet that is much lower in carbohydrate (sugar) content than your body is accustomed. d) You begin a new exercise regimen, in which your cardiovascular system is working much harder than usual. e) B and D

e) B and D

All are functions of the immune system EXCEPT: a) Distinguish "self" cells from "non-self" cells b) Protect against repeated encounters with specific pathogens c) Targeted destruction of foreign cells and molecules d) Prevent pathogens from entering the body e) Maintain blood pH homeostasis

e) Maintain blood pH homeostasis

Which of the following features is NOT an adaptation for maximizing gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs? a) High surface area b) Moist exchange surface c) Short diffusion distance between alveoli and blood vessels d) Large number of alveoli e) Specialized transport proteins embedded in alveolar cells

e) Specialized transport proteins embedded in alveolar cells

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his: a) plasma cells. b) B cells. c) natural killer cells. d) macrophages. e) T cells.

e) T cells.

The body's innate (non-specific) defenses against pathogens include all of the following except: a) mucous membranes b) natural killer cells c) macrophages d) antimicrobial molecules e) T-lymphocytes

e) T-lymphocytes

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having: a) a high level of secretion from parietal cells. b) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas. c) a high level of secretion by chief cells. d) a sufficient colony of H. pylori. e) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

e) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with: a) monoclonal antibodies. b) complement. c) sterile pollen. d) a vaccine. e) antihistamines.

e) antihistamines.

The mammalian body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is an example of: a) physiologic control b) positive feedback c) ectothermy d) organ system hierarchy e) homeostasis

e) homeostasis

After accidentally stepping on a rusty nail, you develop a fever, which is your body's attempt to change its temperature to a range that kills off the invading pathogens. Based on your knowledge of mammalian thermoregulation, which part of the brain would you expect to play a key role in readjusting your body's thermostat? a) medulla oblongata b) cerebral cortex c) pituitary gland d) amygdala e) hypothalamus

e) hypothalamus

Interstitial fluid is: a) the internal environment inside animal cells. b) identical to the composition of blood. c) the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra. d) found only in the lumen of the small intestine. e) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

e) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because: a) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures. b) all share a common ancestor at some point in the past. c) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water. d) flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form. e) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.

e) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.

Which is NOT an example of a cell or molecule that the immune system is capable of recognizing and repsonding to? a) Virus-infected cell b) Bacterial or protist cell c) Foreign protein d) Cancer cell e) Bacterial toxin f) None of the above (all of these cells and molecules can be recognized by the immune system)

f) None of the above (all of these cells and molecules can be recognized by the immune system)

How does doping enhance activity?

increases oxygen delivery

To maximize diffusion, selection would favor tissues that:

maximize surface area for gas exchange, and minimize diffusion distance

Why do size ranges differ so much for land and aquatic vertebrates? A) Land vertebrates have a physical constraint on their largest size B) Aquatic vertebrates have a greater physical constraint on their smallest size C) Mutations for large size are caused by living in the water D) It is an accident of history (the groups reflect the sizes of their ancestors) E) A and B

E) A and B Land vertebrates have a physical constraint on their largest size Aquatic vertebrates have a greater physical constraint on their smallest size

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the: A) Capillaries of the lungs B) Capillaries of the abdominal organs C) Capillaries of the head D) Capillaries of the hind limbs E) All of the above, capillaries of most body tissues (including head, hind limbs, forelimbs, and abdominal organs)

E) All of the above, capillaries of most body tissues (including head, hind limbs, forelimbs, and abdominal organs)

Which is NOT consistent with what you know about changes in surface to volume ratios? A) Numerous branches in the lungs and intestines increase the organs' surface to volume ratio B) Smaller cells are more efficient at accessing nutrients and expelling waste products than larger cells C) Spherical cells have a lower surface area to volume ratio than elongated cells of the same volume D) Microvilli on an epithelial cell of the small intestine increase the cell's surface area to volume ratio E) As surface area increases, volume increases at the same rate

E) As surface area increases, volume increases at the same rate

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs?

Water is denser than air Water contains less O2 than air per unit volume