Bio Exam 2 Retake

Glycolysis occurs in the _____ of a cell.

. cytosol

As a biological process, osmosis

. is a type of passive transport.

During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, a type of

. potential energy.

only in eukaryotic cells ?

: Nuclei, the two types of ER, Golgi apparatuses, and lysosomes

What is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP

what is active transport?

Active transport requires the use of energy to move ions and large molecules through transport proteins across the plasma membrane.

What are the nucleotide building blocks for DNA?

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C)

comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.

During which cellular process is ATP NOT released

Calvin cycle

Which of the following cell structures are typically found in plant cells but not found in animal cells?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Chemically tagging and packaging proteins

What cell structures can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes

What happens in the process of osmosis?

During the process of osmosis, water molecules will move from an area where water is in greater concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area where water is at a lower concentration (higher solute concentration) until an equilibrium is reached.

Which of the following cell structures are typically found in plant cells and in animal cells?

Golgi apparatuses, lysosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, mitochondria, ribosomes and nuclei are found in both plant and animal cells.

what ultimately provides the O2 used during the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

Light reactions of photosynthesis

What structure is the location of cellular respiration, which produces ATP for the cell?

Mitochondrion

Which of these structures is the location of cellular respiration, which produces ATP for the cell?

Mitochondrion

The electrons that are released by the splitting of H2O molecules during photosynthesis ultimately end up in

NADPH.

Osmosis is a form of

Osmosis is a form of simple diffusion.

What is the role of the chloroplast?

Photosynthesis

What best summarizes the events of the Calvin cycle?

The cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.

What do catalysts and enzymes have in common?

They decrease the amount of activation energy required.

What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

Water provides replacement electrons to the reaction center chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and relatively balanced, but early in the history of life on Earth photosynthesis appears to have dominated, as evidenced by the

accumulation of atmospheric oxygen.

When energy is used to move molecules across a plasma membrane, ________ has occurred.

active transport

A cell you view under a microscope has a cell wall and chromosomes, but no nucleus. The cell you are viewing could be a

bacterium recovered from the large intestine of a mammal.

: Catabolic reactions

break larger molecules into smaller ones. This complex polymer is being broken down into monomers.

The enzyme rubisco is important to the process of

carbon fixation.

Active transport requires

cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP

One of the major functions of the plasma membrane is to

control what enters and leaves a cell.

The energy source that makes oxidative phosphorylation possible comes from

electrons transferred from NADH

When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,

energy is released and can power cellular activities.

Biosynthetic reactions require many things, including

enzymes and ATP.

The three stages of aerobic catabolism are

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Living systems must work to remain ordered. They pass off their disorder in the form of

heat

Enzymes are

highly specific and generally only catalyze a single type of chemical reaction

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and it begins to shrink. Which of the following describes the solution?

hypertonic

The cytoskeleton provides

internal organizational and structural support for the cell.

When placed in a 2 percent sucrose solution, red blood cells shrink (lose volume); relative to the red blood cell cytoplasm, a 2 percent solution must be

more concentrated (hypertonic)

The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the

nuclear envelope

During cellular respiration, mitochondria consume molecules of

o2

During cellular respiration, ________ is the step that produces the greatest number of ATP molecules.

oxidative phosphorylation

The chloroplast performs

photosynthesis while the large central vacuole typically stores water and solutes.

The________ is a phospholipid bilayer that separates the internal components of a living cell from the cell's external environment.

plasma membrane

The boundary structure that physically defines a cell is the

plasma membrane.

Ribosomes are very small, nonmembranous organelles associated with the synthesis of

protein

Enzymes are a special class of

proteins

Ribosomes are very small, nonmembranous organelles associated with the synthesis of

proteins

in photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is

provided by carbon dioxide.

catabolic reactions

release energy

Anabolic reactions

require energy

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions

require no oxygen.

Anabolism usually ________ energy to produce polymers, whereas catabolism ________ energy to produce monomers.

requires; release

A(n) ________ allows some substances to move freely into and out of a cell by simple diffusion while it will always exclude some substances from crossing. However, some substances that cannot cross by simple diffusion can pass through with the help of either active or passive transport proteins.

selectively permeable membrane

The Golgi apparatus

sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.

The definition of life is somewhat arbitrary; the critical aspect(s) that currently define(s) cells as living structures is (are)

structural organization, energy dependence, and self-replication

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming

sugars.

The ultimate source of energy for most living systems is

sunlight

The second law of thermodynamics states that

systems tend to become more disorderly.

It is OK to say that your brain is solar powered, because

the antenna complex in chloroplasts acts like a tiny solar panel, collecting sunlight to make the sugars that you consume to run your brain.

A screen door allows breezes to enter and aromas to exit, but keeps out insects. Its function most resembles

the plasma membrane

The nucleolus is

the region of the nucleus where ribosome production begins

What do catalysts and enzymes have in common?

they decrease the amount of activation energy required.

The light-capturing pigments of photosynthesis like chlorophyll are contained in the membrane of a structure known as a(n)

thylakoid.

The process of photosynthesis

traps light energy in an energy carrier like ATP.

true/false;Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and cellulose are not nucleotides.

true