Bio exam 3

Plants first moved onto land at least ________ years ago.

475 Million years ago

Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species in order to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such captive-breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ________.

A bottleneck effect

Which of the following are homologous?

A forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat.

Which of the following describes allopatric speciation?

A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.

Natural selection can be defined as ________.

A process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits.

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

Adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.

Adaptive radiation

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Adaptive radiation

The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils. Which alternate approach to identifying species would be most useful for classifying fossil organisms?

An approach based on measurable physical traits

The fossil record suggests that whales ________.

Are closely related to land mammals such as pigs, hippos, and cows.

Older fossils usually ______.

Are found in the deepest strata

What is the relationship between colonizing success and the number of species already established on an island?

As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success also decreases.

As of the writing of this article, which of the following had been revived after being dormant for the longest time?

Bacterium

What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies mate only with males who emit light in a particular pattern?

Behavioral isolation

Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?

Being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?

Bones of extinct whales

Gymnosperms and angiosperms share multiple similarities. Which of the following is NOT a shared feature of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Both produce flowers.

Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants?

Bryophytes, ferns, gymnospermes, angiosperms.

Gametophytes reproduce ________.

By producing sperm and eggs,.

The formal taxonomic system used by biologists today was developed by _____.

Carolus Linnaeus

The current geological era is the ________.

Cenozoic

Genetic drift is the result of ________.

Chance

An ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants define a(n) ________.

Clade

Homology is evidence of ________.

Common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ________.

Common ancestry

Analogous structures are evidence of ________.

Convergent evolution

The ________ help(s) plants retain water.

Cuticle

Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence for why some scientists believe that we are at the start of a sixth mass extinction?

Decrease in biodiversity

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

Disruptive selection

Which of the following is a population?

The termites infesting your house

Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat?

Their sperm are flagellated

Which of the following is an example that results from directional selection?

There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?

They decompose a organic material .

Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle?

Thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment.

Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the ___ of life.

Unity

The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when two species mate but produce sterile hybrids is referred to as ________.

a post-zygotic barrier

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of ____ to the environment.

adaptions

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

adaptive radiation

In the symbiotic relationship that produces lichens, a(n) _____ feeds the fungus.

alga

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.

all of these

Some fish have bony fins. If the body of water they are in dries out, these fins can be used to help the fish "walk" to another body of water. In this context, bony fins are an example of ________.

an exaptation

The wing of a penguin is ________ the wing of a butterfly.

analogous to

Nearly all food plants are ________.

angiosperms

This type of plant provides nearly all of the non-meat food for the human population.

angiosperms

How do fungi typically reproduce?

by spores

Like plants, fungi have ________; however, in plants they are composed of ________, whereas in fungi they are composed of ________.

cell walls... cellulose... chitin

The edible portion of a(n) ________ is a ripened ovary.

cucumber

The ___ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.

diversity

Feathers in birds appear to have first evolved for insulation but later conveyed a new advantage in helping create light aerodynamic surfaces. This switch in function is an example of a(n) ________.

exaptation

Much of the coal we use today came from ________ that lived during the Carboniferous.

ferns

The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's ________.

gene pool

Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________.

haploid...diploid

The wing of a bald eagle is ________ the wing of a penguin.

homologous to

Two key observations underlying natural selection that are members of a population vary in their ______ and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

inherited traits

Which of the following does moss need to remain lush and green?

light

Which of the following lack vascular tissue?

mosses

Which of the following lists characteristics of plants?

multicellular, eukaryotic, and photoautotrophic.

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is ________.

mutation

Which one of the following can create new alleles?

mutation

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more ____ than other members of a population.

offspring

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of natural selection?

Gene flow

________ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs.

Gymnosperms

________ believed that use (or lack of use) of body parts enables individual to develop certain traits that it passes on to its offspring while ________ believed that species are fixed forms that do not change over time.

Lamarck and Arisotle

________, a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants, is found in all plants EXCEPT ________.

Lignin... bryophytes

Gene flow is accomplished by ________.

Migration

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is "decent with ____"

Modification.

Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________.

Mycorrhizae

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called _____.

Natural selection

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called ______.

Natural selection

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population,

What is an evolutionary reason why individual ferns may produce millions of spores?

Spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions.

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

Stabilizing selection

________ is the discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

Systematics

To help prevent the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, you should __________.

Take the full course of any antibiotics your doctor has prescribed.

The science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called ________.

Taxonomy

Sympatric speciation is __________.

The appearance of new species in the same area as the parent population

Which of the following examples results from stabilizing selection?

The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are the same.

According to island biogeography, what is the relationship between an island's distance from the mainland and the number of species present on the island?

The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island.

The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules. Once the eggs are fertilized, the ovules develop into __________.

seeds

Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?

seeds

Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?

stabilizing selection

Which structure of a flower traps pollen?

stigma

The naming and classifying of organisms is called _____.

taxonomy

What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns?

the climate becoming cooler and drier

The number of species on an island remains relatively constant when _____.

the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate

Imagine that a new population of humans is established on a new planet from ten randomly selected people in your biology class. Over thousands of years, the descendants of those ten people reproduce and prosper, but do not reflect well the diversity of humans on Earth. This change in the diversity of people on the new planet is an example of _____.

The founder effect

Why is a new island more hospitable to colonizers than an older island is?

The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island.

What hypothesis did Luis and Walter Alvarez test in relation to the mass extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago (MYA)?

The mass extinction 65 MYA was caused by an impact of an extraterrestrial object

Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift?

The population size is large

A population of small fish lives in a lake with a sandy bottom. Large shore birds prey on these fish. Although most of the fish are the same light brown color as the sandy lake bottom, about 10% are mottled. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which outcome would you predict?

The proportion of molted fish in this population will increase over time.

A team of scientists finds all of the following frozen from various locations. Which of them is most likely going to be able to be revived using currently available technology?

Seed from a flowering plant

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that __________.

Embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other

Which mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck?

Evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics

A period of mass extinction is often followed by ________.

Explosive diversification

Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same ________ are the most closely related.

Family

________ are seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

Which of the following examples results from disruptive selection?

Garter snacks with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.

Nutritionally, all fungi are ________.

Heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption

Which of the following would be an example of paedomorphosis?

Insects that can reproduce in larval stages without reaching mature development stages.

The majority of scientists agree that in order to successfully clone a mammoth, which of the following would be needed?

Intact mammoth DNA

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ________.

Involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population.

From the point of view of an angiosperm, what is the function of fruit?

It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.

Which of the following statements about the voyage of the Beagle is TRUE?

It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants and animals.

Which of these is an example of temporal isolation?

One species is nocturnal, and the other species is diurnal (active during the day).

Which one of the following is an example of evo-devo?

Paedomorphosis

What do we call scientists who study fossils?

Paleontologists

Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ________.

Plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents.

According to current evolutionary theory, which of the following is true?

Populations are the units of evolutions.

You are a botanist and you obtain some moss from the Canadian permafrost. Based on this recent study, what should you do to try to successfully revive your sample?

Put it under a light and water it.

When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ________.

Reduced hybrid viability

What does evolutionary fitness measure?

Relative reproductive success