bio exam 5 & 6

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that means a total of ___ ATP molecules are required to produce the two molecules of PGAL needed to form one molecule of glucose

18

in the end, glycolysis invests ___ ATP and produces ____ ATP, resulting in a net gain of ____ ATP

2,4,2

general formula for aerobic respiration

24O2+4C6H12O6---->24H2O+24CO2+144ATP

three "turns" of the krebs cycle will yeild

3 ATP, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2

assume that for every two photons of light striking photosystem II, one ATP molecule is produced at ATP synthase. Thus, about ___ photons of light much strike photosystem II to produce one glucose molecule

36

the net result of two molecules of glucose undergoing glycolysis is the formation of

4 NADH and 4 ATP

general photosynthesis equation

6CO2+24H20--->4C6H12O6+24O2

what is the theoretical yeild of ATP from cellular respiration of 2,000 glucose molecules

72,000

in carbon reactions, a total of ___ ATP molecules are required to produce one molecule of PGAL

9

ATP is broken down in the step of glycolysis that activates glucose, resulting in 2 ______

ADP+P

cellular respiration also produces energy in the form of _____, which powers nearly every activity in the cell

ATP

energy is used converting _____ to ADP

ATP

characteristics of anerobic respiration

ATP synthase, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxygen, glycolysis, NADH, produces ATP

what does the electron transport chain produce

ATP, H2O

what are the products of light reactions

ATP, NADPH

a net of two ____ molecules per glucose are produced by ________ phosphorylation

ATP, substrate level

cellular respiration produces __________, which are reactants for photosynthesis

CO2 and water

what does the krebs cycle produce

CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP

at the same time, a molecule generated only in the krebs cycle called ___ donates _______ to the second protein in the electron transport chain

FADH2, electrons

the electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system are brought there by

NADH and FADH2

what does glycolysis produce

NADH, ATP, pyruvate

a molecule generated in both glycolysis and krebs cycle called _______ donates ________ to the first protein in the electron transport chain

NADH, electrons

electron carriers called _____ are produced that will be transferred into energy later in cellular respiration

NADPH

electrons boosted from photosystem I are used to reduce ____ to ____ which carries the electrons to the calvin cycle

NADPH+, NADPH

usinig the energy and electrons from the light reactions, the three carbon molecule _____ is formed from PGA

PGAL

before entering the krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to

acetyl CoA

organisms that carry out cellular respiration

aerobic bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, plants, animals, fungi

photosynthetic organisms such as plants are called _____ and are the basis for all ecosystems

autotrophs

a light independent reaction during photosynthesis called the _____ uses ATP, NADPH, and _____ to produce ______

calvin cycle, carbon dioxide, PGAL

characteristics of light reactions

capture visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum oxygen is a byproduct uses water produce ATP produce NADPH

When carbon atoms are removed from organic molecules during the transition step and the Krebs cycle, the carbon atoms are released as

carbon dioxide

during what stage of photosynthesis is glucose produced

carbon reactions

these products of photosynthesis are then used as reactants for the process of

cellular respiration

what organelle does photosynthesis occur

chloroplast

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

directly requires oxygen, uses NADH, takes place at a phopholipid bilayer

electron transport chain

what occurs in mitochondrial membrane

electron transport chain, production of most ATP occurs here

what would happen to a plant if no water was available

electrons in PSII could not be replaced, photorespiration would increase, the photosynthetic electron transport chain would lack a proton (H+) gradient, the light reactions could not take place

as the ____ move through the transport chain, _________ move through membrane proteins from the matrix to the intermembrane compartment

electrons, protons

at the end of the electron transport chain, _____ bind to oxygen forming ______

electrons, water

as oxidization-reduction occurs, _____ is released that is used to make ATP

energy

high energy electrons ______ the chain, while low energy electrons _____ the chain

enter, leave

characteristics of fermentation

ethanol, lactic acid, glycolysis, NADH, produces ATP

protons move from the stroma to the thylakoid space by simple diffusion (T/F)

false

the krebs cycle occurs in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion (T/F)

false

the light reactions can function in the absence of water (T/F)

false

a ______ molecule, which contains more calories than other foods, is broken down into _______ acids

fat, glycerol, fatty

what do krebbs cycle and glycolysis have in common

generate ATP

what key does cellular respiration play in cells

generates ATP which cells can use to do work

products of photosynthesis

glucose, oxygen

two phosphoglyceraldehyde molecules are combined to form one molecule of _____ which plants use to synthesize polysaccharides such as ____

glucose, starch

if _____ is converted to pyruvate and enters the mitochondrion, this single molecule would go on to produce _____ ATP molecules

glycerol, 15

takes place in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm, occurs before fermentation, splits glucose molecule

glycolysis

Arrange stages of cellular respiration in the order that they would occur from first to last if a molecule of glucose underwent cellular respiration

glycolysis production of acetyl CoA krebs cycle electron transport chain

fatty acid subunits enter the metabolic pathway after ________ and immediately before the _____

glycolysis, krebs cycle

what occurs in the cytoplasm

glycolysis, splitting of glucose

what organism has been found to live inside spotted salamander eggs and conduct photosynthesis

green algae

organisms called _____ such as this deer, eat the plants to obtain food molecules

heterotrophs

what benefits do microscopic green algae that live inside spotted salamander eggs likely provide to the embryo

increased CO2 levels, supply of sugars for photosynthesis

the electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers located in the ___________ of mitochondria

inner membrane

where in the cell is the enzyme that produced the most ATP during cellular respiration

inner membrane

where is the electron transport chain found

inner membrane

In theory, yeast cells conducting alcoholic fermentation produce about 1 kg of ethanol for every 2 kg of glucose. Where does the extra kilogram of mass go?

it is released as carbon dioxide gas

takes place in mitochondrial matrix, releases CO2

krebs cycle

in muscle cells deprived of oxygen, the end product of glycolysis is converted to

lactic acid

two main groups of chemical reactions in photosynthesis

light and carbon

adaptations that occur in C4 plants but not C3 plants

light and carbon reactions occur in seperate cells ATP is used to move a 3 carbon molecule from bundle sheath cells to mesophyll cells require less water to live stomata open only at night

which organisms conduct photosynthesis

many types of bacteria, algae, plants

where is pyruvate transported after glycolysis occurs

matrix

what characteristics do light and carbon reactions have in common

occur in chloroplast metabolic pathway needed for photosynthesis to occur

after being activated, glucose is ______, or electrons are lost

oxidized

if _____ were not available to accept electrons then the chain would stop, which means ATP production would also stop

oxygen

without the _____ that photosynthesis produces, aerobic cellular respiration could not occur

oxygen

the process of photosynthesis produces

oxygen and sugars

when ____ accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, _____ is produced as a by-product

oxygen, water

what process occurs in salamander eggs incubated in light and not in the dark to account for the higher amount of radioactive carbon

photosynthesis

organisms that carry out photosynthesis

photosynthetic bacteria, plants

also in the photosynthetic light reactions, a cluster of pigments and proteins called _____ uses _____ and the rest of the photosynthetic electron transport chain to produce ______

photosystem I, light, NADPH

during photosynthetic light reactions, a cluster of pigments and proteins called ________ uses light and ________ and proteins of three photosynthetic electron transport chain to produce ______ (a form of energy) and the by-product ______

photosystem II, water, ATP, oxygen

photosynthetic plant anatomy hierarchy: most inclusive to least inclusive

plant, leaf, mesophyll, chloroplast, granum, thylakoid, chlorophyll a

what do the krebs cycle, glycolysis and electron transport chain have in common

produce ATP

the electron transport chain creates a _______ which dissipates through an enzyme called _______

protein gradient, ATP synthase

in addition to carbohydrates, your body can extract energy from two other major macromolecules, _____ and fats

proteins

what links photosystem II to photosystem I in light reactions

proteins of the electron transport chain

in the light reactions, electrons boosted from photosystem II pass along the electron transport chain and are used to create a ______ gradient, which is needed to produce ____ by chemiosmotic phosphorylation

proton, ATP

as ___ move through this enzyme, phosphate is added to ____ forming _________

protons, ADP, ATP

ini glycolysis, glucose is converted to

pyruvate

what occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, krebs cycle

two _______ molecules are produced, then they are moved into mitochondria (in ______ cells)

pyruvate, eukaryotic

each carrier is alternately ____ and oxidized, passing electrons down the chain

reduced

breaking down ATP _____ energy that is used to activate glucose so that they may undergo reactions

releases

in the first step of the calvin cycle, the enzyme ______ , which is present in all plants, adds ______ to a five carbon sugar

rubisco, carbon dioxide

photosynthesis provides _____ that plants can use for food or structural molecules

sugars

what does the electron transport chain and krebs cycle have in common

takes place in mitochondria

when a person is suffocating for lack of oxygen, how would the electron transfer chain in their cells be affected

the electron transport chain would stop because the carrier proteins would have no way to unload electrons

how does a plant use the glucose it produces in the carbon reactions

the plant stores glucose molecules as polysaccarides the plant breaks down glucose for energy the plant uses the glucose to produce structural polysaccarides

how do products of glycolysis and the krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain

they produce the molecules that shuffle electrons to the electron transport chain

two _____ carbon molecules called PGAL are produced per glucose molecule

three

NADPH is an electron carrier that participates in the carbon reactions (T/F)

true

Under aerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is further oxidized to yield more ATP. (T/F)

true

electrons excited by photosystem I reduce NADP+ to NADPH (T/F)

true

protons move through ATP synthase, producing ATP (T/F)

true

characteristics of carbon reactions

uses ATP uses NADPH produce glucose

photosynthesis description

uses light energy to produce organic compounds

cellular respiration description

uses potential energy in organic compounds to produce ATP

reactants of photosynthesis

water, CO2


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