bio exam 5 & 6
that means a total of ___ ATP molecules are required to produce the two molecules of PGAL needed to form one molecule of glucose
18
in the end, glycolysis invests ___ ATP and produces ____ ATP, resulting in a net gain of ____ ATP
2,4,2
general formula for aerobic respiration
24O2+4C6H12O6---->24H2O+24CO2+144ATP
three "turns" of the krebs cycle will yeild
3 ATP, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2
assume that for every two photons of light striking photosystem II, one ATP molecule is produced at ATP synthase. Thus, about ___ photons of light much strike photosystem II to produce one glucose molecule
36
the net result of two molecules of glucose undergoing glycolysis is the formation of
4 NADH and 4 ATP
general photosynthesis equation
6CO2+24H20--->4C6H12O6+24O2
what is the theoretical yeild of ATP from cellular respiration of 2,000 glucose molecules
72,000
in carbon reactions, a total of ___ ATP molecules are required to produce one molecule of PGAL
9
ATP is broken down in the step of glycolysis that activates glucose, resulting in 2 ______
ADP+P
cellular respiration also produces energy in the form of _____, which powers nearly every activity in the cell
ATP
energy is used converting _____ to ADP
ATP
characteristics of anerobic respiration
ATP synthase, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxygen, glycolysis, NADH, produces ATP
what does the electron transport chain produce
ATP, H2O
what are the products of light reactions
ATP, NADPH
a net of two ____ molecules per glucose are produced by ________ phosphorylation
ATP, substrate level
cellular respiration produces __________, which are reactants for photosynthesis
CO2 and water
what does the krebs cycle produce
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
at the same time, a molecule generated only in the krebs cycle called ___ donates _______ to the second protein in the electron transport chain
FADH2, electrons
the electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system are brought there by
NADH and FADH2
what does glycolysis produce
NADH, ATP, pyruvate
a molecule generated in both glycolysis and krebs cycle called _______ donates ________ to the first protein in the electron transport chain
NADH, electrons
electron carriers called _____ are produced that will be transferred into energy later in cellular respiration
NADPH
electrons boosted from photosystem I are used to reduce ____ to ____ which carries the electrons to the calvin cycle
NADPH+, NADPH
usinig the energy and electrons from the light reactions, the three carbon molecule _____ is formed from PGA
PGAL
before entering the krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to
acetyl CoA
organisms that carry out cellular respiration
aerobic bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, plants, animals, fungi
photosynthetic organisms such as plants are called _____ and are the basis for all ecosystems
autotrophs
a light independent reaction during photosynthesis called the _____ uses ATP, NADPH, and _____ to produce ______
calvin cycle, carbon dioxide, PGAL
characteristics of light reactions
capture visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum oxygen is a byproduct uses water produce ATP produce NADPH
When carbon atoms are removed from organic molecules during the transition step and the Krebs cycle, the carbon atoms are released as
carbon dioxide
during what stage of photosynthesis is glucose produced
carbon reactions
these products of photosynthesis are then used as reactants for the process of
cellular respiration
what organelle does photosynthesis occur
chloroplast
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
directly requires oxygen, uses NADH, takes place at a phopholipid bilayer
electron transport chain
what occurs in mitochondrial membrane
electron transport chain, production of most ATP occurs here
what would happen to a plant if no water was available
electrons in PSII could not be replaced, photorespiration would increase, the photosynthetic electron transport chain would lack a proton (H+) gradient, the light reactions could not take place
as the ____ move through the transport chain, _________ move through membrane proteins from the matrix to the intermembrane compartment
electrons, protons
at the end of the electron transport chain, _____ bind to oxygen forming ______
electrons, water
as oxidization-reduction occurs, _____ is released that is used to make ATP
energy
high energy electrons ______ the chain, while low energy electrons _____ the chain
enter, leave
characteristics of fermentation
ethanol, lactic acid, glycolysis, NADH, produces ATP
protons move from the stroma to the thylakoid space by simple diffusion (T/F)
false
the krebs cycle occurs in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion (T/F)
false
the light reactions can function in the absence of water (T/F)
false
a ______ molecule, which contains more calories than other foods, is broken down into _______ acids
fat, glycerol, fatty
what do krebbs cycle and glycolysis have in common
generate ATP
what key does cellular respiration play in cells
generates ATP which cells can use to do work
products of photosynthesis
glucose, oxygen
two phosphoglyceraldehyde molecules are combined to form one molecule of _____ which plants use to synthesize polysaccharides such as ____
glucose, starch
if _____ is converted to pyruvate and enters the mitochondrion, this single molecule would go on to produce _____ ATP molecules
glycerol, 15
takes place in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm, occurs before fermentation, splits glucose molecule
glycolysis
Arrange stages of cellular respiration in the order that they would occur from first to last if a molecule of glucose underwent cellular respiration
glycolysis production of acetyl CoA krebs cycle electron transport chain
fatty acid subunits enter the metabolic pathway after ________ and immediately before the _____
glycolysis, krebs cycle
what occurs in the cytoplasm
glycolysis, splitting of glucose
what organism has been found to live inside spotted salamander eggs and conduct photosynthesis
green algae
organisms called _____ such as this deer, eat the plants to obtain food molecules
heterotrophs
what benefits do microscopic green algae that live inside spotted salamander eggs likely provide to the embryo
increased CO2 levels, supply of sugars for photosynthesis
the electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers located in the ___________ of mitochondria
inner membrane
where in the cell is the enzyme that produced the most ATP during cellular respiration
inner membrane
where is the electron transport chain found
inner membrane
In theory, yeast cells conducting alcoholic fermentation produce about 1 kg of ethanol for every 2 kg of glucose. Where does the extra kilogram of mass go?
it is released as carbon dioxide gas
takes place in mitochondrial matrix, releases CO2
krebs cycle
in muscle cells deprived of oxygen, the end product of glycolysis is converted to
lactic acid
two main groups of chemical reactions in photosynthesis
light and carbon
adaptations that occur in C4 plants but not C3 plants
light and carbon reactions occur in seperate cells ATP is used to move a 3 carbon molecule from bundle sheath cells to mesophyll cells require less water to live stomata open only at night
which organisms conduct photosynthesis
many types of bacteria, algae, plants
where is pyruvate transported after glycolysis occurs
matrix
what characteristics do light and carbon reactions have in common
occur in chloroplast metabolic pathway needed for photosynthesis to occur
after being activated, glucose is ______, or electrons are lost
oxidized
if _____ were not available to accept electrons then the chain would stop, which means ATP production would also stop
oxygen
without the _____ that photosynthesis produces, aerobic cellular respiration could not occur
oxygen
the process of photosynthesis produces
oxygen and sugars
when ____ accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, _____ is produced as a by-product
oxygen, water
what process occurs in salamander eggs incubated in light and not in the dark to account for the higher amount of radioactive carbon
photosynthesis
organisms that carry out photosynthesis
photosynthetic bacteria, plants
also in the photosynthetic light reactions, a cluster of pigments and proteins called _____ uses _____ and the rest of the photosynthetic electron transport chain to produce ______
photosystem I, light, NADPH
during photosynthetic light reactions, a cluster of pigments and proteins called ________ uses light and ________ and proteins of three photosynthetic electron transport chain to produce ______ (a form of energy) and the by-product ______
photosystem II, water, ATP, oxygen
photosynthetic plant anatomy hierarchy: most inclusive to least inclusive
plant, leaf, mesophyll, chloroplast, granum, thylakoid, chlorophyll a
what do the krebs cycle, glycolysis and electron transport chain have in common
produce ATP
the electron transport chain creates a _______ which dissipates through an enzyme called _______
protein gradient, ATP synthase
in addition to carbohydrates, your body can extract energy from two other major macromolecules, _____ and fats
proteins
what links photosystem II to photosystem I in light reactions
proteins of the electron transport chain
in the light reactions, electrons boosted from photosystem II pass along the electron transport chain and are used to create a ______ gradient, which is needed to produce ____ by chemiosmotic phosphorylation
proton, ATP
as ___ move through this enzyme, phosphate is added to ____ forming _________
protons, ADP, ATP
ini glycolysis, glucose is converted to
pyruvate
what occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, krebs cycle
two _______ molecules are produced, then they are moved into mitochondria (in ______ cells)
pyruvate, eukaryotic
each carrier is alternately ____ and oxidized, passing electrons down the chain
reduced
breaking down ATP _____ energy that is used to activate glucose so that they may undergo reactions
releases
in the first step of the calvin cycle, the enzyme ______ , which is present in all plants, adds ______ to a five carbon sugar
rubisco, carbon dioxide
photosynthesis provides _____ that plants can use for food or structural molecules
sugars
what does the electron transport chain and krebs cycle have in common
takes place in mitochondria
when a person is suffocating for lack of oxygen, how would the electron transfer chain in their cells be affected
the electron transport chain would stop because the carrier proteins would have no way to unload electrons
how does a plant use the glucose it produces in the carbon reactions
the plant stores glucose molecules as polysaccarides the plant breaks down glucose for energy the plant uses the glucose to produce structural polysaccarides
how do products of glycolysis and the krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain
they produce the molecules that shuffle electrons to the electron transport chain
two _____ carbon molecules called PGAL are produced per glucose molecule
three
NADPH is an electron carrier that participates in the carbon reactions (T/F)
true
Under aerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is further oxidized to yield more ATP. (T/F)
true
electrons excited by photosystem I reduce NADP+ to NADPH (T/F)
true
protons move through ATP synthase, producing ATP (T/F)
true
characteristics of carbon reactions
uses ATP uses NADPH produce glucose
photosynthesis description
uses light energy to produce organic compounds
cellular respiration description
uses potential energy in organic compounds to produce ATP
reactants of photosynthesis
water, CO2
