BIO FINAL

Why do we say energy is lost as we move up the food chain

Energy and nutrients are passed around through the food chain, when one organism eats another organism. Any energy remaining in a dead organism is consumed by decomposers.

Which is NOT true of greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gases are relatively new in Earth's atmosphere.

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

Global Hectare

One global hectare is equivalent to one hectare of biologically productive space with world average productivity

Producers

Organisms that make their own food

__________ occurs when one species benefits while another species is harmed, whereas __________ is when one species benefits while another species is unharmed.

Parasitism; commensalism

habitat

Place where an organism lives

What can you do to live more sustainably?

Reduce household energy use. ... Eat locally. ... Dispose with disposables. ... Plant seeds. ... Recycle. ... Resell and donate items. ... Drink from the tap. ... Save water.

freshwater shortages

Rivers that are fed by melting of mountain glaciers during dry months may be severely impacted once glaciers are gone

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

What is Greensburg doing to deal with the freshwater shortage problem?

They use an auquifer -underground layer of porous rock from which water can be drawn from use -renewable but limited

How do bees pollinate?

When a bee collects nectar and pollen from the flower of a plant, some pollen from the stamens—the male reproductive organ of the flower—sticks to the hairs of her body.

carbon footprint

a measure of the total greenhouse gases produced by human activities

Non-renewable resources

a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

What is the evidence for global warming?

a. decreasing arctic sea ice b. melting glaciers and ice caps c. rising sea levels d. historical records of Earth's temperature ALL OF THE ANSWERS

ecosystem ecology

all living things in an area and the non living components of the environment which they live

Types of Biomes

aquatic: marine and freshwater tropical forest temperate forest grassland dessert taiga tundra

how has climate change affected population numbers on isle royale?

as it gets warmer the moose population shrinks and the parasitism increases, which will then make the moose population decrease

Describe the different ways in which organisms may deal with competition within a community.

because they show more, different overlapping paths that shows organism may eat a web consists of all the in particular ecosystem

Food abundance is an example of a(n) _________ factor that is also a density-__________ factor, and a hurricane is an example of a(n) ________ factor that is density __________.

biotic; dependent; abiotic; independent

The rate of natural increase approximates zero when carrying capacity is reached and

birth rate ~ death rate

symbiotic relationships

close, prolonged associations between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but do not necessarily benefit the members.

Place the population distribution pattern in order from most to least frequently encountered by ecologists.

clumped, uniform, and random

Ecosystem

complex interwoven system of interacting components -includes both community and living organisms

If climate change eliminates a predator that is a keystone species, how will the ecosystem change?

d. The ecosystem will be irreversible damaged.

You are an ecologist whose research focuses on the community level. You are interested in moving towards ecosystem research. What would you add to move to the ecosystem scale?

data on environmental factors

You are studying a population of bacteria in the lab. The population size keeps growing and growing and despite years of research, the growth rate just keeps increasing. What kind of population growth pattern are you seeing?

exponential growth

What are types of non-renewable energy we use most to supply our energy needs

fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)

greenhouse gases

gases in the atmosphere that trap energy

Consumers

heterotrophs that eat other organisms lower on the food chain to obtain energy

All of the following are true of the greenhouse effect, EXCEPT

high oxygen levels are contributing to global warming.

All of the following statements about atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are true, EXCEPT

historic levels of CO2 reached present-day levels only twice before.

individual ecology

how an individual organism faves in its surroundings

density independent factors

independent of population size (weather, natural disasters)

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive abruptly disappear. The term was first applied to a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of Western honey bee colonies in North America in late 2006. It is significant economically because many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees; and ecologically, because of the major role that bees play in the reproduction of plant communities in the wild.

Why is ecology a multidisciplinary science?

it has many needed to grasp concepts

Biome

large are defined by its characteristic plant life -determined by climatic factors like temperature and rainfall

density dependent factors

limiting factor that depends on population size

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

what is happening in the arctic?

melting glaciers and ice caps decreasing arctic sea ice

What would be evidence for increased temperature affecting plant species in a mountainous region?

migration of plant species to a higher elevation

abiotic factors

nonliving parts of an ecosystem

The geographic distribution of a population is influenced by all of the following, EXCEPT

number of young born

Competition for resources by two species occupying the same or similar niches is usually alleviated by

resource partitioning

As a consequence of global warming,

some plants and animals will be negatively affected, whereas others may be positively affected.

keystone species

species depend on; hold community together

what kinds of data can scientists use to determine the health of a population?

summary measures -combine morality, morbidity, and disability

Which is an example of a density independent influence on population growth?

temperature

enhanced greenhouse effect

the additional warming produced by increased levels of gases that absorb infrared radiation

Biocapacity

the amount of biologically productive land and sea available to us

arctic amplification

the arctic has warmed twice as much as the rest of the planet

population growth rate

the difference between the birth rate and the death rate(= birth rate - death rate)

resource partitioning

the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community

where does the energy from

the energy gets used by another organism

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

carbon cycle

the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back

population ecology

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

pollen

thick walled plant structures that contain cells that develop into sperm

Isle Royale

track wolves and moose for many years to understand dynamic fluctuation between these populations

exponential growth

unrestricted growth of a population increasing at a constant growth rate -almost impossible in nature

greenhouse effect

warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere

how can ice cores tell us about the past?

what does data show about CO2 levels?

competetive exclusion principle

when 2 species share exactly the same niche, one of the competing species will be driven to go extinct.

The best example of exponential population growth would be an increase of _____ per generation.

10%

When a coyote eats a mouse, approximately how much of the mouse's energy is converted into coyote tissue?

10%

community ecology

2 or more interacting populations of different species in a defined habitat

competition

A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific.

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Why are freshwater shortages occurring, and what are some ways to conserve water

-Droughts involve water shortages, crop damage, steam flow reduction and depletion of groundwater and soil moisture. -- take shorter shower, turn off water when brushing teeth, limit laundry time to once a week

What are the challenges associated with implementing the various sources of renewable sources of energy?

-disrupts habitats -contributes to carbon fixation -releases pollutants

random distribution

-may allow individuals to maximize their access to resources -lacking socialization - ex. dandelions

uniform distribution

-may result from territorial patterns -may result from competition for evenly distributed resources - ex. elephants travelling in a pack

clumped distribution

-resources are unevenly distributed across the landscape -social behavior dictates grouping -advantages to living in groups - ex. hunting, mating, protection

logistic growth

-starts off fast and levels off -environmental factors will limit an organisms ability to reproduce. ex. food availability + habitat

how do population patterns impact the population numbers of other species?

-the size of a population can fluctuate around the environments carrying capacity -disease and food shortage cause it to shrink -allows environment time to recover its food supply BOOM + BUST

what happens if two species niches overlap?

-two or more species rely on the same limited resources -resulting in competition

How do distribution patterns of populations affect the way populations are sampled?

-very few fit into one of the three types -they reflect behavioral or ecological adaptions

Greensburg, Kansas

EF-5 tornado levels the town of greensburg town rebuilds green living more sustainability

global warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature

renewable resource

A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

ecological niche

A specific role of a species within an ecosystem, including its use of resources, and relationships with other species.

How are ecosystems being affected by climate change?

A. Climate change affects the living components by causing differences in the presence and interactions among species. B. Climate change affects the nonliving components of the environment by changing temperature, precipitation, etc. BOTH A + B

Why do we use non-renewable energy and environmental impact?

All energy sources have some impact on our environment. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions.

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

How do the population curves of predator and prey relate to each other?

An increase in the prey population is followed by an increase in predators.

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

How does use of renewable resources reduce the ecological footprint

Cars, homes and possessions all contribute to this impact by using energy, most of which is produced by burning fossil fuels. However, renewable and sustainable resources can help lighten your ecological footprint, even more so when combined with reducing overall energy usage when possible.

What are the factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide?

Natural or human-induced factors that directly or indirectly cause a change in biodiversity are referred to as drivers. EX. include land use change, climate change, invasive species, over exploitation, and pollution.

Trophic Levels of a Food chain

The levels of producers and consumers in a food chain. (Trophic means the nutrition at each level.)

Mice eat fruits and nuts, and snakes eat mice. Which of the following is most likely to happen if snakes are removed from the community?

The number of fruits and nuts will decrease, but mice populations will increase.