bio final exam 2 lectures 13-14

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)

It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?

It is considered a large vein.

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

Tonsils

________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.

Total peripheral resistance

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.

both right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?

capillary

RBCs move single file through this structure.

capillary

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?

channeling blood away from the heart

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaries

Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except

decreased blood flow

Which of the following factors will not increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

decreased net filtration rate

When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base

decreases

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by ½

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be

doubled

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal

ductus arteriosus

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must

either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

The inner lining of the heart is the

endocardium

The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is

epinephrine

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output.

equal to

active immunity

exposure to antigen, immunization

Capillaries that contain pores that penetrate the endothelial cells are called

fenestrated capillaries

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called

fenestrated capillaries

The lymphocytes are most important in

fighting infection.

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

Compared to arteries, veins

have thinner walls

The superior vena cava collect blood from the

head, chest, and upper limbs

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells.

helper T

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____.

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves all of the following functions except

increases edema

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity

innate

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

interatrial septum

Edema is not favored when

interstitial fluid movement increase

The first heart sound ("lubb")

is associated with closing of the mitral valve.

The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)

large vein

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

left atrium of the heart

Pulmonary veins carry blood to the

left atrium.

Sinusoids can be found in the

liver

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

produce antibodies

passive immunity

produced by transfer of antibodies from another source

Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

pulmonary arteries

The right ventricle pumps blood to the __________.

pulmonary circuit

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

Granulocytes form in

red bone marrow

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin.

Lymphocytes

respond to antigens

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)

right atrium

Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the

right atrium.

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle.

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

running a fever

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

Sympathetic stimulation increases

stroke volume

adaptive immunity

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

The process of lymphopoiesis goes on in all of the following organs, except

the kidney

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except

the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole?

the peak pressure in the ventricle

mean arterial pressure

the sum of the diastolic pressure and one-third of the pulse pressure

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

the venae cavae

All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except

third and fourth heart sounds

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus.

A test to measure the antibody level a blood sample is called a(n)

titer.

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called

vasoconstriction

The most abundant component of plasma is

water

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

When will the blood pressure be greater?

when the peripheral vessels constrict

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

activates B cells.

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

During exercise

all of the above

In response to hemorrhage, there is

all of the above

Which of the following would increase heart rate?

all of the above

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

an antibody attached to an antigen.

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

B

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.

55, 92

The normal pH of blood is ________.

7.4

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

100

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues

Autoimmune disorders

Total peripheral resistance depends on

All of the above

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

All of the answers are correct

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)

Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.

Body organs; right atrium

At what sties in the body are fenestrated capillaries located? (Module 19.3B)

Fenestrated capillaries are located in endocrine glands, the choroid plexus of the brain, absorptive areas of the intestine, and filtration areas of the kidneys.

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?

Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.

________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.

Lymphoid tissues

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

Memory

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Opsonization

a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages

In which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?

a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

In which of the following would the resistance be greater?

a vessel 10 microns in diameter

After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect

an increased reticulocyte count

A person with Type A blood has

antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the

antigenic determinant site.

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart

are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.

"Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they

are smaller in diameter

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)

arterial pressure

Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats?

arteries

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Acetylcholine slows the heart because it

opens potassium ion channels in SA node cells and causes the pacemaker potential to depolarize more slowly.

An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.

oxygenated: systemic

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except

vasodilation.

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?

vein

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called _____

veins

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins.

The most common congenital heart defect is

ventricular septal defect.

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

virus