bio final exam 2 lectures 13-14
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
B and T cells
T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of
B cells
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?
It is considered a large vein.
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.
Total peripheral resistance
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
both right coronary artery and left coronary artery
Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?
capillary
RBCs move single file through this structure.
capillary
pulmonary circuit
carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart
Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?
channeling blood away from the heart
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except
chemotaxis of phagocytes.
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaries
Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except
decreased blood flow
Which of the following factors will not increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
decreased net filtration rate
When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base
decreases
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by ½
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis
If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
doubled
The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal
ductus arteriosus
Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must
either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.
The inner lining of the heart is the
endocardium
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is
epinephrine
Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output.
equal to
active immunity
exposure to antigen, immunization
Capillaries that contain pores that penetrate the endothelial cells are called
fenestrated capillaries
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
fenestrated capillaries
The lymphocytes are most important in
fighting infection.
Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
free and fixed macrophages
Compared to arteries, veins
have thinner walls
The superior vena cava collect blood from the
head, chest, and upper limbs
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells.
helper T
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____.
hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.
hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves all of the following functions except
increases edema
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity
innate
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the
interatrial septum
Edema is not favored when
interstitial fluid movement increase
The first heart sound ("lubb")
is associated with closing of the mitral valve.
The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)
large vein
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
left atrium.
Sinusoids can be found in the
liver
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils
During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens
produce a fever
Lymph nodes do all of the following except
produce antibodies
passive immunity
produced by transfer of antibodies from another source
Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
pulmonary arteries
The right ventricle pumps blood to the __________.
pulmonary circuit
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
Granulocytes form in
red bone marrow
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
release of renin.
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)
right atrium
Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the
right atrium.
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the
right ventricle.
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
running a fever
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
Sympathetic stimulation increases
stroke volume
adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
The process of lymphopoiesis goes on in all of the following organs, except
the kidney
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except
the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole?
the peak pressure in the ventricle
mean arterial pressure
the sum of the diastolic pressure and one-third of the pulse pressure
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
the venae cavae
All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except
third and fourth heart sounds
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the
thymus.
A test to measure the antibody level a blood sample is called a(n)
titer.
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called
vasoconstriction
The most abundant component of plasma is
water
All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
When will the blood pressure be greater?
when the peripheral vessels constrict
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells.
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells.
Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?
activating genes that trigger apoptosis
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
agglutination
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
During exercise
all of the above
In response to hemorrhage, there is
all of the above
Which of the following would increase heart rate?
all of the above
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen.
The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
B
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55, 92
The normal pH of blood is ________.
7.4
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
100
________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues
Autoimmune disorders
Total peripheral resistance depends on
All of the above
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in
All of the answers are correct
How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)
Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.
The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.
Body organs; right atrium
At what sties in the body are fenestrated capillaries located? (Module 19.3B)
Fenestrated capillaries are located in endocrine glands, the choroid plexus of the brain, absorptive areas of the intestine, and filtration areas of the kidneys.
Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?
Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.
________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.
Lymphoid tissues
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
Memory
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK
Opsonization
a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
In which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?
a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect
an increased reticulocyte count
A person with Type A blood has
antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the
antigenic determinant site.
Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart
are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.
"Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they
are smaller in diameter
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)
arterial pressure
Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats?
arteries
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
lymphocytes
Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
Acetylcholine slows the heart because it
opens potassium ion channels in SA node cells and causes the pacemaker potential to depolarize more slowly.
An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.
oxygenated: systemic
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
vasodilation.
Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?
vein
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called _____
veins
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins.
The most common congenital heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules
Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?
virus