Bio final exam

Antibodies are an important class of human proteins that function in immune defense. If scientists fragmented antibodies under laboratory conditions, what chemical building blocks would they recover?

amino acids

The G0 phase of the cell cycle is distinguished by

an absence of preparation for DNA synthesis.

Which of the following foods is MOST likely to contain haploid cells?

an egg

Which of the following is NOT likely to be a cause of rapid evolution in a population?

an organism that reproduces very slowly

The hands of a human and the hands of a chimpanzee are similar in structure because humans

and chimpanzees share a recent common ancestor

A pharmaceutical company conducts trials on animals and cell lines to determine the safety of a new vaccine before performing clinical trials on adult human volunteers.

applied research.

The levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

are estimated to be higher than at any time in the past 420,000 years.

Which of the following types of organisms are single-celled (unicellular)?

bacteria, yeast, and many protozoans

Scientists at a major university are attempting to isolate the gene that slows the degeneration of collagen in skin. This is an example of

basic research.

Human activities

can alter nutrient cycles on local and global scales

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?

can evolve as groups

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change?

decreased flooding

The decrease in the availability of food or cover that accompanies increasing population size illustrates the concept of a(n) ________ factor.

density-dependent

The success of ending the spread of Zika virus through the use of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes is NOT dependent on

development of a Zika vaccine.

Ecologists often define an ecosystem by describing how ________ and ________ are acquired and distributed by the biotic community

energy; nutrients

Other than tropical forests, the most productive biomes tend to be

estuaries

The _____ feature occurs between each branch on an evolutionary tree

evolution of a new derived

Feather color in a certain species of bird is controlled by a pair of alleles that exhibit incomplete dominance. If birds that are homozygous for one allele are black and birds that are homozygous for the other allele are white, then heterozygous birds would be

gray

If a population is growing with no constraints on its resources, the population will

grow exponentially.

Cancers are groups of cells that divide rapidly and uncontrollably. Thus, cancer cells

have a relatively short G1 phase.

The most ancient lineage in kingdom Animalia is the _____, followed closely by the _____.

sponges; cnidarians

Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis

still cannot be considered to have been proven true.

Which of the following series best represents the energy flow in an ecosystem?

sun, producer, consumer, metabolic heat

One chromosomal abnormality that is usually fatal is

the addition of an extra autosomal chromosome.

The effects of pollution are generally considered to be density-independent because

the contamination level of any organism is unaffected by variations in population density.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best demonstrate that a bacterium found on an asteroid originated in outer space?

the presence of right-handed amino acids in the bacterium's proteins

The selective permeability of a phospholipid bilayer membrane can be increased with help from ________ proteins.

transport proteins, channel proteins, and passive carrier

At the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is the ________ ancestor.

universal

The current classification system used by biologists is

updated and revised whenever new information becomes available.

Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA?

uracil

The process of mitosis is thought to have evolved from binary fission. What similarities exist between these processes?

Both processes include DNA segregation.

What would be the initial outcome of decreasing the number of photosynthetic organisms on Earth with no change in the number of organisms using cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide levels would increase

In order to best determine relationships among different organisms, scientists examine

DNA, body structures, and behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

Resolving the relationship between the various kingdoms has been challenging because species often resemble one another. For example, the kingdom ________ contains some organisms that are animal-like and others that are plant-like

Protista

A chemical reaction that uses ATP to build cellular components is

anabolic

Humans simulate the process of natural selection when they use ________ to develop new varieties of crop plants that better meet the needs of farmers.

artificial selection

Which of the following is a difference between binary fission and mitosis?

breakdown of the nuclear envelope

Speciation

can result from geographic isolation

Along one side of a DNA molecule, the nucleotides are connected to each other by ________ bonds between ________.

covalent; phosphate groups and sugar molecules

Genetic variation is based on

differences in genotypes between the individuals in a population

Which of the following did Mendel use to help him form the law of independent assortment?

dihybrid crosses between pea plants

Which of the following is NOT a mode of natural selection?

dormant selection

Convergent evolution occurs when natural selection causes distantly related organisms to

evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges.

Bacterial conjugation is the process in which a bacterium

exchanges DNA directly with another bacterium

The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific

fact.

An autotrophic organism that grows on land, has vascular tissues, but does not produce seeds is probably a

fern from kingdom Plantae.

Geographic isolation limits the ________ between separated populations of a species.

gene flow

Mutations will affect the

genotype, which may affect the phenotype

For the species Homo sapiens the first part of the name, Homo, denotes the

genus.

In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the

germ theory of disease.

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as

homeostasis.

Possums are found throughout much of Central and North America. Although their bodies are covered in hair, their tails and ears are hairless. They have many teeth and opposable clawless "thumbs" on their rear appendages. They produce poorly developed young that live in mom's pouch for about two and a half months before climbing on her back. Possums are

marsupials.

The best explanation of the role of coevolution in speciation is that coevolution

may lead to benefits for both of the species involved.

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are held together by chemical bonds to form ________ of sugar.

molecules

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane.

Eukaryotic cells can complete tasks such as digesting and storing food and ridding the cell of waste products because they contain an elaborate system of internal membranes and compartments. This compartmentalization is lacking in

prokaryotes

The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes. Once in the human bloodstream, this unicellular organism takes up residency inside the red blood cells. It has a nucleus and other cellular structures that are visible upon microscopic examination of the blood. This pathogenic organism is the

protist, Plasmodium.

A protein molecule, transferrin, embedded in the plasma membrane recognizes iron molecules and causes the plasma membrane to fold in around the iron and take it into the cell. This is an example of

receptor-mediated endocytosis.

The mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (about 250 million years ago) is thought to have killed off as many as 60 percent of the animal families. What group of animals dominated life on land at that time?

reptiles

You are reading an article in Discover magazine about Tiktaalik roseae, the organism thought to be the link between fish and terrestrial tetrapods. The researcher that discovered Tiktaalik was publicly funded. This article represents a ________ literature presentation of ________ research.

secondary; basic

All primates have opposable thumbs. This means the thumbs can be touched

to each of the other fingers on the same hand.

On chromosomes within an individual, there are ________ alleles for a given gene found on ________ chromosomes

two; homologous

Which of the following statements about cycling within an ecosystem is FALSE?

Energy is recycled within an ecosystem.

Evolution can be described as

. a change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time.

Lynx feed on rabbits, and the growth curves for these two species fluctuate together. This relationship is an example of a(n)

. tightly linked cycle.

Carbon dioxide makes up approximately ________ percent of Earth's atmosphere.

.04

An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?

12

Thoroughbred racehorse could have at most __________________alleles of the same gene

2

What is the total number of alleles present for any given gene in a population of 100 individuals?

200

Humans have ________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

23

Which of these molecules carries the most energy?

ATP

Which of the following best describes the source of a human's mitochondrial DNA

All is inherited from the mother.

Sue has twin baby boys and is trying to decide whether to have them vaccinated against chicken pox or to take them to a "chicken pox party" where they can be naturally exposed to other children who currently have chicken pox. Which of the following would be the first relevant question for Sue to research before making her decision?

Are there any peer-reviewed, scientific studies of observable and quantifiable claims regarding the chicken pox vaccine or chicken pox parties?

Which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism?

BbCCdd

Which of the following statements regarding genes is NOT true?

Genes are found as single copies in cells other than sperm or egg.

Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions should Rick ask first to scientifically evaluate his friend's recommendation before he begins taking the herbal supplement?

Has this herbal supplement been studied in a clinical trial by trained medical professionals?

Which of the following statements is true about adaptation?

It is the process by which natural selection improves the match between an organism and its environment over time.

Which of the following is likely to participate in ionic bonding?

Li+

How do natural selection and sexual selection differ?

Natural selection increases the frequency of alleles that contribute to survival, but sexual selection may increase the frequency of alleles that are not beneficial to survival.

Based on Mendelian inheritance, would it be necessary to have both the genotype and phenotype for an organism when attempting to predict the inheritance pattern for a trait, such as hair color, in offspring?

No; knowing the genotype will indicate the phenotype.

Which of the following examples accurately describes crossing over?

Paternal chromosome 7 exchanges segments of DNA with maternal chromosome 7.

A drop of pond water is examined with a microscope, revealing small, green, motile, unicellular organisms that seem to be moving by whipping a small flagellum around. These organisms most likely belong to kingdom

Protista

Which of the following does NOT represent evidence for global warming?

The hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica has been growing

Autosomal dominant diseases are exhibited by anyone who carries at least one dominant allele for that gene. How is it that dominant lethal genes, such as the one that causes Huntington disease, can persist in a population?

These diseases usually take effect later in life after people have had children

Which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds?

They form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms.

The fourth mass extinction occurred about 200 mya at the end of the _____ period. This extinction eliminated 35 percent of the existing animal species, including _____.

Triassic; reptiles, early dinosaurs, and the first mammals

Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists?

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

A population of 8,250 mice occupies the sand dunes in a coastal area. A severe hurricane washes out several miles of sand dunes. As a result, only 50 mice remain. The population has experienced

a bottleneck.

Like plant cells, all fungal cells have

a protective cell wall that wraps around the plasma membrane and encases the cell.

Not all gases are greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas is a gas that

absorbs heat that radiates away from Earth's surface.

An example of a study focused on the biosphere is one that measures how

acidification of the oceans affects aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Within kingdom Protista, the ______ are photosynthetic and may or may not be motile.

algae

When a cell divides, it

copies its own genetic information.

The enzyme rubisco is important to the process of

carbon fixation.

What is genetic drift?

chance evolutionary change occurring in small populations

Which term encompasses all the others?

climate change

If two different alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype, the alleles are

codominant

Close ecological interactions between two different species may lead to

coevolution

In many predator-prey relationships, evolutionary change in the prey will result in evolutionary change in the predator, a phenomenon known as

coevolution.

Evolutionary tree diagrams representing the relationships between various organisms can be drawn only when those organisms share a

common ancestor.

A small, potentially living object was found. For this object to be considered alive, the object must

contain one or more cells.

Although snakes and dogs are different species, they both have a bony vertebral column surrounding and protecting the nerve cord running down the center of their back. This column of bone is an example of a ________ trait and evidence of snakes and dogs sharing a common ________.

homologous; ancestor

Replication of DNA cannot begin until ________ bonds between ________ are broken.

hydrogen; complementary bases

After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a(n) _____ in the concentration of _____.

increase; products

The Amazon rainforest

is part of the biosphere.

Natural selection

is the principle cause of evolutionary change.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.

Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment both have their biological basis in events that take place during

meiosis

The fossils of two adult birds are found in a nest containing several fossilized eggs. Physically, the bird fossils look very different. Scientists are most likely to classify these species using

morphology of the fossils.

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does

nucleotide

Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete, each new DNA molecule contains

one old strand and one new strand.

Scientists are human beings and, like all human beings, are susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is

peer-reviewed publications.

Liposomes form spontaneously from ________ and are important because ________.

phospholipid bilayers; they provide a barrier between an external environment and an internal environment

The sex of a human child is determined by the

presence or absence of the Y chromosome

An allele is

version of a gene.

Over one particular week in August, the average air temperature is 36oC in the Midwestern United States. This is a reference to

weather