Bio final
Who am I? I have cell walls made of chitin; I store excess food as glycogen; I move toward a food source by growing toward it (generally speaking). A. Protist B. Bacteria C. Archaea D. Fungi E. Plant
(check)
Which type of bacteria has a second plasma membrane which blocks antibiotic drug, making infections difficult to treat (Hint: After a Gram staining procedure these bacteria appear punk under a light microscope) A. Gram-positive bacteria B. Gram-negative bacteria C. Graham-cracker bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
Have think peptidoglycan cell wall and a single plasma membrane- stain purple with the Gram staining procedure
Gram-positive bacteria
These are single-celled, motile protists which have atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella and/or deep oral grooves; Euglena are an example of a protist from this supergroup
Excavata
Which of the following is NOT a propery of ALL living organism?
Exhibit care for offspring
Which of the following represents the permanent loss of a species
Extinction
Laughing gull chicks' begging behavior is in response to seeing their parents red bills is an example of a ________ whereas newborn geese forming an association with knorad lorenz because he was the first moving object they saw is an example of _______
Fixed action pattern, imprinting
Tiktaalik fossils how an intermediate between fish and tetrapods
Fossil Evidence
From the perspective of the three levels of biological organization related to biodiversity - complete the following statement: if a species' population is small and isolated, it is more like to become extinct due to the limited _______ diversity.
Genetic
The binomial nomenclature for the coral-feeding " crown of thorns" starfish (acanthaster planci) - to what classification category does the first part of this two-part name (Acanthaster) belong?
Genus
Scientists use binomial nomenclature to assign each living organism a two-part name called a scientific name Scientific names are used universally by biologists to avoid confusion. For example, the red-eyed tree-frog, an arboreal hylid native to neotropical rainforests would be referred to as agalychnis callidryas. In this naming scheme the first word of the name (in this example Agalychnis) represents _______ of the organism and the second word of the name (in this examplecallidryas) represents the ______.?
Genus, Species
This naturalist wrote a 44-volume natural history on plants and animals and suggested migration, environmental influences, isolation, and overcrowding might affect how organisms descended with modifications.
Georges-Louis Leclerc (a.k.a Count Buffon)
This phylum is the most common one to form mycorrhizae- a mutualistic association of plants and fungi (the sac fungi also form these types of associations). This relationship plays a critical role in the ability of plants to absorb nutrients with their roots.
Glomeromycota (AM fungi)
What is the correct sequence of organisms if a community is going through secondary succession
Grass > shrubs > low trees > high tress > Climax community
This growth pattern is common in vertebrates as an adaptation to stable environment
Iteroparous
A florida panther; largest mammal in the Florida everglades, requires very large range, produces few offspring (offspring require parental care)
K-strategists
A ________ species are ones that influence the viability of the community, although their numbers may not be excessively high (e,g, grizzly bear in northwestern US) they are significant importance since their extinction can lead to other extinctions and a loss of biodiversity. A ______ species on the other hand are those that evoke an emotional response by humans (considered cute or charismatic) and can by used to promote conservation>
Keystone, flagship
The circulatory system is composed of the heart and the blood vessels, which in turn are composed of cells
Life is organized
A monarch butterfly senses the approach of fall and begins its flight south
Living
A bird like an osprey can catch a fish. The organism has massive flight muscles, a white breast and belly to camouflage its presence, and strong feet and claws to hold onto the slippery fish
Living organisms maintain homeostasis
Dinosaurs appear, flourish, and go extinct during this era
Mesozoic
This phylum contains single-celled obligate intracellular animal parasites (e.g. Encephalitozoon cuniculi)
Microsporidia
Desert plants, such as cacti, are adapted to store water during dry conditions
Natural Selection
The bending of a plant stem toward light occurs because plants have membrane receptors that respond to light (e.g phototropin).
Positive Phototropism
First Prokaryotic and First Eukaryotic cells appear during this time period
Precambrian Time
This time period is the longest and includes about 87% of the geological timescale
Precambrian Time
These are opportunistic species that are good colonizers and dispersers: examples include bacteria, fungi, many insects
R-strategists
In 1969, this individual classified fungi as a separate group from protist, plants, animals and prokaryotic organisms (which were at the time included in the Kingdom Monera). He based his reasoning and this categorization into 5 kingdoms on the observation that fungi are the only type of multicellular organism to be saprotrophic.
R.H. Whittaker
Symbiotic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae found in corals (and other protozoans) belong to this supergroup. (Hint: dinoflagellates are also associated with causing "red tides"
SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria)
Plasmodium vivas, an apicomplexan in the ____________ supergroup, is the protist species that causes malaria. In what organism (human or mosquito) does the sexual phase of the Plasmodium vivax life cycle occur? A. Amoebozoa, humans B. Opisthokonta, mosquito C. Excavata, humans D. Archaeplastida, humans E. SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria), mosquito
SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria), mosquito
Which of the following terms best describes a conceptual scheme in science that is strongly supported, has not yet been found incorrect, and is based on the results of many observations?
Scientific theory principle
Members of population have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime
Semelparous
Satin Bowerbirds demonstrate highly complex behaviors. Male bowerbirds build specialized structures made out of sticks, called bowers, which they decorate wuth blue objects favored by females (e.g. berries, flowers, and plastics items such as ballpoint pens.) This observation would be BEST associated with...
Sexual selection
A group of similar intebreeding organisms (e.g. Generally speaking, the common boa (Boa constrictor), is a large, non-venomous, heavy- bodied snake.
Species
Basic classification catogorys (taxa) proceeding in an order going from LEAST INCLUSIVE to MOST INCLUSIVE?
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
The wood, leopard and pickerel frogs do not mat at the same time of year as the green frog and bullfrog and there is, therefore, very little change of hybridization occurring. This is a good example of __________________.
Temporal isolation
what is the basic classification categories (taxa) proceeding in an order going from MOST INCLUSIVE category to the LEAST INCLUSIVE?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species
Which of the following plant hormones stimulates abscission and the ripening fruit? (Hint: it is a Gas (CH2) formed from the amino acid methionine). A. abscisic acid B. auxin C. cytokinin D. ethylene E. gibberellin
ethylene
Net venation, flower parts in multiples of four or five, pollen grain with three pores, two cotyledons
eudicot
This level of biologcial organization can be defined as; interacting populations in a particular area
community
The biology department at UNE wishes to hire a scientist to work on the relationship among the wolves, moose, trees and physical features of their habitat. If you were charged with writing the job description, you should title the position
community ecologist
The Nori that is wrapped around sushi rice and Carrageenan, an emulsifying agent used in the production of chocolate and cosmetics, are examples of ____________ from the supergroup _______________. A. water mold, SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria) B. green algae, Opisthonkonta C. red algae, Archaeplastida D. dinoflagellate, SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria)
red algae, Archaeplastida
Species of _________ phylum play an essential role in recycling by digesting materials that do not easily decompose like those containing cellulose, lignin, or collagen (they are even known to decompose jet fuel and wall paint). A. club fungi (Basidiomycota) B. sac fungi (Ascomycota) C. Am fungi (Glomeromycota) D. Chytrids (Chytridiomycota)
sac fungi (Ascomycota)
when thinking about conservation techniques sometimes to save a metapopulation (a large population that has been subdivided into several small isolated populations) a conservation biologist must recognize the age structure and characteristics of the metapopultion. In the regard, a ________ population is one that is stable or growing in size, Producing an excess of individual
source
Many worker ants give their lives to save their colony from an attack by other animals. In such cases, we now know that
these worker ants will have a reproductive benefit if the members of their colony survive
Consider the following food chain: leaves - caterpillars - deer mouse - hawk. Each species in this chain contains a different number of total calories in the entire organism (leaves: 10 calories, caterpillar: 50 calories, Deer mouse: 1000 and hawk: 2000). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement that it needs to consume in order to survive (leaves - sunlight, caterpillar: 5 calories , deer mouse; 100 calories, hawk: 2000 calories, Based on you understanding of the ecological pyramid - How many deer mice, per day, does it take to support the hawk?
2 deer mice
Select the answer that BEST corresponds to the correct sequences for the events listed below and the correct fill-in response in regard to the type of conditioning being described 1. Repeat the pairing of two stimuli with a single response 2. Observe a natural response to a stimulus (unconditioned response) 3. simultaneously pair the natural stimulus-response with another 4. Use only the second stimulus (conditioned response) to get the initial (natural) response these events are specifically associated with _______ conditioning.
2,3,1,4/ classical
Select the answer that BEST corresponds to the correct sequence for the events listed below and the correct fill-in response in regard to the type of conditioning being described 1. The stimulus-response connection is strengthened for the mouse (upon repeated trials) 2. Place a mouse in a cage with a lever 3 When the mouse presses the lever it receives a piece of cheese (reward) 4.The mouse will press the lever when it wants the reward?
2,3,1,4/ operant
Select the sequence that corresponds to the correct order of events (starting with existing haploid hyphae) in the Black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer. 1. During the process of cytoplasmic fusion, the ends of touch hyphae swell, cross walls develop and gametangia form at each end of the hyphae 2. Sporangiospores develop, and spores are released from the sporangium 3. Hyphae of opposite mating types (+ -) touch 4. Gametangia merge and nuclei pair, then fuse forming a zygote A. 1,4,2,3 B. 3,1,4,2 C. 4,3,2,1 D. 2,3,1,4
3,1,4,2
In Sub-Saharan Africa, 4% of the population is born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease?
32%
Put the following three events in the order they would BEST fit Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's hypothesis of evolutionary change. 1. With continual stretching, most giraffes now have long necks 2. Originally, giraffes had short necks 3. Giraffes stretched their necks in order to reach food Lamarck proposed the idea of _______________________________________________ A. 2,3,1; inheritance of acquired characteristics B. 3,1,2; uniformitarianism C. 2,1,3; evolution by natural selection D. 1,2,3; catastrophism
A. 2,3,1; inheritance of acquired characteristics
Select the letter that BEST puts the following statements regarding how auxin causes stems to bend in order; 1. The pH decreases, enzymes that can break down cellulose fibers are activated in the cell wall. 2. Plant stem is exposed to unidirectional light and auxin move to shady side. 3. Cellulose fibers break, loosening the wall and decreasing turgor pressure in the cell. 4. Hydrogen ions are actively pumped into the cell wall area. 5. In response, the cell expands as turgor pressure inside the cell increases, the plant rebuilds a longer wall (resulting in cell growth). 6.Auxin binds to receptors of shady side cells.
A. 2,6,4,1,3,5
Assume that a population exhibits a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium )i.e. All five conditions/assumptions are met), where 48% of the population in heterozygous, 16% of the population is homozygous dominant, and generation is predicted to be homozygous recessive?
A. 36%
A scientist is studying a population of newly discovered rare butterflies, within the population 1,000 butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). At the time of the initial study, 49% of all the butterflies were white. Given this information (and assuming a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) what percentage of the population were homozygous dominant _________. Once discovered, the white butterflies of this species became highly desired in the pet trade and when the researcher came back five years later only 9% of the butterflies were white. If we consider that the overhunting of these butterflies is a chance event the best explanation for the drastic reduction in white butterflies is best explained by the _______________. A. 9%, bottleneck effect B. 42%, founder effect C. 9%, founder effect D. 42%, bottleneck effect
A. 9%, bottleneck effect
Two possible causes of mass extinctions include ____________________ and ____________________ events. A. Continental drift, bolide B. Sedimentation, radiometric C. Sedimentation, bolide D. Continental drift and stromatolites
A. Continental drift, bolide
An example of sympatric speciation is polyploidy in plants. __________ is when two different but related species of plants hybridize increasing the chromosomal numbers beyond normal for either species whereas __________ occurs when a diploid plant produces diploid gametes which can lead to the production of a triploid (3n) or tetraploid (4n) offspring A. alloploidy, autoploidy B. allopatric, autopatric C. autoploidy, alloploidy D. autopatric, allopatric
A. alloploidy, autoploidy
If abundant gene flow occurs between two adjacent populations of the same species, then over time the two populations will... A. become more similar in their gene pools B. become isolated from each other C. develop into different species D. experience bottleneck effect E. adapt to different conditions and become separate
A. become more similar in their gene pools
If we were to identify a pumpkin (a cultivar of squash) using its binomial name, Cucurbita pepo, "Cucurbita" would be representative of the ___________. A. genus B. species C. family D. class E. domain
A. genus
The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _________ cycle. A. lysogenic B. alternation of generations C. lytic D. lysosome
A. lysogenic
Heterosporous plants produce spores of two different sizes and sexes where... A. microspores grow into male gametophyte and megaspores grow into female gametophyte OR B. microspores grow into female gametophyte and megaspores grow into male gametophyte
A. microspores grow into male gametophyte and megaspores grow into female gametophyte
In corn, yellow kernel color is governed by a dominant allele, and white kernel color is governed by a recessive allele. A random sample of 1,000 kernels from a population that is in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium reveals that 510 are yellow and 490 are white. What are the frequencies of the yellow (dominant) and white (recessive) alleles in this population? A. p=0.7, q=0.3 B. p=0.51, q=0.49 C. p=0.49, q=0.51 D. p= .42, q=.58
A. p=0.7, q=0.3
If you were to group/classify protists based on how they acquire organic nutrients you would categorize them as being "algae" and "protozoan" - select the answer choice that is BEST differentiates between the way these two groupings acquire organic nutrients: Algae, based on how they acquire nutrients, are considered to be __________________ whereas protozoans are considered to be __________________. A. photoautotrophic, heterotrophic B. heterotrophic, photoautotrophic C. chemosynthetic, photoautotrophic D. chemosynthetic, heterotrophic
A. photoautotrophic, heterotrophic
In class, we watched a video about the Miller-Urey experiment. This experiment was used to test the __________________ hypothesis which can be associated with the stage _____ of the four stages of the origin of life. A. primordial soup (Oparin-Haldane), 1 B. RNA-first hypothesis, 2 C. iron-sulfur world, 3 D. radiocarbon dating, 2 E. chicken soup, 4
A. primordial soup (Oparin-Haldane), 1
In a population where heterozygote advantage is exhibited (e.g heterozygotes being more resistant to malaria in areas where malaria common) the type of natural selection exhibited (favoring the heterozygotes) would be classified as _________. A. stabilizing selection B. directional selection C. disruptive selection D. balancing selection E. sexual selection
A. stabilizing selection
Which of these plant tissue types transports water (and nutrient minerals) from roots to the leaves? A. xylem B. phloem C. collenchyma D. sclerenchyma E. parenchyma
A. xylem
First to suggest that some species known only from the fossil record had become extinct. Proposed catastrophism where local catastrophes in the past had caused Earth's strata to have a new mix of fossils.
A.Baron Georges Cuvier
Evolution by Natural selection was independently proposed as a mean of evolution by Charles darwin and ___________________.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythus) give alarm calls to warn other monkeys of the presence of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked
Altruism
which Variable is NOT a density-dependent factor that regulates a population size?
An early frost that cause the plants in a given area to die off earlier than normal
Hawks and owls feed on similar prey (rodents) in the same habitat. However hawks are diurnal and owls are nocturnal. This specialization of behavior is?
An example of resource partitioning
Both birds and insects have wings to fly.
Analogous Structures
The dorsal fin in Dolphins and Tuna; Dolphin dorsal fin composed of fibrous connective tissue & Tuna dorsal fin composed of bony spines
Analogous Structures
The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect
Analogous Structures
All the vertebrate forelimbs contain the same set of bones organized in similar ways
Anatomical evidence
Not all traits have equal value when making a phylogeny (cladogram); ______________ traits (also known as plesiomorphies) are present in all members of a group and are present in the common ancestor. These traits are not useful for determining the evolutionary relationships of an ancestor's descendants. A. Ancestral B. Derived C. Contrived D. Personality
Ancestral
Behavior is.....
Any action that can be observed and described
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
A dog breeder wants the agility of a border collie and the coloring of an Australian shepherd, so he breeds the two dogs.
Artificial selection
Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, and Chinese cabbage (items you might find in the produce section at a supermarket) all descended from the same ancestor.
Artificial selection
Molds like those produced by members of the genus Penicillium belong to this phyla (Hint: cup fungi and morels also belong to this phyla
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Yeast, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are widely used in baking and brewing industries (giving us beer and bread) belong to this phylum
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
Birds that get sick after eating a monarch butterfly (danaus plexippus) no longer prey on monarch butterflies
Associative Learning
A blue jay regurgitating after eating a monarch butterfly and then its subsequent avoidance or eating Monarchs again is an example of
Associative learning
Which type of absolute dating can be used to date rocks (and therefore fossils) that are over 200,000 years old? A. Carbon dating (using C14) B. Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating
B. Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating
Proposed that the size of the human population is limited only by the quantity of resources, such as food, water, and shelter available to support it.
B. Thomas Malthus
A physical barrier separates a single species, causing two separate populations to form. Over time these two populations adapt to their environments. Eventually, these two populations are no longer able to successfully reproduce with each other. This is know as _______________. A. sympatric speciation B. allopatric speciation C. both sympatric and allopatric speciation D. neither sympatric or allopatric speciation
B. allopatric speciation
A recent survey from celebrity news site was reporting on top celebrities with dimples (e.g. Katy Perry, Harry Styles). If we assume that the number of celebrities' surveyed (100 people total) is our population and I tell you that having dimples is the dominant trait and 36% of the population are homozygous dominant for this trait. Assuming the population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium - what would the expected: Genotype frequency for the heterozygous condition and recessive allele frequency be? A. genotype frequency would be: 64% heterozygous and a 0.5 recessive allele frequency B. genotype frequency would be: 48% heterozygous and a 0.4 recessive allele frequency C. genotype frequency would be: 36% heterozygous sand a 0.5 recessive allele frequency D. genotype frequency would be: 48% heterozygous and a 0.6 recessive allele frequency E. genotype frequency would be: 64% heterozygous and a 0.4 recessive allele frequency
B. genotype frequency would be: 48% heterozygous and a 0.4 recessive allele frequency
In the alternation of generations exhibited by plants the gametophyte stage is _______ and produces __________ whereas the sporophyte stage is __________ and produces ______. A. diploid, gametes, haploid, spores B. haploid, gametes, diploid spores C. haploid gametes, haploid spores D. diploid gametes, diploid spores
B. haploid, gametes, diploid spores
Based on your reading about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), remembering that the virus can lie inactive (latent) for many years before symptoms emerge, is HIV likely to be lytic or lysogenic in regard to its life cycle? A. lytic B. lysogenic
B. lysogenic
Select the answer choice that corresponds to the correct sequence for the four stages of the origin of life A. organic polymers, organic monomers, living cells (self-replicating), protocell B. organic monomers, organic polymers, protocell, living cells (self-replicating) C. protocells, living cells (self-replicating), organic polymers, organic monomers D. living cells (self-replicating), protocells, organic monomers, organic polymers
B. organic monomers, organic polymers, protocell, living cells (self-replicating)
In a certain population, disruptive selection is occurring. In this population, which is most likely to survive. A. organisms with average traits B. organisms with extreme traits C. organisms that sexually select D. organisms that are small E. answer cannot be determined from the information provided
B. organisms with extreme traits
The supergroup Opisthokonta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT A. animals B. plants C. fungi D. choanoflagellates
B. plants
When thinking about plant evolution and diversity, in bryophytes, sperm usually move from the antheridium to the archegonium by A. insect pollination B. swimming (the sperm have flagella) C. wind pollination D. bird pollination
B. swimming (the sperm have flagella)
The organisms on the Galapagos Islands that were MOST important to the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection were...? A. rabbits and bears B. tortoises and finches C. plant and fungi D. monkeys and armadillos E. snails and fish
B. tortoises and finches
A gilled mushroom like a portabella and a cereal crop-killing smut and rust belong to this phylum (Hint: the smuts and rusts don't form basidiocarps but the portabella does)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
A black and yellow longhorn beetle (has no stinger) has evolved to look like a black and yellow bumble bee (has stinger)
Batesian Mimicry
The scarlet kingsnake (non venomous) mimicking the venomous coral snake
Batesian Mimicry
Nest building in lovebirds varies among closely related species. Fischer lovebirds cut large leaves (or in the lab pieces of paper) into long stripsand they use their bills to carry the strips to the nest where they weave them into a deep cup. Peach-faced lovebirds cut shorter strips and carry them to nest by inserting them into their feathers with their bill (carrying several strips with each trip to the nest). Hybrid (cross between Fischer and peach-faced) female birds cut strips of an intermediate length and attempted to tuck the strips into their rump feathers. what did the result of the hybridization expirment demonstrate
Behavior has a genetic basis
Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by the pattern of their flashings.
Behavioral isolation
The sequence of amino acids of some proteins is similar across the tree of life; e.g. sequence of amino acids in human cytochrome c is remarkably similar to that of yeast
Biochemical Evidence
In order to effectively conserve natural resources it is important the knowledge is shared. The science of collecting, analyzing, and making readily available biological information is?
Bioinformatics
Arrange in order, the levels of ecological study from MOST INCLUSIVE to MOST EXCLUSIVE:
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, species, individual organism
Allele T, for the ability to test a particular chemical, is dominant over allele t, for the inability to taste the chemical. One thousand university students were surveyed and 64% were found to be nontasters. What is the percentage of heterozygous students in this population if we assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A. 4% B. 16% C. 32% D.64% E.36%
C. 32%
In plants, _______ is often referred to as the "stress" hormone since it initiates and maintains seed and bud dormancy. (in class we talked about how this hormone can cause the stomata to close in times of water stress for a plant) A. Ethylene B. Cytokinins C. Abscisic acid (ABA) D. Gibberellins
C. Abscisic acid (ABA)
Believed in the fixity of species (that each species has an "idea" form). Developed the binomial system of nomenclature.
C. Carolus Linnaeus
The number of differences between the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c in humans and other organisms ______ with the distance in time since they shared a common ancestor. Given that a moth differs from human cytochrome c by 35 amino acids, a monkey differs by 1 amino acid and a pig differs by 10 amino acids. A pig is _____ related to a human than a monkey. A. Decreases, less B. Decreases, more C. Increases, less D. Increases, more
C. Increases, less
_______________ is an evolutionary effect prominent in several arthropods, where dark pigmentation has evolved in an environment affected by dark soot deposits from industrial pollution. Darker pigmented individuals have a high fitness and are thus favored by natural selection. A. Artificial selection B. Territoriality C. Industrial melanism D. Sexual dimorphism
C. Industrial melanism
Select the letter that BEST matches the hypothesis of viral origin that suggests; Viruses may have evolved backward from living cells./ Viruses degenerated from living cells into the simplest form required for reproduction. A. Coevolution hypothesis (virus-first hypothesis) B. Cellular origin hypothesis C. Regressive hypothesis
C. Regressive hypothesis
Calcium carbonate skeletons called ________ are formed by rhizarians (like foraminiferans) and can be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock because each geological period has a distinctive form of foraminifera. A. chitin B. endochondral bones C. tests D. plastids E. cysts
C. Tests
In chapter 20, we all thought about three methods of genetic recombination in the prokaryotes, which method described as occurring when a cell (e.g bacterium) picks up free pieces of DNA from other prokaryotes (secreted by lived prokaryotes or release by dead prokaryotes)? These free pieces of DNA become incorporated into the cell's genome. A. Conjugation B. Budding C. Transformation D. Transduction E. Transporter
C. Transformation
When thinking about the reproduction of fungi, the dikaryotic cells of fungi... A. are just another form of the haploid hyphae B. is just another name for hyphae with a diploid zygote C. are hypha that contains paired haploid nuclei that may not immediately fuse D. are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens
C. are hypha that contains paired haploid nuclei that may not immediately fuse
Which of the following plant hormones prevents plant tissues from senescing, or aging? (in class we mentioned how low levels of this hormone in autumn causes leaves to change color and eventually die) A. abscisic acid B. auxin C. cytokinins D. ethylene E. gibberellin
C. cytokinins
The morphological species concept involved the identification of certain structural traits, called _________, to distinguish one species from another. A. analogous traits B. homologous traits C. diagnostic traits D. convergent traits
C. diagnostic traits
The morphological species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits, called __________, to distinguish one species from another. A. analogous traits B. homologous traits C. diagnostic traits D. convergent traits
C. diagnostic traits
Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of allele frequencies in population? A. no mutations B. in the environment one genotype is not selected over another genotype C. small population size D. no migration of alleles into or out of the population E. random mating in the population
C. small population size
Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. These findings A. Cast serious doubt upon the theory of continental drift and fused land masses B. are an unsolved puzzle probably due to the random nature of biological evolution C. suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation D. suggests that the mammals evolved earlier while continents were joined, but plants and reptiles radiated into diver groups after separation
C. suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) are different species. Occasionally, mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity. The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation B. hybrid sterility C. zygote mortality (hybrid inviability) D. temporal isolation
C. zygote mortality (hybrid inviability)
In the late 1970s, this individual and his colleagues found that the rRNA sequences of prokaryotes that lived at high temperatures or produces methane are quite different from that of all the other prokaryotes and from all eukaryotes; his work gave rise to the classification of living things in 3 Domains.
Carl Woese
We associated this individual (sometimes called the father of taxonomy ) with a time period where biologists only recognized two kingdoms; Plantae (plants and Animalia (animals)
Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus
A major event during this era was the evolution of primates
Cenozoic
Author of the book Principles of Geology - The book presented arguments to support a theory of geological change, proposing that the earth was subject to slow but continuous erosion and uplift (associated with the idea of uniformitarianism).
Charles Lyell
In class we watched a video about how the "frog apocalypse" might be stopped by a new "vaccine"- the fungal parasite that was affecting the frog exhibited a zoospore with flagella and therefore belongs to this phylum.
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
An epiphyte, like Spanish moss-receives access to light and obtains nutrients and water from the air but does not effect the tree on which it is growing (i.e. Spanish moss takes no nourishment from the tree).
Commensalism
The northern elephant seal was hunted (you can assume hunting is a chance event) almost to extinction during the 18th and 19th centuries. Less than 100 seals were left to contribute to the gene pool of their future generations. Since the early 20th century, the elephant seals have been protected by law in both the U.S and Mexico. Over 100,000 seals now inhabit the western shores of North America, all related to the small population that survived the slaughter of the hunters. Scientists fear the elephant seal may be more susceptible to disease and pollution due to a ___. A. heterozygote advantage B. disruptive type of selection C. Founder Effect D. Bottleneck Effect
D. Bottleneck Effect
All plants exhibit an alternation of generations indicating the plant has two alternating forms in the course of its life cycle. ____________ (for which liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are examples) are the only plant group that we studied that is considered to be gametophyte dominant. A. Angiosperms B. Pteridophytes C. Gymnosperms D. Bryophytes
D. Bryophytes
In the context of populations (microevolution), select the choice that BEST defines evolution? A. Evolution is the way in which sexual reproduction can rapidly spread advantageous traits throughout a population B. Evolution is always caused by natural selection alone C. Evolution is the explanation for how organic molecules formed from inorganic molecules D. Evolution is a change in a population's allele frequencies over generations E. Evolution is the tendency for some individuals in a population to leave more offspring than others
D. Evolution is a change in a population's allele frequencies over generations
Regarding the principles of macroevolution, researchers have discovered genes whose differences in expression can bring about change in body shapes and organs suggestion that these genes must date back to a common ancestor that loved more than 600 million years ago. Which of these genes is not correctly matched to its function? A. Pax6- eye development in all animals B. Hox- the location of repeated structures in vertebrates C. Tbx5- the limb development in humans and birds D. Hox- jaw and fin development in fish only
D. Hox- jaw and fin development in fish only
Which of the following is not one of the five steps in immediate sequence that occurs for a bacteriophage that exhibits a lytic life cycle? A. Penetration B. Attachment C. Maturation D. Integration E. Biosynthesis
D. Integration
Which of the choices from the geological timescale represents a category/division that contains the others? A. Cretaceous B. Triassic C. Jurassic D. Mesozoic
D. Mesozoic
In class, we talked about the island of Pingelap. In 1775 a typhoon killed 90% of the inhabits. As the population recovered, and after a few generations passed it was observed that there was a higher than usual occurrence of achromatopsia, a recessive genetic disorder that causes complete color blindness. The most likely explanation is A. Natural selection and Migration B. Mutations and increased gene flow C. Nonrandom mating and increased gene flow D. Nonrandom mating and founder effect
D. Nonrandom mating and founder effect
Which of the following is NOT considered an important piece of evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory? A. Mitochondria and chloroplast are similar in size to bacteria B. The outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts differ; The outer membrane resembles a eukaryotic membrane and the inner membrane resembles a prokaryotic membrane C. Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and make some of their own proteins D. Only eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes compartmentalized in a nucleus
D. Only eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes compartmentalized in a nucleus
Below are several pieces of evidence supporting the idea that all life descended from a single common ancestor. Which of the following pairings is NOT correctly matched? A. All organisms contain DNA, RNA, and ATP - Biochemical Evidence B. The bone structures of whale fins, bat wings, and human arms are all very similar - Anatomical Evidences C. Tiktaalik fossils show an intermediate between fish and tetrapods - Fossil Evidence D. The remains of ancient whales have leg bones, indicating a terrestrial ancestor - Biochemical Evidence E. Marsupials were originally in both South America and Australia but were outcompeted in South America -Biogeographical Evidence
D. The remains of ancient whales have leg bones, indicating a terrestrial ancestor - Biochemical Evidence
Select the letter that BEST matches the following characteristics: Associated with a number of plant, animal, and human diseases; Have no metabolism / do no respond to stimuli; considered to be obligate intracellular parasites; are classified as being active / inactive A. Microsporidia (Fungi) B. Bacteria C. Amoebozoa (Protist) D. Virus
D. Virus
The phylogenetic species concept emphasizes __________. A. diagnostic traits & the same evolutionary pathway B. morphology C. phenotypic differences D.common ancestry E. the evolution of reproductive isolation
D. common ancestry
Select the answer choice that best fills in the missing taxonomic groups in the following series: species, __________, family, __________, class __________, kingdom, domain A. phylum, order, genus B. order, genus, phylum C. genus, phylum, order D. genus order phylum
D. genus order phylum
In regard to the alternation of generation and the type of sporangia - Angiosperm would be considered _____________ and _____________ dominant. A. homosporous, gametophyte B. homosporous, sporophyte C. heterosporous, gametophyte D. heterosporous, sporophyte
D. heterosporous, sporophyte
Scientists develop the ________________ model of evolution after their studies revealed that the assembly of species in the fossil record can be explained by periods of stasis (remaining unchanged) interrupted by periods of abrupt, rapid speciation or change. A. Hardy-Weinberg B. Urey-Miller C. gradualistic D. punctuated equilibrium
D. punctuated equilibrium
When plant cells first begin to develop, the first cells are called meristem cells. When a seed germinates and an embryo grows meristem tissue is present at the tips of the young plants (apical meristems). Apical meristems ultimately give rise to three tissue types in plants what are they? A. epidermal tissue, nervous tissue, vascular tissue B. ground tissue, deciduous tissue, vascular tissue C. aerobic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue D. vascular tissue, ground tissue, epidermal tissue
D. vascular tissue, ground tissue, epidermal tissue
When designing experiments scientists use ______ reasoning when testing a ________. A good experimental design contains both a ________ group in which the experimental variable is altered, and a _________ group in which the experimental variable is not altered .
Deductive, hypothesis, test, control
Colony collapse disorder have wiped out more than 30% of the commercial bee population in the united states.Bees are important pollinators for many crops. If this trend continues with regard to the decline of the domesticated honeybee (Apis Mellifera) which of the following biodiversity "values" would be most affected?
Direct, agricultural
Domain Eukarya is most related too...
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic unicellular (single-celled) organisms that reproduce asexually; Most are heterotrophic; Important in ecosystems; keep chemical cycling going; have peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Domain Archaea (check)
This domain consists of both unicellular and multicellular organisms; Sexual reproduction common; Cells have a membrane-bounded nucleus
Domain Eukarya
Prokaryotic unicellular (single-celled) organisms that reproduce asexually; Live in extreme environments (e.g. methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles): do not HAVE peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Domain bacteria (check)
Over the geological timescale, there have been a total of ____ mass extinction events. During the Paleozoic era, a mass extinction event occurred at the end of the _______ period. A. 5, Jurassic B. 2, Silurian C. 3, Cambrian D. 3, Carboniferous E. 5, Devonian
E. 5, Devonian
Evolution by Natural selection was independently proposed as a means of evolution by Charles Darwin and __________________.
E. Alfred Russel Wallace
Which of the following events is a part of macroevolution? A. Speciation B. Mutation C. Gene flow D. Natural selection E. All of these are correct
E. All of these are correct
Which of the following mechanisms/events are part of macroevolution? A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Speciation D. Mutation E. All of these are correct
E. All of these are correct
Select the letter of the hypothesis/hypotheses that offer support for the evolution of a self-replicating system (living cells) stage of the origin of life. A. Protein First only B.RNA first only C. Iron-Sulfur World only D. Both choice "C" & "A" E. Both choice "A" and choice "B"
E. Both choice "A" and choice "B"
Which of the following is NOT a misconception about the theory of evolution? A. Evolution is a theory about how life originated B. There are no transitional fossils C. Evolution is not observable or testable D. Evolution is just a theory and does not have much evidence to support it E. Mutations that cause variation originate spontaneously by chance, but natural selection drives evolution and is not random
E. Mutations that cause variation originate spontaneously by chance, but natural selection drives evolution and is not random
Which of the following is NOT a component of evolution by natural selection? A. Variation exists within a population B. Organisms compete for resource C. Individuals have different reproductive success D. Organisms adapt due to environmental changes E. Species are fixed
E. Species are fixed
Which of the plant hormones was discovered in rice seedlings infected with a fungal pathogen that exhibited rapid stem elongation followed by collapse leading to the name "foolish seedling disease?": (Hint: it is named after a fungus from the phylum Ascomycota) A. abscisic acid B. auxin C. cytokinin D. ethylene E. gibberellins
E. gibberellins
Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. these species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, while the other species spends most of its time on land.
Habitat isolation
If distinguishing an organism in the Domain Archaea is based on habitat, a __________ requires high salt concentrations for growth. A. Halophile B. Methanogen C. Thermoacidophile D. Bibliophile
Halophile
Heterozygotes for the cystic fibrosis trait have resistance to typhoid fever. __________ occurs when the heterozygote is favored over the two homozygotes. In areas where typhoid fever is prevalent heterozygotes are maintained/favored in the population due to __________ selection.
Heterozygote advantage, disruption
Gill pouches are present in all vertebrates at some point during development.
Homologous Structures
The wing of a moth and the wing of a butterfly; both in the order Lepidoptera
Homologous Structures
_____________ is an evolutionary effect prominent in several arthropods, where dark pigmentation has evolved in an environment affected by dark soot deposits from industrial pollution. Darker pigmented individuals have a higher fitness and are thus favored by natural selection.
Industrial melanism
The type of learning that is associated with an organism solving a problem without any prior experiences (e.g. in class we watched a video of a pigeon moving and standing on a block in order to reach a reward (banana shaped) in a laboratory setting
Insight learning
This hypothesis proposed that dissolved gases (e.g CO, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide) emitted from thermal vents (on the ocean bottom) provided all the elements and conditions necessary to synthesize organic monomers
Iron-Sulfur World
When thinking about bacterial metabolism, Botulism is an example of a ____________ because it is unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen. A. Obligate anaerobe B. Obligate aerobe C.Facultative anaerobe D. Photoautotroph
Obligate anaerobe
As you know from your reading, starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris) typically migrate from the Baltics to Great Britain. in the experimental study that was done "test" starlings (some experienced and some inexperienced) on the migration routes were captured in Holland and then released from Switzerland and tracked - which answer choice BEST describes a key result from this migration experiment?
Only experienced birds had learned to navigate - evidence by them till arriving in great britain
As you know from your reading, starlings (sturnus Vulgaris) typically migrate from the baltics to great britain. In the experimental study that was done "test" starlings (some experienced and some inexperienced) on the migration routs were captured in holland and then released from Switzerland and tracked - which answer choice BEST describes a key result from this migration experiment?
Only experienced birds had learned to navigate - evidenced by them still arriving in great britain
This hypothesis suggested that atmospheric gases (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water) can react with one another to produce small organic molecules (amino acids, organic acids).
Oparin/Haldane (primordial soup)
The "invasion of land" where life (including plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates) began to move out of the ocean and onto land around 500 million years ago is associated with this time period
Paleozoic
In this symbiotic relationship, one species is harmed while another species is benefited
Parasitism
Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) live in groups called troops. Troopstend to be comprised of one adult male (silverback), in addition to multiple adult femaled and their offspring. In this social structure, males aggressively defend their territory and the adult females in their troop. The adult male mates with multiple females. Which of the following terms BEST describes the reproductive strategy of gorillas?
Polygamous
Specialized sensors call statoliths settle on the bottom of plant cells and signal the downward direction - when a plant is placed on its side the roots would still grow down.
Positive Gravitropism
In a coral reef community there are 12 giant clams (tridacna spp), 32 long-spined sea urchins (diadema antillarum), 43 coral-feeding "crownof throns" starfish (Acanthaster planci), 113 vase sponges, 22 Dugongs, and 116 hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricate). select the statement that BEST corresponds to this description of the community structure
The description above provides information about the species diversity of the coral reef community
When thinking of joseph connell's study of barnacles on the scottish coast.competition . prevented two species of barnacles from occupying as much of the intertial zone and the larger barnacle species (balanus) was found in the lower portion of the intertidal zone. When only the smaller species is present, it will occupy the entirety (both upper and lower portions) of the intertidal zone. Which statment about this relationship would be correct?
The fundamental niche for the smaller barnacle species is larger than its realized niche
A doctor is testing the effectiveness of a new antibiotic. He gives the first group of patients a placebo (no medicine), a second group receives antibiotic a while the third group receives antibiotic B. Which of the groups is considered the control group?
The group that received the placebo
Which of the following regarding Chemical cycling is NOT true?
The reservoir (mineral in rocks, Sediment in ocean) is normally available to producers
In the Galapagos the warbler finch has a long thin beak and eat only insects, the cactus ground finch has a long curved beak and eats only cactus fruits and flowers and the medium ground finch has a broad thick beak and eats only small and large seeds. According to their food source which of the following statement is correct?
The warbler finch is carnivore and the medium ground finch is a herbivore
Proposed that the size of the human population is limited only by the number of resources, such as food, water, and shelter available to support it.
Thomas Malthus
Consider the life of an elephant, elephants are large mammals of the family elephantidae. gestation in elephants typically last around two years with inter-birth intervals usually lasting four to five years. Significant investment is made with regard to the care of young (where males reach sexual maturity around 14-15 years of age). Elephants have long lifespans, reaching 60-70 years of age. Which type of survivorship curve would an elephant exhibit
Type 1
A population in which death rates are higher than birth rates, and the prereproductive group is smaller than the reproductive group, is best represented by an age structure diagram with a(n) ____ -shape.
Urn (inverted pyramid)
The presence of hindlimb in modern whales (e.g Right Whale) consisting of only a few bones that are very reduced in size (you can assume they are no functional as hindlimbs); another example includes human wisdom teeth.
Vestigal Structure
Which type of communication BEST matches the following description: The raggiana Bird of paradise (Paradisaea raggiana) putting on a courtship dance to attract female?
Visual
Upon returning to the hive, honeybees communicate to the other worker bees by doing a ______ that uses tactile communication and indicates the distance and direction of a food source
Waggle Dance
Parallel venation, flower parts in threes or multiples of threes, pollen grain with one pore, root xylem and phloem in a ring
monocot
