Unit 5 Electron Configuration Study Guide

Spin

A quantum mechanical property of electrons and may be thought of as clockwise or counter-clockwise.

What is an electric transition?

A single-step emission of light

What are the three rules of writing electron configurations of elements?

Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund's Rule.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Consists of: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared Waves, Visible light, Ultraviolet waves, X-rays, Gamma Rays

How does Hund's Rule undermine the Aufbau principle?

Copper and chromium make it so that an electron occupies a higher energy level position before and lower level energy position. They are exceptions to the rule.

What equation did Bohr use to quantize the amount the of energy emitted by the hydrogen atom?

E = hv. h = Plank's constant: 6.626 x 10^-34Jxs. Joules per second.

How do you determine the magnetic quantum number?

Examining which box in electron config the last place electron is in.

What causes atomic emission spectra?

Excited electrons returning to ground state. Occurs when electrons return to a lower energy level, they emit energy in the form of light.

Principal Quantum Number

Indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron. Symbolized as n. Can only be positive integers.

Magnetic Quantum Number

Indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus. Symbolized as ml. Ex: -1, 0, 1.

Spin Quantum Number

Indicates the two fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital. Symbolized as ms. Ex. -½ or ½.

What light is given off by a lightbulb or the sun?

Light bulb - visible light, Sun - whole electromagnetic spectrum

Why are emission spectra of elements like fingerprints?

No two elements have the same emission spectrum

What are the important roles when determining how electrons are arranged in an atom?

Note the four quantum numbers and take into account how many electrons the atom has and where the last placed electron is.

How many electrons can occupy a sublevel in an orbital?

Only 2 electrons can occupy an orbital

What are the symbols for each quantum number?

Principal quantum numbers - n, Angular momentum quantum number - l, Magnetic quantum number - ml, Spin quantum number - ms

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals. Determines an orbital's energy level, shape, orientation, and spin. Also describes atomic orbitals.

What are the different regions on the emission spectrum?

Radio waves , Microwaves, Infrared Waves , Visible light, Ultraviolet waves, X-rays, Gamma Rays

What is the angular momentum value for each orbital?

S - 0, P - 1, D - 2, F - 3

What are the shapes of the orbitals?

S orbital - Spherical, P orbital - dumbbell-shaped, Four of the five D orbitals are cloverleaf shaped, fifth is shaped like an elongated dumbbell with a doughnut around its middle. , F orbital - Tetrahedral shaped

Hertz

SI unit of cycles per second.

What are the three ways to write electron configurations?

Shorthand notation (1s2s2p), Noble gas notation ([Ar] 3d4s4p), Orbital diagram.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

States that atomic orbitals may describe at most two electrons. Two electrons must have opposite spins ↑↓.

Hund's Rule

States that electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible.

Aufbau Principle

States that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first and that orbitals of any sublevel of a principal energy level are always of equal energy.

What do the superscripts in electron configurations represent?

The amount of electrons. Ex: 3p^6 = 6 electrons.

Wavelength

The distance between the crests.

How are the frequencies of light emitted by an atom related to changes of electron energies?

The light emitted by an electron moving to a lower energy level has a frequency directly proportional to the energy change of the electron.

Ground State

The lowest energy state of an atom or particle. Electrons like to be here.

Frequency

The number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time.

What is the region you can see with your own eyes?

The visible light spectrum.

Amplitude

The wave's height from zero to the crest.

Electron Configuration

The ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of an atom.

What can happen to electrons when atoms gain or lose energy?

They can jump to a higher or lower energy level.

Which color on the visible light spectra has a short wavelength?

Violet

What are the two forms of energy emitted by electrons when returning to ground state?

Visible light and radiation.

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency.

Excited State

When an electron absorbs enough energy to occupy a higher energy level. Electrons are forced to move here, but they don't like to be.

What color on the visible light spectra has a long wavelength?R

ed

What does the product of wavelength and frequency equal?T

he product is the speed of light.

What are the four quantum numbers?

n, l, ml, and ms.

Angular Momentum Quantum NumberI

ndicates the shape of the orbital. Symbolized as l. Defined as 0 or all positive integers less and or equal to n-1.

What is used to separate different wavelengths in the visible light spectrum?A

prism.

Atomic Emission Spectrum

the pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains.