Bio Final
The plasma membrane is said to be a fluid-mosaic model because it contains
a mosaic of proteins suspended within a phospholipid bilayer
A(n) ________ can be defined as asubstance that keeps pH within established limits by taking up excess H +or OH - in a solution. a. equalizer b. solute c. buffer d. acid e. base
c. buffer
The ___ is located outside the cell wall in a Prokaryotic cell.
Capsule
Which of the following types of proteins allow materials to move into, or out of, the cell?
Channel Proteins
Which of the following is found in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?
Chloroplasts
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamies? a. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. b. One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. c. One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form. d. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. e. Energy cannot be transformed.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.
Plant cells have walls but do not have plasma membranes. True/False
False
Centrioles are made of
Microtubules
The majority of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed by the cell is produced by the
Mirochondria
Both plants and animals need mitochondria to a. produce glucose. b. produce ATP. c. produce lipids. d. break down proteins. e. manufacture phospholipids.
b. produce ATP.
Both radioactive isotopes and stable isotopes contain the same number of electrons and protons. True/False
True
Both the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane are composed of phospholipids. True/False
True
Proteins within the extracellular matrix play a role in communicating between the matrix and the cytoskeleton. True/False
True
The hydrophilic parts of the plasma membrane are oriented towards both the outside of the cell and the cytoplasm. True/False
True
______ move materials between the organelles of the endomembrane system.
Vesicles
Carotenoids are found in high concentrations in yellow and orange leaves or vegetables. Why do these leaves and vegetables appear yellow or orange? a. The carotenoids reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light. b. The carotenoids absorb yellow and orange wavelengths of light. c. The carotenoids absorb or transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light. d. The carotenoids absorb or reflect yellow and orange wavelengths of light. e. The carotenoids absorb all wavelengths of light and then transmit yellow and orange wavelengths. Feedback
a. The carotenoids reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
In what ways are radioactive isotopes potentially harmful? a. Unmonitored release into the environment can make changes in a cell's DNA. b. They are used to trace molecular changes. c. They are used to destroy abnormal cells. d. They are used to determine the age of biological specimens. e. They are used to trace the path of materials throughout the body.
a. Unmonitored release into the environment can make changes in a cell's DNA.
Plant cells are connected to one another by a. plasmodesmata b. fimbriae c. centrioles d. cytoskeleton e. pili
a. plasmodesmata
The addition of electrons and hydrogen ions to a substrate is called what? a. reduction b. oxidation c. phosphorylation d. metabolism e. an enzyme-substrate complex
a. reduction
Isotopes of an atom differ in their a. atomic number. b. atomic mass. c. number of electrons. d. atomic radius. e. number of protons.
b. atomic mass
RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) is able to bind with both a. carbon dioxide and water. b. carbon dioxide and oxygen. c. carbon dioxide and NADPH. d. oxygen and water. e. NADPH and ATP.
b. carbon dioxide and oxygen.
The difference between bundle sheath cells in C 3 and C 4 plants is that a. the bundle sheath cells in C 3 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C 4 plants do not. b. the bundle sheath cells in C 4 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C 3 plants do not. c. the bundle sheath cells in C 3 plants are arranged in columns just beneath the upper epidermis, while those in C 4 plants are arranged in a ring around veins. d. the bundle sheath cells in C 4 plants are arranged in columns just beneath the upper epidermis, while those in C 3 plants are arranged in a ring around veins. e. There is no difference in bundle sheath cells in C 3 and C 4 plants.
b. the bundle sheath cells in C 4 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C 3 plants do not.
An ionic bond forms when a. an atom gives away or takes in an electron. b. an atom gives away or takes in a proton. c. a negatively charged ion is attracted to one with a positive charge. d. two atoms come close enough to share one or more electrons. e. two atoms come close enough to share one or more protons.
c. a negatively charged ion is attracted to one with a positive charge.
A cell being observed under a microscope has a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomal material that is not found in a nucleus. Based on this information, the cell could be a a. cell from a cactus. b. cell from a mushroom. c. bacterial cell. d. cell from a fish. e. cell from a paramecium.
c. bacterial cell
Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme, a. the enzyme breaks the substrate into three products. b. the two molecules fuse together to form the product. c. the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate. d. the substrate alters shape to more closely fit the active site. e. the substrate and enzyme both alter shape to fit together.
c. the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate.
Chemical bonds involve a. the giving and taking of electrons. b. the giving and taking of protons. c. the giving, taking, or sharing of electrons. d. the giving, taking, or sharing of protons. e. the sharing of electrons.
c. the giving, taking, or sharing of electrons.
Which of the following os not part of the cytoskeleton?
centreoles
_____ are involved in the movement of the cell.
cilia and flagella
An atom with a neutral charge has a. equal numbers of neutrons and electrons. b. more neutrons making it more neutral. c. the same number of protons and neutrons. d. equal numbers of protons and electrons. e. more protons than it does electrons.
d. equal numbers of protons and electrons
Some insects can stride on the surface of water because water a. has a high specific heat. b. has lower density when frozen. c. is a good solvent. d. has surface tension. e. resists temperature changes.
d. has surface tension.
Chlorophyll is to the light reactions as ________ is to the Calvin cycle. a. NADP + b. carbon dioxide c. ATP d. ATP synthase e. RuBP
e. RuBP
As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason for this is that a. crabgrass is a type of cactus, so it grows better in dry climates. b. as the climate changes, homeowners are not caring for their yards as well. c. crabgrass is a tropical plant that likes hot, dry climates. d. crabgrass is a type of C 3 plant that does well in dry climates. e. crabgrass is a type of C 4 plant that does well in dry climates.
e. crabgrass is a type of C 4 plant that does well in dry climates.
A covalent bond involves the sharing of a. neutrons. b. protons. c. pairs of protons. d. at least three electrons.
e. pairs of electrons
Which of the following organelles lacks a membrane? a. nucleus b. chloroplast c. mitochondrion d. lysosomes e. ribosomes
e. ribosomes
What function does the nucleolus have? a. houses the chromatin b. prepares products for export from the cell c. contains enzymes for intracellular digestion d. contains the majority of cellular DNA e. synthesizes ribosomal RNA
e. synthesizes ribosomal RNA
ATP synthasederives energy for the generation of ATP from a. the movement of hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid space. b. the splitting of H 2O, which releases electrons. c. solar energy captured by the light reactions changing the shape of the enzyme. d. electrons transferred from NADPH causing the enzyme to change shape. e. the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.
e. the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.
What process typically regulates the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions? a. substrate inhibition b. pH change c. ATP blockage d. feedback inhibition e. temperature levels
feedback inhibition
During an osmosis experiment, you place some plant cells under the microscope. You notice the cells seem very swollen. What type of solution were the cells immersed in? a. isotonic b. ionic c. hypotonic d. hypertonic e. salt
hypotonic
The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the a. substrate binding theory. b. induced fit model c. metabolic pathway. d. energy of activation. e. enzyme binding theory.
induced fit model.
If the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) _________________environment. a. isotonic. b. hypertonic. c. hypotonic. d. osmotonic. e. saturated.
isotonic.
ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because a. it is able to be used in only one type of reaction. b. its breakdown is coupled with energy-requiring reactions c. it provides excess energy for cellular reactions. d. it is not reusable. e. it takes no energy to make it.
its breakdown is coupled with energy-requiring reactions.
Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by a. transferring electrons from one substance to another. b. binding substrates to a membrane. c. producing more enzymes. d. lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed. e. producing more substrates.
lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
Where within the cell is the majority of ATP produced? a. mitochondria b. cytoplasm c. nucleus d. endoplasmic reticulum e. Golgi body
mitochondria
The endomembrane system consists of all of the following, except
mitochondrion
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell. This process is called a. active transport. b. phagocytosis. c. exocytosis. d. pinocytosis. e. facilitated diffusion.
phagocytosis.
Which of these structures is involved in protein synthesis?
ribosome
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy? a. the energy in a glucose molecule b. the energy contained in a rock sitting at the top of a cliff c. the skier traveling downhil d. the energy contained in a hamburger e. the energy of a diver standing on a diving board
the skier traveling downhill
When a positively charged hydrogen in a water molecule become attracted to thenegatively charged oxygen in a nearby water molecule, this is called a ionic bond. True/False
False
Which of the following is not found in a Prokaryotic cell?
Mitochondrion
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle releases ________, which return to the light reactions. a. ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP b. CO 2 and H 2O; glucose and O 2 c. ATP and CO 2; glucose and O 2 d. glucose and O 2; CO 2 and H 2O e. ADP and NADH; ATP and NADPH
a. ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
How many times must the Calvin cycle turn to yield a single molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6
b. 3
How does a strong acid differ from a weak acid? a. A strong acid contains fewer H + in solution. b. A weak acid dissociates only partially in water. c. A strong acid is less likely to remain dissociated. d. A weak acid dissociates nearly completely in water. e. A strong acid dissociates only partly in water.
b. A weak acid dissociates only partially in water
In C 4 plants, the light reactions will stop during the daytime when the supply of what compound is limited? a. chlorophyll a b. NADP + c. H 2O d. CO 2 e. O 2
b. NADP +
An atom's valence electron shell a. is filled when it has three electrons. b. determines its chemical reactivity. c. determines its atomic mass. d. is filled with positively charged particles. e. is filled identically for every element.
b. determines its chemical reactivity.
Factors that may affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include a. concentration. b. size. c. time. d. charge. e. all of the above answers
concentration. size. time. charge.
A general eukaryotic cell is typically in the area of a. 0-1 mm. b. 1-10 nm. c. 1-10 μm. d. 10-100 μm. e. 10-100 mm.
d. 10-100 μm
A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment? a. cool, moist b. hot, moist c. cool, dry d. hot, dry e. semi-tropical
d. hot, dry
Which of the following is a correct match? a. ribosomes - lipid synthesis b. Golgi apparatus - production of cellular ATP c. mitochondria - protein alteration and packaging d. lysosomes - cellular digestion e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - storage of water
d. lysosomes - cellular digestion
As a cell increases in size, its surface-area-to-volume ratio
decreases
Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present. True/False
true
Which of the following can be viewed only with an electron microscope?
virus
Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes? a. The enzymes are used up after one reaction and the molecules have to undergo multiple rearrangements. b. The enzyme is deformed by the interaction with the substrate and needs a period of time to return to its original reactive form, so many enzymes are needed to keep the pathway going. c. Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product. d. Multiple enzymes are not required for the pathway, but having them speed up the production of the final product. e. The enzymes are attached to a membrane and cannot move to the location of the new intermediate, so having a long line of enzymes to carry out the reaction allows the reaction to occur faster.
Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product.
Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans, while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose? a. The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring. b. Humans do not eat cellulose. c. The acidic molecules found in stomach acid cannot act on the bonds that are above the sugar rings in cellulose. d. The alternating bonds make the cellulose molecule too large and bulky to enter cells for digestion. e. Cellular respiration is only capable of breaking down specific bonds.
The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season? a. The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells. b. Plant root cells will grow in excess to try to reach fresh water. c. Plant cells will take on excess water from the melted ice and become turgid. d. Salt is in limited supply in the ecosystem and this type of overuse will make it even more so. e. The deer in these areas have the danger of consuming too much of it as they forage for food.
The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonie environment for plant cells.
The electron arrangement for argon, which has 18 electrons, is a. 2 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 8 in the outer electron shell. b. 8 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 2 in the outer electron shell. c. 6 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 6 in the outer electron shell. d. 5 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 7 in the outer electron shell. e. 7 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 5 in the outer electron shell.
a. 2 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 8 in the outer electron shell
A new species of plant is discovered and you are asked to help classify it. Upon examination under a microscope, you find that there is a layer of bundle sheath cells containing chloroplasts around the vein of the leaf of the plant. What can you tell about the plant from this information? a. This plant is unlike any other plant that has ever been discovered and is a completely new category of plant. b. This plant very likely carries out C 4 photosynthesis. c. This plant falls into the category of CAM-type plants. d. This plant uses chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. e. This is a C 3 type of plant.
b. This plant very likely carries out C 4 photosynthesis.
When a sodium atom transfers an electron to a chlorine atom a. the sodium atom becomes a positively charged ion. b. the chlorine atom becomes a negatively charged ion. c. the positive and negative ions will attract each other, forming a crystal if no water is present. d. the ions will separate in the presence of water. e. All of the above statements are correct.
e. All of the above statements are correct
In which of the labeled cells of a C 4 leaf are the Calvin cycle reactions performed? a. A and B b. B and C c. A and D d. B only e. C only
e. C only
Which of the following events takes place in the Calvin cycle? a. transfer of electrons to the reaction center of photosystem I b. generation of ATP from ADP + P i c. splitting of water, releasing an electron d. generation of NADPH from NADP + e. CO 2is converted intoG3P
e. CO 2is converted intoG3P
ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each? a. ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power. b. ATP supplies energy and NADPH fixes CO 2 so it can enter the cycle. c. Both ATP and NADPH supply energy to the Calvin cycle. d. NADPH supplies energy and ATP supplies electrons for reducing power. e. ATP and NADPH are joined into the starter molecule, RuBP, to form glucose.
a. ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.
A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock in a desert would most likely use which type of photosynthesis? a. CAM b. C 3 c. C 4 d. both C 4 and CAM e. both C 3 and CAM
a. CAM
Cola has a pH of 3.5. This means that it has an excess of _______ ions and would be called a(n) ________. a. H +; acid b. OH -; acid c. H +; base d. OH -; base e. H +; neutral solution
a. H +; acid
Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nucleus. The nucleus functions to a. separate the DNA from other activities that occur in the cytoplasm. b. prevent the DNA from influencing the activities in the cytoplasm. c. prevent materials associated with the DNA from coming into contact with the cell's cytoplasm. d. separate the DNA and mRNA from the cytoplasm. e. separate the DNA from the RNA.
a. separate the DNA from other activities that occur in the cytoplasm
During photosynthesis, ________ is oxidized, while ________ is reduced. a. water; carbon dioxide b. carbon dioxide; water c. carbohydrate; carbon dioxide d. carbon dioxide; carbohydrate e. carbon dioxide; oxygen
a. water; carbon dioxide
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energytransformations resultin an increase in entropy (disorder). If so, how does photosynthesis, which an energy transformation, create order rather than disorder? a. Plants do not obey the second law of thermodynamics. b. Plants take highly ordered molecules like glucose and break them into smaller disordered molecules like carbon dioxide and water. c. Plants do not have mitochondria like animals and therefore cannot create disorder. d. The tree takes in small disordered molecules like carbon dioxide from the air and water from the earth and using solar energy produce highly ordered sugar molecules likeglucose. e. Photosynthesis does not actually create order.
d. The tree takes in small disordered molecules like carbon dioxide from the air and water from the earth and using solar energy produce highly ordered sugar molecules like glucose.
The nucleus has a double membrane that encloses the DNA. Inside the nucleus, the DNA acts as the template to produce mRNA and ribosomes.To exit the nucleus, these molecules must a. diffuse through the double membrane into the cytoplasm. b. pass through carrier proteins which use ATP to transport the molecules. c. attach to carrier molecules that carry them through the membrane. d. pass through pores that span both membranes. e. be transported across the two membranes by means of vesicles.
d. pass through pores that span both membranes
Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function. a. the number of microvilli b. the size of the nucleus c. cilia movement d. surface-area-to-volume ratio e. the ability to photosynthesize
d. surface-area-to-volume ratio
Which form of passive transport allows small noncharged molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane? a. diffusion b. osmosis c. plasmolysis d. phagocytosis e. pinocytosis
diffusion
Replacement electrons for the reaction center of photosystem II are derived from a. H 2O. b. NADP +. c. G3P. d. NADPH. e. CO 2.
a. H 2O.
A coenzyme is defined as a. a nonprotein helper that works with an enzyme. b. another enzyme that assists an enzyme with a chemical reaction. c. another enzyme in the same biochemical pathway. d. a carbohydrate that assists an enzyme. e. a protein that is not an enzyme.
a. a nonprotein helper that works with an enzyme.
All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a. cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA. b. a cell membrane and cytoplasm. c. a nucleus and a cell membrane. d. cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and a nucleus. e. DNA and a cell membrane.
a. cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA.
An atom that has an electrical charge is called a(n) a. ion. b. molecule. c. isotope. d. element. e. proton.
a. ion.
Which of the following is the correct sequencethrough the endomembrane system for material that is destined to besecreted from the cell? a. rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane b. Golgi apparatus - ribosome - plasma membrane c. nucleus - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus d. Golgi apparatus - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane - Golgi apparatus - ribosome
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane
The glycoproteins found in the plasma membrane function in what capacity? a. to transport molecules across the membrane b. establishing the identity of the cell c. to attach to the cytoskeleton on the interior of the cell and maintain the cell in a position relative to other cells d. to maintain the membrane's fluidity e. to catalyze reactions that are crucial to the cell's functioning
b. establishing the identity of the cell
The Calvin cycle produces a. glucose. b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). c. sucrose. d. 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). e. ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
The subatomic particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom are the a. protons and electrons. b. neutrons and protons. c. electrons only. d. protons only. e. electrons and neutrons.
b. neutrons and protons
Grana are a. interconnecting stomata. b. stacks of thylakoids. c. pores that open to allow gas exchange. d. the sites of the Calvin cycle and production of sugars. e. enzymes that bind CO 2.
b. stacks of thylakoids.
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it a. does not require the presence of an enzyme. b. requires energy from the cell. c. does not require energy from the cell. d. does not require control by the nucleus. e. moves molecules from low to high concentration.
does not require energy from the cell.
Glucose, C 6H 12O 6, is best described as a(n) a. element. b. isotope. c. compound d. ion. e. atom.
c. compound
Heartburn occurs when stomach acid escapes the stomach and burns the tissues of the esophagus. Baking soda is sometimes used as an antacid. How does baking soda help relieve symptoms of heartburn? a. The baking soda is serving as a buffer to take up excess H + ions from stomach acid. b. The baking soda is able to coat the lining of the esophagus thereby protecting it from the acid. c. The baking soda increases the acidity of the stomach. d. The baking soda releases salt which draws more water into the esophagus thereby diluting the acid. e. The baking soda relaxes the stomach muscles.
a. The baking soda is serving as a buffer to take up excess H + ions from stomach acid.
Which steps of photosynthesis does C 4 photosynthesis partition in space? a. carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions b. carbon fixation and light reactions c. light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions d. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) formation and glucose phosphate formation e. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) formation and glucose phosphate formation
a. carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in that they both a. contain DNA. b. are involved in protein production for the cell. c. are involved in cellular waste processing. d. are membranous sacs involved in storage. e. are involved in helping to maintain cell shape.
a. contain DNA.
CAM photosynthesis limits CO 2 fixation to nighttime hours in order to a. allow water to enter leaf spaces during the daylight hours. b. open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity. c. allow NADPH and ATP to enter leaf spaces. d. limit the Calvin cycle reactions to nighttime only. e. limit water uptake from the soil during daytime hours.
b. open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity.
A water molecule, as shown here, is polar because of a. the transfer of electrons. b. unequal sharing of electrons. c. its ability to freeze. d. its hydrogen bonds. e. the negative charge of the molecule.
b. unequal sharing of electrons
Which organelle modifies the contents within vesicles and then repackages them for export? a. smooth ER b. rough ER c. Golgi apparatus d. ribosomes e. plasma membrane
c. Golgi apparatus
Which of the following human cells would contain cilia? a. red blood cell b. sperm c. cell from the trachea (windpipe) d. neuron e. bone cell
c. cell from the trachea (windpipe)
In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________. a. loss of electrons; gain of electrons b. gain of water; loss of water c. gain of electrons; loss of electrons d. loss of water; gain of water e. gain of protons; loss of protons
c. gain of electrons; loss of electrons
Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound? a. glucose b. galactose c. glucose phosphate d. fructose e. 3PG
c. glucose phosphate
Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the a. mesophyll. b. thylakoid space. c. thylakoid membrane. d. stroma. e. cytoplasm.
c. thylakoid membrane.
