Bio Introductory Physiology 2021

Noncompetitive inhibitors (allosteric inhibitors)

-Do not resemble substrate -Bind an allosteric site -Induce conformational change -Not influenced by concentration of substrate

Catabolism

-large → small -Exergonic; run anabolic rxns

Anabolism

-small→ large -Endergonic; N incorporation

Place the intermediate substrates of glycolysis in order.

1. glucose 2. glucose - P 3. fructose 6 - P 4. fructose 1,6 - P 5. glyceraldehyde 3 - P

Protein Metabolism

Amino acids can also be used for energy production N ingested - N excreted = N balance Excess aa converted to carbs/fat or excreted as urea -Oxidative Deamination

Enzymes

Class of proteins that serve as biological catalysts (exception: ribozymes are RNA) 1.↑ rxn rate 2.not changed by the rxn 3.do not change nature of rxn

The structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus is called

Effector

Second law of Thermodynamics

Every time energy is transformed from one atom to another, some of that energy is converted to heat.

Energy Storage

If more energy is taken in than consumed, ATP synthesis would be inhibited extra glucose converted into glycogen & fat •Fat: major form of energy storage -Yields 9 kilocalories/g •Carbs & proteins ~ 4 kcal/g each

Substrate concentration

Increasing the concentration of the substrate increases the rate of reaction (up to the point of enzyme saturation)

Metabolic Pathways: Series of enzymes

Many metabolic pathways are regulated by negative feedback by a product

Glycolysis: Glucose Breakdown

Net equation:1 glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ATP ----> 2 pyruvates + 2 NADH + 2 ATP -exergonic:*net gain of 2 ATP

Irreversible reaction

Net loss of reactants with a net gain in products over time A + B------> AB

The method that refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists develop and test a hypothesis is called the what?

Scientific method

anatomy

The study of body structure

Both Anatomists and physiologists use the scientific method to explain and understand the workings of the body. True false question.

True

Controlling Enzymes

Turning on or off Phosphorylation; dephosphorylation Ligands called 2nd messengers

the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector.

control center

Fat Metabolism

controlled by liver. metabolism ulyimately happens in cells.

nervous system

controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication

Coenzymes (organic cofactors)

derived from vitamins or modified nucleotides transport molecules

The components associated with the homeostatic system are which choices?

effector, control center, receptor

Kinetic energy

energy of motion

Anatomists

examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.

urinary system

filters the blood and removes waste from the blood

The body's ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37°C regardless of the outside temperature is called

homeostasis

What is the body's ability to maintain a consistent internal environment called?

homeostasis

Which of the following body structures can serve as effectors?

insulin secreting cells of pancreas, smooth muscles of bronchioles

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production

mitochondria

cardiovascular system

moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases

In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the _____ direction of the stimulus.

opposite

receptors regarding temperature

organs in the skin detect heat

lymphatic system

participates in immune response

muscular system

produces body movement and heat

integumentary system

provides protection, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss

skeletal system

provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis

The component of homeostasis that is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.

receptor

respiratory system

responsible for exchange of gases

endocrine system

secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in the blood

A receptor typically consists of...

sensory neurons

Control centers are generally portions of the ...

spinal cord thyroid gland brain

Potential energy

stored energy (energy of position) Potential energy must be converted to kinetic before it can do work

stimulus regarding temperature

vigorous exercise raises body temperature

Kinetic Energy

-Electric: movement of charged particles -Mechanical: objects in motion -Sound: vibrating objects -Radiant: electromagnetic waves -Heat: random motion

Competitive inhibitors

-Resembles substrate -Compete for active site -With more substrate less likely competitive inhibitor will occupy site -With less substrate more likely inhibitor will occupy site

Linked acetyl CoAs form FA

-add glycerol = triglyceride -lipogenesis

2 FFAs removed by β-oxidation to make 1 acetyl CoA

-lipolysis

Synthesis Reaction

Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules are combined to form a larger chemical structure. A + B -----> AB

Chemical rxns

bonds broken/formed

Metabolism

Collective term for all chemical reactions (rxns) in body

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Cellular Respiration: Fate of pyruvate without sufficient oxygen

NADH must give away H+ to avoid end-product inhibition [lactic acid] = creates an O2 debt(mm fatigue) -RBCs -skeletal & heart mm can survive for awhile w/o oxygen by using lactic acid fermentation

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Location of intermediate stage, critic acid cycle, electron transport system (aerobic)

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

Anatomy

The study of body structure and form. Also describes the muscle layers in the wall of the small intestine

multienzyme complex: Physically linked enzymes

the product of one becomes the substrate of a different enzyme in the complex products of each enzyme in the complex are less likely to diffuse away to participate in other chemical reactions

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function, also describes the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down

True or false: Most homeostatic variables aren't constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.

true, Reason: The homeostatic variable is maintained with a normal level called a set point.

Metabolic Webs

May be controlled by end-product inhibition -Occurs by allosteric inhibition

Electron Transport:Oxidative Phosphorylation

Mitochondrial cristae -ETC = series of proteins -e- shuttled down series by redox rxns + e- = reduced - e- = oxidized -NAD & FAD regenerated •exergonic: *Nets 3 ATP/ e- pair

Intermediate Stage: Acetyl Coenzyme A Formation

Mitochondrial matrix *Net 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH from 1 glucose

Reversible reaction

No net change in concentration of reactants or products •reactants become products & products become reactants at equal rate •A + B ABCO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO

Scientists who study the structure and form of organisms are

anatomists

Exchange Reaction

atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures AB + C -----> A + BC

effectors regarding temperature

blood vessels dilate, sweat glands secrete sweat

homeostasis regarding temperature

body temperature returns to normal

control center regarding temperature

hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature

Decomposition Reaction

large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones AB----> A + B