Bio Introductory Physiology 2021
Noncompetitive inhibitors (allosteric inhibitors)
-Do not resemble substrate -Bind an allosteric site -Induce conformational change -Not influenced by concentration of substrate
Catabolism
-large → small -Exergonic; run anabolic rxns
Anabolism
-small→ large -Endergonic; N incorporation
Place the intermediate substrates of glycolysis in order.
1. glucose 2. glucose - P 3. fructose 6 - P 4. fructose 1,6 - P 5. glyceraldehyde 3 - P
Protein Metabolism
Amino acids can also be used for energy production N ingested - N excreted = N balance Excess aa converted to carbs/fat or excreted as urea -Oxidative Deamination
Enzymes
Class of proteins that serve as biological catalysts (exception: ribozymes are RNA) 1.↑ rxn rate 2.not changed by the rxn 3.do not change nature of rxn
The structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus is called
Effector
Second law of Thermodynamics
Every time energy is transformed from one atom to another, some of that energy is converted to heat.
Energy Storage
If more energy is taken in than consumed, ATP synthesis would be inhibited extra glucose converted into glycogen & fat •Fat: major form of energy storage -Yields 9 kilocalories/g •Carbs & proteins ~ 4 kcal/g each
Substrate concentration
Increasing the concentration of the substrate increases the rate of reaction (up to the point of enzyme saturation)
Metabolic Pathways: Series of enzymes
Many metabolic pathways are regulated by negative feedback by a product
Glycolysis: Glucose Breakdown
Net equation:1 glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ATP ----> 2 pyruvates + 2 NADH + 2 ATP -exergonic:*net gain of 2 ATP
Irreversible reaction
Net loss of reactants with a net gain in products over time A + B------> AB
The method that refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists develop and test a hypothesis is called the what?
Scientific method
anatomy
The study of body structure
Both Anatomists and physiologists use the scientific method to explain and understand the workings of the body. True false question.
True
Controlling Enzymes
Turning on or off Phosphorylation; dephosphorylation Ligands called 2nd messengers
the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector.
control center
Fat Metabolism
controlled by liver. metabolism ulyimately happens in cells.
nervous system
controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication
Coenzymes (organic cofactors)
derived from vitamins or modified nucleotides transport molecules
The components associated with the homeostatic system are which choices?
effector, control center, receptor
Kinetic energy
energy of motion
Anatomists
examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.
urinary system
filters the blood and removes waste from the blood
The body's ability to maintain an average temperature of about 37°C regardless of the outside temperature is called
homeostasis
What is the body's ability to maintain a consistent internal environment called?
homeostasis
Which of the following body structures can serve as effectors?
insulin secreting cells of pancreas, smooth muscles of bronchioles
Cellular Respiration: ATP Production
mitochondria
cardiovascular system
moves blood containing hormones, nutrients and gases
In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the _____ direction of the stimulus.
opposite
receptors regarding temperature
organs in the skin detect heat
lymphatic system
participates in immune response
muscular system
produces body movement and heat
integumentary system
provides protection, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss
skeletal system
provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis
The component of homeostasis that is the sensory nerve body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated.
receptor
respiratory system
responsible for exchange of gases
endocrine system
secretes hormones to regulate growth and chemical levels in the blood
A receptor typically consists of...
sensory neurons
Control centers are generally portions of the ...
spinal cord thyroid gland brain
Potential energy
stored energy (energy of position) Potential energy must be converted to kinetic before it can do work
stimulus regarding temperature
vigorous exercise raises body temperature
Kinetic Energy
-Electric: movement of charged particles -Mechanical: objects in motion -Sound: vibrating objects -Radiant: electromagnetic waves -Heat: random motion
Competitive inhibitors
-Resembles substrate -Compete for active site -With more substrate less likely competitive inhibitor will occupy site -With less substrate more likely inhibitor will occupy site
Linked acetyl CoAs form FA
-add glycerol = triglyceride -lipogenesis
2 FFAs removed by β-oxidation to make 1 acetyl CoA
-lipolysis
Synthesis Reaction
Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules are combined to form a larger chemical structure. A + B -----> AB
Chemical rxns
bonds broken/formed
Metabolism
Collective term for all chemical reactions (rxns) in body
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds
Cellular Respiration: Fate of pyruvate without sufficient oxygen
NADH must give away H+ to avoid end-product inhibition [lactic acid] = creates an O2 debt(mm fatigue) -RBCs -skeletal & heart mm can survive for awhile w/o oxygen by using lactic acid fermentation
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Location of intermediate stage, critic acid cycle, electron transport system (aerobic)
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
Anatomy
The study of body structure and form. Also describes the muscle layers in the wall of the small intestine
multienzyme complex: Physically linked enzymes
the product of one becomes the substrate of a different enzyme in the complex products of each enzyme in the complex are less likely to diffuse away to participate in other chemical reactions
Physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work or function, also describes the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down
True or false: Most homeostatic variables aren't constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.
true, Reason: The homeostatic variable is maintained with a normal level called a set point.
Metabolic Webs
May be controlled by end-product inhibition -Occurs by allosteric inhibition
Electron Transport:Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitochondrial cristae -ETC = series of proteins -e- shuttled down series by redox rxns + e- = reduced - e- = oxidized -NAD & FAD regenerated •exergonic: *Nets 3 ATP/ e- pair
Intermediate Stage: Acetyl Coenzyme A Formation
Mitochondrial matrix *Net 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH from 1 glucose
Reversible reaction
No net change in concentration of reactants or products •reactants become products & products become reactants at equal rate •A + B ABCO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO
Scientists who study the structure and form of organisms are
anatomists
Exchange Reaction
atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures AB + C -----> A + BC
effectors regarding temperature
blood vessels dilate, sweat glands secrete sweat
homeostasis regarding temperature
body temperature returns to normal
control center regarding temperature
hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature
Decomposition Reaction
large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones AB----> A + B