BIO Lecture Exam #2

Select all correct statements about the venae cavae. They are part of the pulmonary circuit. They return blood to the left atrium. They are the largest veins in the systemic circuit. The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body.

-They are the largest veins in the systemic circuit. -The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body.

What does an electrocardiogram record? -images of the various chambers of the heart during the cardiac cycle -changes in electrical activity in the brain during sleep -changes in blood pressure in the various chambers of the heart during the cardiac cycle -changes in electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle

-changes in electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle

According to the graph showing stages of HIV infection, select all correct statements.

-during the acute phase, there is an initial burst of HIV replication -the amount of HIV in plasma rises dramatically in aids -CD4 T lymphocyte numbers never recover from their initial drop in the acute phase -during the chronic phase and aids, CD4 T lymphocytes decrease steadily

Select all of the proven practices that minimize the spread of HIV.

-sexual abstinence -sex with only a single uninfected partner -use of condoms with every sexual encounter

Select the three main functions of the cardiovascular system as outlined in the text. -transport gases, nutrients, and wastes -protect the body against infection -collects excess interstitial fluid -regulate temperature, pH, and salt balance -mediates inspiration and expiration

-transport gases, nutrients, and wastes -protect the body against infection -regulate temperature, pH, and salt balance

Beginning with blood in the left atrium (at the top), arrange these parts of the heart according to the order in which blood passes through them. Aortic semilunar valve, Aorta, Left ventricle, Bicuspid valve

1. Bicuspid valve 2. Left ventricle 3. Aortic semilunar valve 4. Aorta

Arrange these veins in order, beginning with a capillary at the top, to reflect the path of blood from the lower leg capillaries back to the heart. Common iliac vein, Lower leg veins, Inferior vena cava, Capillary, Femoral vein

1. Capillary 2. Lower leg veins 3. Femoral vein 4. Common iliac vein 5. Inferior vena cava

Beginning with blood in the right atrium (at the top), arrange these parts of the heart according to the order in which blood passes through them. To lungs then pulmonary capillaries, Left atrium, Pulmonary veins, Through AV/tricuspid valve to right ventricle, Through pulmonary semilunar valve, Into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries

1. Through AV/tricuspid valve to right ventricle 2. Through pulmonary semilunar valve 3. Into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries 4. To lungs then pulmonary capillaries 5. Pulmonary veins 6. Left atrium

Return of blood to the heart through the veins is dependent upon what 3 additional factors?

1. the skeletal muscle pump; dependent on skeletal muscle contraction 2. the respiratory pump; dependent on breathing 3. valves in veins

Approximately what proportion of the world's human population has been exposed to TB?

1/3

Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the _____.

1950s

How many major types of HIV have been discovered?

2

As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?

38 million

How many chambers does the human heart have?

4

The human heart has how many chambers?

4

The human heart has how many chambers? 2 4 3 1

4

Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2019?

690,000

Positive feedback is different from negative feedback in that a positive feedback mechanism causes

A change in the same direction

The complement system is actually composed of _____.

A number of blood plasma proteins

Capillary walls are made of

A single layer of epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane

The best description of a monocyte is _____.

A white blood cell that becomes a phagocytic macrophage in tissues.

What layer of the skin contains Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, and Langerhan Cells? A. Epidermis B. Hypodermis C. Dermis D. Dermal Papillae

A. Epidermis

The ________ acts as an insulator for the body? A. Hypodermis B. Dermis C. Sebaceous Tissue D. Dermis

A. Hypodermis

Swelling of the skin is also known as A. Odema B. Dematitis C. Xeroderma D. Necrosis

A. Odema

The sebaceous glands are found everywhere on the body except? A. Palms & Soles B. Back C. Neck & Ears D. Head

A. Palms & Soles

A layer of epidermis made of a single layer of flat, square cells A. Stratum basale B. Stratum corneum C. Stratum Lucidum D. Stratum granulosum

A. Stratum basale

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. A. Stratum spinosum B. Stratum corneum D. Stratum granulosum E. Stratum basale

A. Stratum spinosum

Function (s) of melanocytes? A. UV protection B. Sensation C. Immunity D. Make new cells

A. UV protection

All of the following are part of the integumentary system except A. bones B. skin C. nails D. hair

A. bones

Sweat glands are located in the ... A. dermis B. epidermis C. hypodermis D. BOTH A& B

A. dermis

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the A. dermis. B. epidermis. C. hypodermis. D. both A and B above E. all of the above

A. dermis.

Which layer of the skin is composed of adipose tissue? (1 point) A. hypodermis (subcuntaneous) B. dermis and hypodermis C. epidermis D. dermis

A. hypodermis (subcuntaneous)

A person with dark skin has a _____ allows them to be better protected from the sun. A. increased production of melanin that helps block UV light B. an increased concentration of keratin that toughens the skin C. an increased blood supply that carries the heat of the sun away D. a decreased blood supply that blocks melanocyte activity

A. increased production of melanin that helps block UV light

Which layer of the epidermis is considered the "dead layer" because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen, and is composed of keratin? A. stratum corneum B. stratum granulosum C. stratum basale D. stratum lucidium

A. stratum corneum

The layer of the epidermis at the surface is the A. stratum corneum. B. stratum lucidum. C. stratum germinativum. D. stratum granulosum. E. stratum spinosum

A. stratum corneum.

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin? A. stratum lucidum B. stratum granulosum C. stratum corneum D. stratum germinativum

A. stratum lucidum

Sudoriferous gland produce A. sweat B. Oil C. Sebum D. Collagen

A. sweat

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. A. vitamin D synthesis B. arteriole constriction C. folate production D. thermoregulation E. both A & C

A. vitamin D synthesis

Sweat contains A. water, salts and wastes. B. sebum. C. water only. D. dead cells, urea and sodium chloride. E. Oil, uric acid, proteins

A. water, salts and wastes.

Immunity that results from either having an infection or from receiving an immunization is a the type of acquired immunity called ____immunity.

Active

The type of immunity that results from the the production of antibodies by an individual following an infection or vaccination is ______ immunity.

Active

The type of connective tissue that functions in energy storage, insulation, and organ protection is

Adipose tissue

Because substances like pollen, food, and animal hair can provoke hypersensitivity reactions, they are called _____.

Allergens

A reaction that is defined as a hypersensitivity to substances that normally pose no serious risk to the body, such as pollen, food, or animal hair is called a(n) ____ reaction.

Allergic

What is lysozyme?

An antibacterial enzyme

Select all correct characterizations of rheumatic fever.

An inflammatory response that targets the heart muscle and valves Presence of autoimmune antibodies that play a major role Typically follows infection with Streptococcus bacteria

When an allergen enters the bloodstream, an immediate allergic response called ____ shock can occur, which is characterized by a sudden life-threatening drop in blood pressure.

Anaphylactic Shock

A life-threatening form of immediate allergic reaction that is due to allergen entering the bloodstream is specifically called _____.

Anaphylactic shock

A common pregnancy test uses monoclonal ____ to detect the hormone HCG in a woman's urine.

Antibodies

An antibody titer is a measure of the levels of ____ in the bloodstream.

Antibodies

Which of the following involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells?

Antibody-mediated immunity

major , complex

Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, allow T cells to recognize antigens by phagocytizing pathogens, breaking them apart, and presenting them an the APC surface in the grooves of ________ histocompatibility ________ molecules

Which type of cells display fragments of antigens to T cells?

Antigen-presenting cells

The adaptive immune system responds to foreign molecules, typically protein components of bacteria, viruses, molds, or parasites, which are collectively known as ___ .

Antigens

What happens to lymph as it passes through a lymph node?

Any debris or pathogens are engulfed by macrophages

What are the main blood vessels that carry blood immediately away from the right and left ventricles of heart?

Aorta & Pulmonary trunk

Another term for the programmed death of a cell is ____ .

Apoptosis

1) engulfment of antigen by APC 2) presentation of antigen-MHC to T cells 3) T cell activation and clonal expansion 4) memory T cell formation

Arrange the steps in T-cell activation in the correct order of occurrence, with the earliest step at the top

Hairs "stand on end" due to contraction of the ___________ muscles attached to hair follicles.

Arrector pili

Strong-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called

Arteries

What are the three types of blood vessels in the human cardiovascular system?

Arteries, veins, capillaries

The structure that moves blood directly from an arteriole to a venule when a capillary bed is closed is a(n)

Arteriovenous shunt

Provide nutrients to neurons

Astrocytes

The upper chambers of the heart, which receive blood from veins, are called

Atria

In conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis, T cells or antibodies attack one's own tissues. Collectively, these disorders are called ____ diseases.

Autoimmune

A complete blood count, protein assay, and antinuclear antibody test are used to detect what type of diseases?

Autoimmune Diseases

Many public places are now equipped with machines that can restart a person's heart. These machines are called AEDs, or

Automatic external defibrillators

Which two types of cells can undergo clonal expansion after a specific antigen binds an antigen receptor on their surface?

B & T cells

The cell type that is most directly responsible for antibody-mediated immunity against pathogens is the _____.

B cell

Select the two types of lymphocytes.

B cells and T cells

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called ____ cells.

B or Plasma

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis that regenerates new cells? A)stratum corenum B)stratum basale C)stratum granulosum D)stratum lucidum

B)stratum basale

The palms of the hands and soles of the feet have how many epidermal layers? A. 2 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3 E. 6

B. 5

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. A. Adipose Tissue B. Connective Tissue C. Melanocytes D. Keratinocytes

B. Connective Tissue

If Albert's production/ingestion of vitamin D decrease, his ability to absorb calcium in his intestine will: A. Increase B. Decrease C. No change D. Both A & B

B. Decrease

If you cut yourself and pathogen enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the pathogen? A. Merkel cells B. Langerhans cells C. Melanocytes D. keratinocytes E. Reticulocytes

B. Langerhans cells

This pigment absorbs ultraviolet light. A. Keratin B. Melanin C. Melatonin D. Carotene

B. Melanin

Name the epidermal layer fully keratinized? A. Stratum basale B. Stratum corneum C. Stratum lucidum D. Stratum granulosum

B. Stratum corneum

What sweat gland is located in the axillary and genital areas of the body? A. none of these B. apocrine glands C. sebaceous glands D. eccrine glands

B. apocrine glands

Eccrine sweat glands ________. A. are present on hair B. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat C. produce sebum

B. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

What term means pertaining to a type of tissue that does not have blood vessels? A. vascular B. avascular C. epidermis D. dermis

B. avascular

From which of the following does the basic structure of hair and nails form? A. collagen B. keratin C. melanin D. elastin

B. keratin

10.Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein with the skin prevents the skin from soaking up moisture like a sponge. What is this substance? A. melanin B. keratin(protein) C. mucus D. ca

B. keratin(protein)

Thick skin can be found on the A. back. B. palms. C. legs. D. arms. E. chest.

B. palms.

Which of these below has no blood supply (avascular) of its own? A. both the dermis and the hypodermis B. the epidermis only C. hypodermis only D. the dermis only

B. the epidermis only

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, A. they divide. B. they die. C. their nutrient supply increases. D. they enter the dermis. E. all of the above

B. they die.

The function of melanin is A. to help control the rate of heat loss by the skin B. to absorb harmful UV radiation. C. to produce sweat D. to produce a waterproof covering on the surface of the skin

B. to absorb harmful UV radiation.

All epithelial tissues are anchored to underlying tissues by a thin layer of carbohydrates and proteins known as the ________ membrane.

Basement

Where is smooth muscle found in the body?

Bladder, Blood vessel walls, Intestinal wall

The fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements and plasma is

Blood

Select all correct interpretations of the graph of blood flow through vessels.

Blood pressure decreases from arteries to arterioles to capillaries. Blood velocity speeds up as capillaries empty into venules. Blood velocity is slowest in the capillaries

Select all of the following that are true about blood flow in veins.

Blood pressure tends to be low. Veins have valves that prevent the backward flow of blood. Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding veins helps move blood back towards the heart.

Where is simple squamous found?

Blood vessels and lungs

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are cell types responsible for forming the matrix in

Bone

Select all correct statements about the cardiac cycle.

Both atria contract at the same time. The cardiac cycle includes systole and diastole.

An HIV-infected person who has a CD4 T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 and has developed at least one of the AIDS-defining opportunistic infections is classified in which CDC category of HIV infection?

C

A patient comes into the ER with burns down her leg. You notice that the burns are down to the muscle. What kind of burn is this? A. 1st degree burn B. 2nd degree burn C. 3rd degree burn

C. 3rd degree burn

Keratinocytes and Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) are seen in A. stratum spinosum B. Stratum basale C. Stratum granulosum D. Stratum corneum

C. Stratum granulosum

A small scratch of the skin does not cause bleeding because the epidermis lacks___________. A. living cells B. hair follicles C. blood vessels D. melanin

C. blood vessels

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane? A. epidermis, hypodermis, dermis B. dermis, epidermis, hypodermis C. epidermis, dermis, hypodermis D. hypodermis, dermis, epidermis E. dermis, hypodermis, dermis

C. epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

11. What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of? A. adipose tissue B. connective tissue C. stratified squamous epithelial tissue D. transitional epithelial tissue

C. stratified squamous epithelial tissue

The CDC's guidelines for the classification of HIV infection into categories A, B, and C are based on what two criteria?

CD4 T cell count history of AIDS-defining illnesses

MS Sx

CNS dysfunction Muscle weakness Double vision

Through the walls of which of the following blood vessels does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes take place? Capillaries Arteries Veins

Capillaries

When tissue cells are damaged, they release histamine, which causes the ____ to dilate and become more permeable.

Capillaries

Cells have a single, centrally placed nucleus. Fibers are striated. Adjacent cells are bound at intercalated disks.

Cardiac muscle

Which type of connective tissue has a solid but flexible matrix and no blood supply?

Cartilage

Virus-infected cells often secrete interferons, which have which effect?

Cause uninfected cells to produce substances that interfere with viral replication

Adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is ______.

Cell-mediated immunity

The type of adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is ____ -mediated immunity.

Cells

Arrange the levels of biological organization of animals from simplest to most complex, with the simplest organization level at the top. Organs, Organ systems, Tissues, Cells,

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems

A pap smear is a procedure that is done to detect cancer of the

Cervix

They help bind adjacent cardiac cells together. They are a part of the intercalated disks of the heart. They are a type of junction between cells.

Characterizations of desmosomes

What are the components of innate immune defenses?

Chemical and Physical Barriers, protective proteins (e.g., complement), and inflammatory response

Select all components of innate immune defenses.

Chemical barriers Protective proteins (e.g., complement) Inflammatory response

Dense fibrous connective tissue is characterized by tightly packed fibers of

Collagen

The type of epithelium that consists of rectangular or pillar-shaped cells is __________ epithelium.

Columnar

A relatively rare genetic condition in which a child is born without functional B cells or T cells is SCID, or severe ____ immunodeficiency.

Combined

Bone tissue that is found in the shaft of long bones, is known as _________ bone

Compact

How is compact bone different from spongy bone?

Compact bone is arranged in cylindrical units called osteons

A group of protective plasma proteins designated by the letter C and a number are all part of the ____ system.

Complement system

A number of plasma proteins that can trigger inflammation, phagocytosis, and membrane attack complex formation are all components of the ____system.

Complement system

The four major types of tissue in the human body are

Connective, Muscular, Epithelial, Nervous

The class of an antibody is determined by the structure of its _____.

Constant region

The major actions of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart is to cause the heart to

Contract faster and stronger

The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from which blood vessels?

Coronary arteries

The type of epithelium that consists of cube-shaped cells, which is frequently found in the glands, is __________ epithelium.

Cuboidal

Fold of skin that hides the nail root

Cuticle

The chemical mediators secreted by white blood cells that serve a number of functions, including attracting white blood cells to the sites of inflammation, are collectively called _____.

Cytokines

The signaling molecule that regulates white blood cell formation and activation is called ____.

Cytokines

The type of T cell that attacks and kills virus-infected or tumor cells is the _____.

Cytotoxic T cell

The pigment melanin A. is produced by cells called melanocytes and is found in higher concentration in individuals with darker skin. B. is usually some shade of red, yellow, or brown. C. protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation. D. A and C only E. all of the above

D. A and C only E. all of the above

What kind of CT is the papillary layer made of? A. Areolar CT B. Dense irregular CT C. Dense regular CT D. Both A&C

D. Both A&C

Which of the following is NOT a part of the integumentary system? A. Hair B. Skin C. Nails D. Cartilage

D. Cartilage

The stratum lucidum A. Contains lamellar granules B. Lies just superficially to stratum basale C. Is the layer used in a skin graft D. Is present only in thick skin E. Consists of 25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes

D. Is present only in thick skin

Which of these is not a function of the skin? A. Maintaining temperature B. Producing vitamin D C. Eliminating waste D. Producing bile

D. Producing bile

Sebaceous glands secrete A. elastin B. Collagen C. Sweat D. Sebum

D. Sebum

What is the primary function of melanin? A. uptake of calcium from the diet D. determines skin color C. produces vitamin D D. produces sebum

D. determines skin color

A needle is injected into the skin. Identify the first integumentary structure through which the needle will pass. A. papillary layer B. dermis C. hypodermis D. epidermis

D. epidermis

A person has been burned by a pan of boiling water, he whole hand is red and is starting to blister. What layer (s) of skin have been affected? A. epidermis, dermis and hypodermis B. dermis only C. epidermis only D. epidermis and dermis

D. epidermis and dermis

In order for bacteria on the skin to cause an infection in the skin, they must A. survive the bactericidal components of sebum. B. avoid being flushed from the surface of the skin by sweat. C. penetrate the stratum corneum. D. escape the Langerhans' cells. E. all of the above

D. escape the Langerhans' cells.

The dark pigment in the skin is called__________________ A. keratin B. myosin C. collagen D. melanin

D. melanin

Mr. Morgan using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into to bleed? A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum basale C. Stratum lucidum D. Stratum granulosum D. papillary dermis

D. papillary dermis

The function of a bacterial pilus relates to

DNA transfer

An allergic response that is initiated by memory T cells at the site of allergen contact in the body is a(n) ___ allergic response.

Delayed

A positive skin test for tuberculosis is an example of a(n) _____.

Delayed allergic response

The portion of a neuron that receives impulses from a sensory receptor is the

Dendrites

Tendons and ligaments are made of

Dense fibrous connective tissue

It contains collagen and elastic fibers. It contains blood vessels and sensory receptors.

Dermis

All functions of the spleen.

Destroys old red blood cells; Filters blood

Ingests, digests, and absorbs food; eliminates wastes

Digestive system

A myocardial infarction or "heart attack" is most often the result of

Disruption of the blood supply to the heart

Mr. Y spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? A. epidermis only B. dermis only C. Epidermis and hypodermis D. Hypodermis only E. Epidermis and dermis

E. Epidermis and dermis

What structure produces sebum that may cause acne? A. sweat gland B. hair follicle C. hair shaft D. arrector pili muscle E. sebaceous gland

E. sebaceous gland

A patient enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. Which test will the doctor most likely perform to analyze the electrical activity of the heart? ECG MRI EEG CBC

ECG

How do T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigens?

Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors in its plasma membrane, which can bind to only one specific antigen.

If a thrombus dislodges and moves with the blood, it is called a(n)

Embolus

Glands that have no ducts to carry products away are called

Endocrine glands

When you are looking at yourself in the mirror, which layer of the skin do you see?

Epidermis

Covers surfaces and lines cavities

Epithelial tissue

Mucous membranes are composed of _________ tissue overlying connective tissue.

Epithelium

True or false: At the arterial end of a capillary bed osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure resulting in the net flow of fluid out of the capillary into the tissue. True False

FALSE

All typical symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Facial rash; Fever; & Joint pain

Diastole refers to the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

False

True or false: Delayed allergic responses involve histamine released from IgE-coated mast cells.

False

True or false: Diastole refers to the contraction of the atria and ventricles. True false question.

False

True or false: IgM antibodies are dimers, meaning they consist of two Y-shaped antibody monomers linked together.

False

True or false: Innate immune defenses typically take between 7 to 10 days to fully develop.

False

True or false: The lymphatic system consists of the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic organs.

False

True or false: The spleen is an essential organ, because B cells mature there.

False

True or false: The spleen is located on the right side of the body, just below the liver.

False

True or false: The spleen is located on the right side of the body, just below the liver.

False; Left side

The major type of cell found in fibrous connective tissue is the

Fibroblast

The disks between the bones of the vertebral column are made of

Fibrocartilage

What type of connective tissue has dense and loose forms?

Fibrous

The major function of lymph nodes is to _____.

Filter and fight infections in lymph

Microbes found in areas of the body such as the mouth and intestines and that help to prevent infection by pathogens are called the normal ____.

Flora

What type of connective tissue contributes to body homeostasis by distributing body heat?

Fluid

The hepatic portal vein normally contains relatively high levels of

Glucose & Amino Acids

The storage granules of cytotoxic T cells contain enzymes that stimulate apoptosis in target cells. These enzymes are specifically called ____.

Granzymes

In connective tissues, the noncellular material that separates the cells is called the __________ substance.

Ground

The matrix of fibrous connective tissue includes

Ground substance and fibers

What components are present in fibrous connective tissues?

Ground substance, Fibroblasts, Matrix, Collagen fibers

attachment

HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor

What are the accessory organs of the skin?

Hair follicles, Sweat glands, Nails, Sebaceous glands

The muscular organ located between the lungs directly behind the sternum is the

Heart

The pericardium covers the

Heart

HIV makes a person susceptible to infections because the ___ T cells cannot activate other immune system cells.

Helper

The major function of ____T cells is to secrete cytokines that affect other immune system cells (B cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages).

Helper

Which type of cell regulates the responses of all the other cells listed?

Helper T cell

The iron-containing respiratory pigment found in red blood cells is

Heme

During an inflammatory response, mast cells and injured tissue cells often cause capillaries in the area to dilate and become more permeable by releasing what chemical?

Histamine

External control of the heart is maintained by nervous stimulation and by chemicals called ________, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are released from the adrenal glands.

Hormones

Which type of cartilage makes up the nose and the ends of long bones?

Hyaline

The antibody class that is most closely associated with immediate allergic reactions is _____.

IgE

The antibody class that can cross the placenta during pregnancy to provide temporary protection to the newborn is _____.

IgG

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

IgG antibodies crossing the placenta from the mother's blood (can be maintained by breast feeding)

When antibodies bind to multiple antigens, this can form a clump called an immune ____ that can attract white blood cells.

Immune complex

The administration of an inactivated or modified pathogen to stimulate the body's immune system is called _________.

Immunization

The first sound of the heartbeat ("lub") occurs when

Increasing pressure of blood inside the ventricles forces the AV valves to close

A person who is born without a spleen will probably have an increased susceptibility to _____.

Infections

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the hallmark signs of _____.

Inflammation

A major function of the sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands is to

Inhibit bacterial growth

The type of immunity that is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is _____.

Innate Immunity

What are the functions of nervous tissue?

Integrates data, Sensory input, Motor output

The skin is the primary organ of the __________ system.

Integumentary

Which of these are proteins secreted by virally infected cells that cause other cells to produce substances that interfere with viral replication?

Interferons

All of the examples of cytokines, the signaling molecules produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells.

Interferons; Interleukins

The cells of the human body are bathed in a fluid that goes by two names: extracellular fluid or _________ fluid.

Interstitial

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

It is the pacemaker of the heart

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node? -It conducts an electrical impulse through the atrial walls. -It is the pacemaker of the heart. -It conducts an electrical impulse through the ventricular walls. -It conducts an electrical impulse from the atria into the ventricles.

It is the pacemaker of the heart.

The antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule is formed by _____.

Its variable regions

Cuboidal epithelium is found in what organs?

Kidney tubules, Salivary glands

The small chamber in which a cartilage or bone cell would lie is called a(n)

Lacunae

Because it must pump to the entire body, the ___________ has the thickest wall of the heart chambers.

Left ventricle

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are also called human ____ antigens (HLA).

Leukocyte

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in which location?

Lining of the windpipe

Which type of connective tissue supports epithelium and internal organs?

Loose fibrous connective tissue

The pleurae covers the

Lungs

The human heart is a double pump because the right side pumps blood to the _______ while the left side pumps to the ________.

Lungs; Body

Whitish, half-moon-shaped base of the nail

Lunula

Which autoimmune disease has various systems, which typically affect tissues within various body systems throughout the body?

Lupus

Fluid found inside lymphatic vessels is called ____ .

Lymph

Once excess interstitial fluid if taken up by lymphatic vessels, it is called

Lymph

Once it is picked up by lymphatic vessels, excess interstitial fluid becomes _____.

Lymph

As it travels through lymphatic vessels, lymph is cleansed by passing through structure composed of fibrous connective tissue and white blood cells. These structures are called

Lymph nodes

A(n) ______ capillary is a one-way vessel that removes excess tissue fluids and returns them to the bloodstream.

Lymphatic

All parts of the lymphatic system.

Lymphatic organs & Lymphastic Vessels

Collects excess tissue fluid to help maintain blood volume

Lymphatic system

Which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?

Lymphatic system

B cells and T cells are the two types of _____.

Lymphocytes

Tears, saliva and perspiration contain an enzyme called ____ that helps kill or inhibit bacteria.

Lysozyme

To minimize organ transplant rejection, which type of molecules must be cross-matched between the donor and the recipient?

MHC Molecules

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are defined by their ability to "present" antigens to T cells in the grooves of what type of molecules on the APC surface?

Major histocompatibility complex

Human leukocyte antigen is another term for what type of molecule?

Major histocompatibility complex

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of pathogens to T cells on APC cell surface molecules called _____.

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, allow T cells to recognize antigens by phagocytizing pathogens, breaking them apart, and presenting them on the APC surface in the grooves ____ of histocompatibility ____ molecules.

Major; Complex

The cells of the skin that produce the main pigment for skin color are the

Melanocytes

The ________ are the membranes that cover and protect the brain.

Meninges

Engulf bacteria and debris

Microglia

Which of these is the best description of cytokines?

Molecules secreted by cells to attract or activate white blood cells.

Antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called ____ antibodies.

Monoclonal

White blood cells that develop into macrophages when they move from the blood circulation into other tissues are called ____.

Monocytes

Where is stratified squamous found?

Mouth, Esophagus, Vagina, Anus

Which autoimmune disease results from an attack by T cells on the myelin sheath of neurons in the central nervous system?

Multiple sclerosis

Movement

Muscle tissue

Produces body heat for temperature maintenance

Muscular system

Which autoimmune disease results from antibodies that interfere with the function of neuromuscular junctions?

Myasthenia gravis

The major portion of the heart is the ________, which is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

Myocardium

The nail grows from here

Nail root

The protective coverings at the ends of the fingers and toes are called

Nails

Outside the central nervous system, nerve fibers bound by connective tissue form

Nerves

Receives, processes, and stores sensory input

Nervous system

Conduct impulses

Nervous tissue

When antibodies coat a virus or toxin and thereby inactivate it, this is called _____.

Neutralization

The major type of white blood cell that is found in pus is the _____.

Neutrophil

The two main phagocytic cells that are involved in the inflammatory response.

Neutrophils; Macrophages

A structure composed of two or more tissues carrying out a specific function is a(n)

Organ

A group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function is a(n)

Organ system

Both of these control the movement of fluid through the wall of a capillary.

Osmotic pressure & Blood pressure

In the human body, elastic cartilage is found in the

Outer ear

Blood brings carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it also picks up ________ needed by cells of the body.

Oxygen

The type of immunity that results from the administration of prepared antibodies by injection is ______ immunity.

Passive

The membranous sac that supports and protects the heart is the

Pericardium

Bacteria can transfer DNA between cells using an elongated, hollow appendage called a

Pilus

Cloned B cells that produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen are called ____ cells.

Plasma cells

Malaria is caused by protists of the genus _____.

Plasmodium

What formed element of blood is a fragment of a cell rather than a whole cell?

Platelet

What is all detected by sensory receptors of the skin?

Pressure, Pain, Touch, Temperature

All of the tests that are used to help identify an autoimmune disease.

Protein assay; Antinuclear antibody test; & Complete blood count

The cells are ciliated. When it is damaged by smoking, chronic bronchitis may result. All cells contact the basement membrane.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the trachea

The blood vessels involved with blood flow to and from the lungs make up the

Pulmonary circuit

Name all of the accessories that are part of the electrical conduction system within the heart.

Purkinje fibers, SA node, AV node

Especially with bacterial infections, an accumulation of dead and dying white blood cells and bacteria forms a visible yellow-white substance called ____ .

Pus

All types of human blood cells are produced in the ____ bone marrow.

Red

Select all of the primary lymphatic organs, in which lymphocytes are produced and/or mature.

Red Bone Marrow and the Thymus

Where are all types of blood cells produced in an adult human?

Red bone marrow

All anatomical components of the spleen.

Red pulp; Connective tissue; White pulp; & Venous sinuses

Produces and transports gametes

Reproductive system

Helps regulate acid-base balance of the blood

Respiratory system

What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?

Reticular, Collagen, Elastin

Which disease typically involves damage to the heart following a streptococcal infection?

Rheumatic fever

Which one of these is an autoimmune inflammation of the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis

After blood leaves the tricuspid valve, what structure will it encounter next?

Right ventricle

Blood leaving the heart to travel the pulmonary circuit leaves which chamber of the heart?

Right ventricle

Which of these is the natural pacemaker of the heart, which regulates the heartbeat? SA node AV node chordae tendineae Purkinje fibers

SA node

Form myelin sheaths on nerves throughout the body other than the brain and spinal cord

Schwann cells

The heart valves that prevent blood in the pulmonary artery and aorta from re-entering the ventricles are the

Semilunar valves

Structures of the dermis that detect pressure and pain are the

Sensory receptors

The wall that separates the heart into right and left sides is the

Septum

Exocrine glands can be of what two types?

Simple or compound

There are two classes of epithelium based on how many layers of cells they are made up of. Epithelial tissue made up of one layer of cells is called __________ epithelium, while epithelial tissue with multiple cell layers is called ________ epithelium.

Simple; Stratified

Under voluntary control. Fibers are striated. Attaches to bones via tendons.

Skeletal muscle

Support; protection; assists in movement; stores minerals

Skeletal system

The three types of muscular tissue in vertebrate animals are

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

The organ that protects from pathogen invasion and water loss, and also serves to regulate body temperature, is the

Skin

The middle layer of an arteriole contains mostly

Smooth muscle

The largest lymphatic organ is the ___.

Spleen

Select all of the secondary lymphatic organs, in which blood and lymph are cleansed and most adaptive immune responses are initiated.

Spleen and Lymph Nodes

Because of their flat shape, which type of epithelial cells are best adapted to areas of exchange such as the air sacs in the lungs and the linings of blood vessels?

Squamous

Epithelial tissue either has one layer of cells or multiple layers of cells. If it has multiple layers of cells, it is called _______ epithelium.

Stratified

A pap smear is a procedure to detect cancer of the cervix in women. The outer portion of the cervix is usually lined with which type of epithelium?

Stratified squamous

Long-term elevated blood pressure is correlated with an increase in what health problems?

Stroke, Heart disease, Kidney disease

The lymphatic ducts drain into the right and left ____veins.

Subclacian

What tissue layer lies between the skin and underlying tissues and is not considered a skin layer?

Subcutaneous layer

It lies beneath the dermis. It normally contains adipose tissue. It is a common site for injections. It contains loose fibrous connective tissue.

Subcutaneous layer of the skin

What are the functions of neuroglia cells?

Support neurons, Nourish neurons

The best definition of phagocytosis.

Surrounding and then engulfing another cell or molecule.

Two different types of glands associated with the skin include oil (sebaceous) glands and sudoriferous glands, which are more commonly called ________ glands.

Sweat

Two glands in the skin associated with regulating body temperature are the _______ glands, of which there are two types: apocrine and eccrine.

Sweat

The integumentary system includes

Sweat glands, Hair, Skin, Nails

The type of membranes found in the moveable joints of the body are ________ membranes.

Synovial

What are the four types of membranes in the human body?

Synovial, Meninges, Mucous, Serous

The cardiac cycle has two phases. The working phase of the cycle, when the chambers contract, is known as

Systole

Cell-mediated immunity most directly involves the destruction of diseased and/or cancerous cells by _____.

T cells

Which statement is correct regarding the activation of T cells?

T cells are unable to recognize an antigen unless it is presented by an APC such as a macrophage.

thymus

T lymphocytes mature in the

Which deflection of an ECG represents the ventricles recovering from contraction?

T wave

complement

The adaptive immune system responds to foreign molecules, typically protein components of bacteria, which are collectively called

Why is passive immunity always temporary?

The antibodies are not produced by the body.

On an ECG, the P wave indicates

The atria are about to contract

Exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries. Generation of blood pressure by the heart. Transportation of blood. Regulation of blood flow.

The functions of the cardiovascular system

Which single factor do autoimmune diseases have in common?

The immune system attacks the body's own cells, tissues, or molecules.

Select all correct statements about the venae cavae. Multiple select question.

The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body. They are the largest veins in the systemic circuit.

Blood vessels of the skin will constrict when

The outer temperature cools

The first step of an immediate allergic response is the binding of an allergen to IgE in the surface of mast cells and basophils. The next step is _____.

The release of histamine

Select the three statements that accurately describe the basic unit of antibody structure.

The type of constant region determines the antibody class. Each polypeptide chain has a constant and a variable region. Each antibody molecule can bind to two antigenic sites.

The definition of immunization is _____.

The use of a vaccine to stimulate active immunity

The main reason that xenotransplantation, or transplantation of animal organs into humans, is being explored is because _____.

There is a shortage of human donor organs

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct T lymphocytes mature in the _____.

Thymus

The organ that is an essential organ because it is required for T cell maturation is the ____ .

Thymus

The soft gland in the thoracic cavity that is the site where human T lymphocytes mature is the _____.

Thymus

A ________ is made up of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function.

Tissue

The amount of antibody present in a sample of plasma is called the antibody ___ .

Titer

Recognize the purposes of using artificial skin.

To protect the damaged tissue. To allow time for the patients skin to heal.

The ____ are the first patches of lymph tissue that encounter pathogens entering by the nose and mouth.

Tonsils

c1) excess interstitial fluid in tissues 2) lymphatic capillaries 3) lymphatic vessels 4) lymphatic ducts 5) cardiovascular veins

Trace the path of excess interstitial fluid, beginning with the fluid in tissues at the top

Which type of epithelium is named for its ability to stretch and change shape?

Transitional

Select all of the uses of monoclonal antibodies.

Treating breast cancer Testing for pregnancy Diagnosing infections

Both atria contract at the same time during atrial systole.

True

The cardiac cycle includes systole and diastole.

True

The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body.

True

The venae cavae are the largest veins in the systemic circuit.

True

True or false: Apoptosis can be a normal and healthy cellular function.

True

True or false: Resident normal flora located in the mouth and intestines help prevent infectious disease.

True

Veins have thinner walls than arteries do.

True

True or false: Veins have thinner walls than arteries do.

True Veins have thinner walls as they have less smooth muscle and connective tissue compared to arteries.

The spleen is located in the _____.

Upper left abdominal cavity

Helps regulate water-salt balance of the blood

Urinary system

What organs are lined by mucous membranes?

Vagina, Nose, Stomach, Mouth

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart are called

Veins

The structure of large lymphatic vessels is most similar to that of _____.

Veins

What type of blood vessel has valves to prevent the backflow of blood?

Veins

The thick-walled, lower chambers of the heart are called

Ventricles

Uncontrolled irregular activity of the ventricles

Ventricular fibrillation

The vitamin produced in the skin with the aid of sunlight is

Vitamin D

rheumatic fever

Which disease typically involves damage to the heart following a streptococcal infection?

C) antibody-mediated immunity

Which of the following involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells? A) complement-mediated immunity B) interferon-mediated immunity C) antibody-mediated immunity D) cell-mediated immunity

What formed element is responsible for fighting infection?

White blood cells

Once a susceptible person has been exposed to an allergen, how long does it take for an immediate allergic response to occur upon subsequent exposure to the allergen?

Within seconds

The transplantation of animal organs into human recipients is called _____.

Xenotransplantation

monocytes

________ are white blood cells that develop into macrophages when they move from the blood circulation into other tissues

bacteria

________ found in areas of the body such ad the mouth and intestines and that help to prevent infection by pathogens are called normal flora

artery

a blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart

aneurysm

a burst blood vessel

antibodies

a common pregnancy test uses monoclonal ________ to detect the hormone HCG in a woman's urine

lymph

a fluid connective tissue contained within lymphatic vessels

pandemic

a global epidemic

complement

a group of plasma proteins that can trigger inflammation, phagocytosis, and formation of the membrane attack complex are all part of the ________ system

epidemic

a higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time

An antigen is _____.

a molecule recognized as being foreign to the body

The vector of malaria is__-

a mosquito

The complement system is actually composed of...

a number of blood plasma proteins.

arteriovenous shunt

a pathway, usually abnormal, that connects an artery directly to a vein

electrocardiogram (ECG)

a recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

Capillary walls are made of -mostly elastic fibers. -loose connective tissue. -a single layer of epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane. -a thin layer of smooth muscle attached to a basement membrane.

a single layer of epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane.

stent

a small metal mesh cylinder that holds a coronary artery open after a blockage has been cleared

What is a bacterial plasmid?

a small, circular piece of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome

pericardium

a thick, membranous sac that supports and protects the heart

auricle

a wrinkled, earlike flap on the outer surface of each atrium in the heart

The peritoneum covers the

abdominal organs

plaques

accumulation of soft masses of fatty material, particularly cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of the arteries

The human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS, which stands for ____ immunodeficiency syndrome

acquired

Arrange these phases of infection with HIV-1B in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top.

acute phase -> chronic phase -> aids

The function of bacterial fimbriae relates to _____.

adhering to surfaces

HIV most likely originated on which continent?

africa

It is generally accepted that HIV originated in the continent of

africa

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is mainly spread by _____.

airborne droplets

pacemaker

also known as the SA node; regulates heartbeat

What is lysozyme?

an antibacterial enzyme

antibodies

an antibody titer is a measure of the levels of ________ in the bloodstream

outbreak

an epidemic that is confined to a local area

If a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus, this can lead to a(n) ______, which causes brain tissue to die.

aneurysm infarction stroke

Bacterial cell walls contain a unique amino disaccharide, the synthesis of which is inhibited by drugs like penicillin. What type of drug is penicillin?

antibiotic

monoclonal

antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called ________ antibodies

There are generally two types of tests for HIV; those that detect the immune system's response are ______ tests.

antibody

major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of pathogens to T cells on APC cell surface molecules called

The clonal selection model states that _____.

antigens bind to specific receptors on a B cell or a T cell, which then divides producing many identical copies of itself

What happens to lymph as it passes through a lymph node?

any debris or pathogens are engulfed by macrophages

Blood pressure is highest in which blood vessel? - inferior ven cava -any arteriole - aorta any capillary

aorta

The largest artery in the human systemic circuit is the pulmonary trunk. inferior vena cava. aorta. superior vena cava.

aorta

Select the main blood vessels that carry blood immediately away from the right and left ventricles of heart Multiple select question.

aorta pulmonary trunk

Arrange these blood vessels according to their blood pressure, with the highest pressure on the top

aorta arteriole capillary venule venae cavae

Between left ventricle and aorta

aortic semilunar valve

Blood pressure is most commonly measured by wrapping a blood pressure cuff, or sphygmomanometer, around which part of the body? arm ankle thigh wrist

arm

Strong-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ______. arterioles capillaries veins arteries

arteries

Select the three major types of blood vessels in the human body. lymphatics arteries veins pulmonary capillaries

arteries veins capillaries

coronary arteries

artery that supplies blood to the wall of the heart--give the heart oxygen and nutrients; first branches off the aorta

The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from systemic and pulmonary veins are called the atria. auricles. lumens. ventricles.

atria

The upper chambers of the heart, which receive blood from veins, are called-------.

atrium

Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?

avian influenza swine flu middle east respiratory syndrome

mycobacterium tuberculosis

bacterial infection of lungs or lymph nodes

Tuberculosis is caused by what type of microbe?

bacterium

Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?

bacterium

Select the factors that can affect the HIV prevention strategy, globally.

belief systems culture sexual practice

Between left atrium and ventricle

bicuspid or mitral valve

pulmonary arteries

blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

blood vessel that takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Select all the components of the cardiovascular system. -blood vessels -kidney -spleen -lungs -heart

blood vessels heart

veins

blood vessels that return blood to the heart

protease

breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins

kaposi sarcoma

cancer of the blood vessels

The three types of blood vessels in the human cardiovascular system are arteries, veins, and-----.

capillaries

The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a ___, that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces

capsules

myocardium

cardiac muscle tissue; muscle fibers are branched; the middle, muscular layer of the 3 layers of walls of the heart; receives oxygen and nutrients from coronary arteries

Which of the following return blood from the coronary capillary beds, and empty into the right atrium?

cardiac veins

Which body system is primarily affected by hypertension? digestive system neural system urinary system cardiovascular system

cardiovascular system

Select all functions of blood. carries nutrients to tissues controls reactions to stimuli brings oxygen to tissues removes waste products from tissues produces hormones

carries nutrients to tissues brings oxygen to tissues removes waste products from tissues

Select all functions of blood.

carries nutrients to tissues removes waste products from tissues brings oxygen to tissues

Select all major characteristics of B cells

carry out antibody-mediated immunity, produces memory B cells

atherosclerosis

caused by formation of lesions or plaques on the inside of blood vessels

ventricular fibrillation

caused by uncoordinated, irregular electrical activity in the ventricles

ventricles

cavity in an organ, such as the two lower thick-walled chambers of the heart; or the ventricles of the brain

biosynthesis

cell produces viral rna, and viral proteins

The medical term for a stroke is hypertension. cerebrovascular accident (CVA). myocardial infarction (MI). angina pectoris.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

What does an electrocardiogram record?

changes in electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle

pulmonary circuit

circulates blood through the lungs; exchange of gases

When a B cell or T cell is stimulated by an antigen, it divides, producing many identical copies of itself. This is an important part of the

clonal selection model

heart

cone-shaped, muscular organ located between the lungs, directly behind the sternum (breastbone)

Many bacteria can use hollow appendages called pili to transfer DNA between cells in a process called

conjugation

Binds and supports body parts

connective tissue

Arrange the layers that make up the wall of an artery from the outermost at the top to the innermost at the bottom. connective tissue endothelium smooth muscle and elastic tissue

connective tissue smooth muscle and elastic tissue endothelium

thromboembolism

consists of a clot first carried in the blood stream that then becomes completely stationary when it lodges in a small blood vessel

Which of these features is unique to the retroviruses?

convert viral RNA to DNA

reverse transcriptase

converts viral RNA into viral DNA

HIV-2

corresponds more closely with a virus in green monkeys

Common signs or symptoms of influenza include which of these?

cough fever head and body aches

During category B HIV infection the CD4 T-cell count ________ while the viral load ________.

decreases;increases

What are the four main functions of the lymphatic system?

defend the body against pathogens, produce and distributes lymphocytes, absorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood, and absorb fats from the small intestine

The resting or relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called systole. diastole.

diastole

When doctors are considering treating a person for hypertension, which blood pressure reading is more important? diastolic systolic

diastolic

hepatic portal vein

drains blood from the capillary beds of the digestive tract to a capillary bed in the liver

XDR TB stands for extensively ___ resistant tuberculosis

drug

cardiac cycle

each heartbeat is called the __________

intercalated disks

each muscle fiber of myocardium is tightly joined to neighboring fibers by structure called _________; also include cell junctions like gap junctions and desmosomes

Produces hormones

endocrine system

Select all of the following that are components of a typical vein. pericardium valves skelatal muscles connective tissue endothelium

endothelium valves connective tissue

Glands are composed of which type of tissue?

epithelial

The functions of the cardiovascular system include generation of blood pressure by the heart, transportation of blood, regulation of blood flow and -exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries. -recovery of excess tissue fluid -production of blood cells and blood proteins

exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries.

The functions of the cardiovascular system include generation of blood pressure by the heart, transportation of blood, regulation of blood flow and -recovery of excess tissue fluid -exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries. -production of blood cells and blood proteins

exchanges of nutrients, wastes, and gases at the capillaries.

Tuberculosis is likely to be transmitted to caregivers and on long plane flights because _____.

exhaled bacteria can be infectious in the air for hours

True or false: In the human body, blood is always contained within the blood vessels or within the lymphatic vessels.

false

True or false: Malaria parasites are transmitted by male mosquitoes.

false

True or false: One benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is that it can eliminate all HIV proviruses.

false

True or false: The first documented case of AIDS caused by HIV infection in the United States was in a homosexual man who died in the early 1980s.

false

True or false: Under most circumstances, kissing can transmit HIV.

false

True or False: Diastole refers to the contraction of the atria and ventricles

false it refers to the relaxation

purkinje fibers

fiber branches that extend from the AV bundle; relay cardiac impulses to the ventricular cells causing the ventricles to contract

The major function of lymph nodes is to....

filter and fight infections in lymph.

Some bacteria have stiff fibers on their outer surface called ____ that help them adhere to host cells

fimbriae

Motile bacteria usually have one or more long, thin cellular appendages called

flagella

Lymphatic vessels...

form a one-way system of vessels which transport lymph to the cardiovascular veins.

What are three types of molecules that are common antigens recognized by the adaptive immune system?

fragments of microbes, foreign protein structures, and abnormal proteins on cancer cells

pneumocystis jiroveci

fungal infection of the lungs

During the first few weeks of an HIV-1B infection, the virus typically

generates high viral load

During a category A HIV infection, the number of helper T cells is ____ the minimum number needed for the immune system to function normally.

greater than

semilunar valves

have flaps shaped like half-moons; lie between the ventricles and their attached vessels

The muscular organ located between the lungs directly behind the sternum is the ------,

heart

The two components of the cardiovascular system are the ______, which pumps the blood, and the blood ______, which carry the blood.

heart vessels

The two components of the cardiovascular system are the------, which pumps the blood, and the blood-------which carry the blood.

heart vessels

Components of the cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

A myocardial infarction is commonly called a

heart attack

A myocardial infarction is commonly called a ------- ------.

heart attack

myocardial infarction

heart attack; due to clogged vessels

Long-term elevated blood pressure is correlated with an increase in which of the following health problems? Mark all that apply.

heart disease stroke kidney disease

Long-term elevated blood pressure is correlated with an increase in which of the following health problems? Mark all that apply. -heart disease -muscular dystrophy -stroke -kidney disease

heart disease stroke kidney disease

Select all functions of bacterial capsules.

help to avoid phagocytosis aid in sticking to surfaces

HIV infects helper T cells, which eventually causes disease because _____.

helper T cells stimulate other immune system cells such as B cells

The immunodeficiency associated with HIV infection is mainly due to a decline in the number of _____.

helper t cells

Select two cell types infected by HIV.

helper t cells macrophages

What type of disease does Ebola cause?

hemorrhagic fever

hypertension

high blood pressure; when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure than normal

Monoclonal antibodies are produced in vitro by cells resulting from the fusion of a plasma cells and a cancer cell. These fused cells are called _____.

hybridomas

An opportunistic infection is one that takes advantage of a weakened _____ system

immune

Which body system fails as a result of the Ebola virus?

immune system

The best definition of passive immunity is _____.

immunity that is gained without exposure to an antigen

Select alternatives to transplantation of a human heart to replace a failing heart in a human patient.

implantation of a left ventricular assist device transplantation of a total artificial heart

desmosomes

include arrangements of protein fibers that tightly hold the membranes of adjacent cells together and prevent overstretching

P wave

indicates the atria are about to contract

Select the two routes by which influenza virus is commonly contracted.

inhaling virus-laden droplets contact with contaminated objects

The type of immunity that is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is....

innate immunity

angioplasty

insertion of a plastic tube into an artery of an arm or leg and then guided through a major blood vessel toward the heart

integrase

inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

Select all of the following that apply to the liver.

involved with fat transport manufactures blood proteins removes toxins

A pathogen is a microbe that _____.

is a disease-causing agent

Select all of the following that are true about a retrovirus.

it has RNA a retrovirus uses reverse transcription

Muscle tissue is considered a tissue because

it is made up of similar cells that perform a common function

Which of the following are characteristic of category C HIV infection?

kaposi's sarcoma infection w mycobacterium tuberculosis

Where is simple cuboidal found?

kidney tubules

In the acute phase of HIV infection, the immune system combats the loss of CD4+ T cells by producing as many as two billion new T cells a day. This is what model for T cell loss?

kitchen sink

The human heart is located between the lungs and is tilted with the apex angled to the left. right. front. back.

left

The number of HIV particles in a person's blood is called the viral

load

AV (atrioventricular) node

located in the base of the right atrium very near the septum; small region of neuromuscular tissue that transmits impulses received from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles

SA (sinoatrial) node

located in the upper dorsal wall of the right atrium; small region of neuromuscular tissue that initiates the heartbeat; aka the pacemaker

hypotension

low blood pressure

A(n) ______ capillary is a one-way vessel that removes excess tissue fluids and returns them to the bloodstream.

lymphatic

Which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?

lymphatic system

What are the components of a lymph node?

lymphocytes macrophages capsule

B

lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called ________ cells

B cells and T cells are the two types of....

lymphocytes.

Tears, saliva and perspiration contain an enzyme called ______ that helps kill or inhibit bacteria.

lysozyme

leukocyte

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are also called human ________ antigens (HLA).

aorta

major systemic artery that receives blood from the left ventricle; largest artery in systemic circuit that receives blood from the heart

vena cava

major vein of the body that returns blood from the systemic circuit to the right atrium; largest veins (superior and inferior) that return blood to the heart

A - axillary lymph nodes B - thoracic duct C - inguinal lymph nodes D - tonsil E - thymus F - spleen

match all indicated parts of the lymphatic system with the correct name

I = 1 II = 4 III = 3 IV = 2

match each auto immune disease with the type of cell or tissue that is attacked I) multiple sclerosis II) myasthenia gravis III) rheumatoid arthritis IV) systemic lupus erythematosus 1) myelin in the CNS 2) DNA 3) cartilage in the joints 4) neuromuscular junctions

I = 5 II = 2 III = 4 IV = 3 V = 1

match each chemical barrier to infection by pathogens with the best description I) sebaceous secretions II) lysozyme III) saliva IV) tears V) urine 1) flushes bacteria from the urethra 2) antibacterial enzyme found in tears, saliva, and perspiration 3) wash bacteria from the surface of the eye 4) washes bacteria from the teeth and tongue 5) oil that contains chemicals that kill some bacteria on the skin

monomer = a single Y-shaped antibody molecule dimer = two Y-shaped antibody molecules linked together pentamer = IgM antibodies have this structure

match each description of variations in antibody structure with the best description I) "monomer" II) "dimer" III) "pentamer" 1) two Y-shaped antibody molecules linked together 2) a single Y-shaped antibody molecule 3) IgM antibodies have this structure

I = 4 II = 2 III = 3 IV = 1 V = 5

match each human antibody class with its function I) IgA II) IgD III) IgE IV) IgG V) IgM 1) activates complement and agglutinates cells 2) signifies B cell maturation 3) protects against parasitic worms 4) blocks pathogen attachment indigestive and respiratory tracks 5) activates complement and enhances phagocytosis

I = 1 II = 2 III = 5 IV = 3 V = 4

match each human antibody class with the correct description I) IgA II) IgD III) IgE IV) IgG V) IgM 1) main antibody class in mucosal secretions, like saliva and breast milk 2) found on the surface of immature B cells 3) major antibody class in blood; crosses placenta to protect the fetus 4) largest antibody molecule; first class produced in a new infection 5) most of this class is attached to mast cells in tissues

A - antigen B - antigen-binding site (of the antibody) C - light chain D - heavy chain

match each labeled part of the diagram of an antibody binding to an antigen with the correct term

I = 1 tonsils are in pharynx II = 3 appendix is in large intestine III = 2 peyer's patches are on small intestinal wall

match the lymphatic structure on the left with its location on the right left I) tonsils II) appendix III) peyer's patches right 1) pharynx 2)small intestinal wall 3) large intestine

HIV-1

more virulent and widespread

MDR TB is (more/less) ____ common than XDR TB. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of (MDR/XDR) ____ TB

more;MDR

The function of bacterial flagella relates to _____.

motility

total artificial heart (TAH)

moves blood in the same manner as a natural heart; the controller is implanted into the patient's abdomen. The heart is powered by an internal rechargeable battery with an external battery as a backup system

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial species of the genus _____.

mycobacterium

Select the three AIDS-defining opportunistic infections from the list.

mycobacterium tuberculosis toxoplasmic encephalitis pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

The medical term for a heart attack is hypertension. angina pectoris. cerebrovascular accident (CVA). myocardial infarction (MI).

myocardial infarction (MI).

complement

name the specific system seen in the diagram , in which certain proteins of the ________ system can arrange into a membrane attack complex that produces holes on the surfaces of pathogenic microbes

During the first three weeks of an HIV infection, the HIV antibody test is typically

negative

What are the two main phagocytic cells that are involved in the inflammatory response?

neutrophils and macrophages

assembly

new viral particles are made

heart attack

occurs when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen; aka myocardial infarction (MI)

Form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord

oligodendrocytes

within seconds

once a susceptible person has been exposed to an allergen, how long does it take for an immediate allergic response to occur upon subsequent exposure to the allergen?

lymph

once it is picked up by lymphatic vessels, excess interstitial fluid becomes

atrium

one of the upper chambers of the heart (either the left atrium or the right atrium) that receives blood

An infection that develops because an individual has a weakened immune system is called _____.

opportunistic

lymphatic system

organ system consisting of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs that transport lymph and liquids; aids the immune system and also assists the cardiovascular system by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it to the cardiovascular system

cardiovascular system

organ system in which blood vessels distribute blood powered by the pumping action of the heart

An epidemic that is confined to a local area is called a(n) ____, whereas a global epidemic is called a(n) _____

outbreak;pandemic

According to the graph showing stages of HIV infection, how much HIV is typically present in the plasma of a person who is sick/dying of AIDS?

over one million viruses per ml of plasma

Blood brings carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it also picks up _______ needed by cells of the body.

oxygen

Blood brings carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it also picks up-----needed by cells of the body.

oxygen

Select all characteristics of viruses.

parasites of cells acellular

The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n) _____.

pathogen

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of a person with a category B HIV infection?

persistent or recurrent fever persistent fatigue, cough, and/or diarrhea

Bacterial pili can be related to the development of antibiotic resistance because _____.

pili can be used to transfer genes that code for resistance mechanisms

Genes coding for antibiotic resistance in bacteria are often located on small, circular pieces of DNA called

plasmids

toxins

poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms; nearly always proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact or absorption with body tissues

The key factor that determines the distribution of malaria throughout the world is the _____.

presence of the mosquito vector

Infectious particles made of only proteins are called

prion

The most unique and significant feature of monoclonal antibodies is that they are _____.

produced by plasma cells derived from the same B cell

Which statement best summarizes the "kitchen sink" model of CD4 T cell loss during the acute phase of HIV infection?

production of T cells is the faucet; loss of t cells is the drain

All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.

prokaryotes;lack

Which of these enzymes are coded by the HIV genome?

protease reverse transcriptase integrase

Prions are infectious particles made of _____.

protein only

Malaria is caused by organisms of the genus Plasmodium, which are what type of microbe?

protists

toxoplasmic encephalitis

protozoan parasitic infection of the brain

The blood vessels involved with blood flow to and from the lungs make up the-------circuit.

pulmonary

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

pulmonary semilunar valve

Select the main blood vessels that carry blood immediately away from the right and left ventricles of heart

pulmonary trunk aorta

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of an arterial wall can be felt as a------.

pulse/ heartbeat

The human pulse is usually felt at which two blood vessels that run close to the body's surface? radial artery aorta jugular vein carotid artery vena cava

radial artery carotid artery

B cells and T cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigens because they have specific antigen ____ in their plasma membrane.

receptors

B cells and T cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigens because they have specific antigen ______ in their plasma membrane.

receptors

Erythrocyte is another term for

red blood cells

A disease that comes back after a significant decline in incidence is considered to be _____.

reemerging

stroke

results when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus; aka: cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

How is HIV classified?

retrovirus

HIV belongs to which group of viruses, all of which use reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA?

retroviruses

The enzyme inside the HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is ___ transcriptase

reverse

pulse

rhythmic expansion and recoil of an arterial wall

After blood leaves the tricuspid valve, what structure will it encounter next? pulmonary artery left atrium aorta right ventricle

right ventricle

Blood leaving the heart to travel the pulmonary circuit leaves which chamber of the heart? left ventricle right ventricle right atrium left atrium

right ventricle

precapillary sphincters

rings of muscle that control the blood flow through a capillary bed

B D and E secrete antibodies identical to the BCR of the activated B cell undergo apoptosis after exposure to antigen ceases and contain extensive rough ER for antibody production

select all characteristics of plasma cells A) long-lived cells that respond quickly to repeated antigen exposure B) secrete antibodies identical to the BCR of the activated B cell C) smaller than "regular" B cells D) undergo apoptosis after exposure to antigen ceases E) contain extensive rough ER for antibody production

B and E caused by antibodies targeting neuromuscular junctions and can be fatal due to respiratory failure

select all correct characterizations of myasthenia gravis A) typically follows infection with streptococcus bacteria B) caused by antibodies targeting neuromuscular junctions C) joint pain is common D) associated with anti-DNA antibodies E) can be fatal due to respiratory failure

B and E destroys old red blood cells and filters blood

select all functions of the spleen A) filters lymph B) destroys old red blood cells C) T cell development D) produces blood cells E) filters blood

D and E granzymes and perforin

select all molecules secreted by cytotoxic T cells that are involved in killing of target cells A) antibodies B) complement C) interferons D) granzymes E) perforin

C and D thymus and red bone marrow

select all of the primary lymphatic organs, in which lymphocytes are produced and/or mature A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus D) red bone marrow E) lymph nodes

C D E and F redness heat swelling pain

select all the hallmark signs of inflammation A) cyanosis B) loss of sensation C) redness D) heat E) swelling F) pain

A C D and E binds to the surface of pathogens covered with antibodies ensures phagocytosis amplifies the inflammatory response and produces holes in a bacterial cell

select all the ways the complement system contributes to immunity A) binds to the surface of pathogens covered with antibodies B) instructs cells to undergo apoptosis C) ensures phagocytosis D) amplifies the inflammatory response E) produces holes in a bacterial cell

B C and E facial rash joint pain and fever

select all typical symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus A) CNS dysfunction B) facial rash C) joint pain D) anemia E) fever

A) surrounding and then engulfing another cell or molecule

select the best definition of phagocytosis A) surrounding and then engulfing another cell or molecule B) programmed death of a cell C) secretion of molecules from a cell D) movement of cells from the bloodstream into the tissues

A and C infection with a pathogen and immunization with a vaccine

select the scenarios that can result in active immunity A) infection with a pathogen B) plasma transfusion to treat Ebola virus infection C) immunization with a vaccine D) bone marrow transplant E) antibodies cross the placenta

C D and E abnormal proteins on cancer cells fragments of microbes foreign protein structures

select the three types of molecules that are common antigens recognized by the adaptive immune system A) liquid components of cells, such as phospholipid or cholesterol B) proteins that make up one's own tissues C) abnormal proteins on cancer cells D) fragments of microbes E) foreign protein structures

A and D matching MHC types between organ and recipient and administration of immunosuppressant drugs

select the two most common strategies that are currently used to control rejection of organ transplants A) matching MHC types between organ and recipient B) using artificial organs C) irradiation of recipients to inhibit their immune system D) administration of immunosuppressant drugs

B cells and T cells

select the two types of lymphocytes

B and C bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy

select the two types of treatments that have successfully cured children born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) A) anti-IgE antibodies B) bone marrow transplantation C) gene therapy D) highly active antiretroviral therapy (HART) E) long-term antibiotic therapy

The heart valves that prevent blood in the pulmonary artery and aorta from re-entering the ventricles are the

semilunar valves.

septum

separates the heart into a right side and a left side

systemic circuit

serves the needs of body tissues; exchanges with tissue fluid

It is estimated that a person's immune system can produce antibodies that can bind to up to two million different antigens. The immune system accomplishes this feat by _____.

shuffling and combining DNA segments to produce the genes that code for unique B cell receptors

QRS complex

signals that the ventricles are about to contract

arterioles

small arteries barely visible to the naked eye; composed mostly of smooth muscle

Where is simple columnar found?

small intestine and uterine tubes

venules

small veins that drain blood from the capillaries and then join to form a vein

Blood pressure is most commonly measured in the brachial artery of the arm using a blood pressure cuff, also called a(n) echocardiogram. sphygmomanometer. electrocardiogram. tonometer.

sphygmomanometer

chordae tendineae

strong fibrous strings which are attached to papillary muscles that project from the ventricular walls

Malaria is most common in which part of the world?

sub saharan africa

Cartilage and bones are types of

supportive connective tissue

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

surrounding and then engulfing another cell or molecule.

Blood circulating through the lower extremities is considered part of the ______ circuit. systemic pulmonary

systemic

The cardiac cycle has two phases. The working phase of the cycle, when the chambers contract, is known as-------.

systole

The part of the cardiac cycle during which the chambers of the heart contract is called diastole. systole.

systole

Select all the ways by which bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be minimized.

take antibiotics as prescribed until all medication is gone only prescribe antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections

lysozyme

tears, saliva, and perspiration contain an enzyme called ________ that helps kill or inhibit bacteria

bicuspid or mitral valve

the AV valve on the left side; has two flaps and a shape like a bishop's hat or miter

tricuspid valve

the AV valve on the right side; has three flaps or cusps

C immunity that is gained without exposure to an antigen

the best definition of passive immunity is A) innate immunity that is encoded in the genome B) immunity that occurs without a macrophage response C) immunity that is gained without exposure to an antigen D) immunity due to antibodies produced by the body

Antibiotics in the penicillin class kill bacteria by inhibiting production of _____.

the cell wall

cytokines

the chemical mediators secreted by white blood cells that serve a number of functions, including attracting white blood cells to the site of inflammation, are collectively called

constant region

the class of an antibody is determined by the structure of its

a number of blood plasma proteins

the complement system is actually composed of

the use of a vaccine to stimulate active immunity

the definition of immunization is

T wave

the electrical changes that occur as the ventricular muscle fibers recover from contraction

heart failure

the heart no longer pumps as it should

systolic pressure

the highest arterial pressure (reached during ejection of blood from the heart)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by _____.

the human immunodeficiency virus

spleen

the largest lymphatic organ is the ________

diastolic pressure

the lowest arterial pressure (occurs while the heart ventricles are relaxing)

A physician is testing a patient for infection with the Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi. If the test results show that the patient has anti-Borrelia antibodies of the class IgM, but none of any other antibody class, the best interpretation would be _____.

the patient has recently been infected with B. burgdorferi

blood pressure

the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel

diastole

the resting phase; refers to relaxation of the chambers

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

the signal for the ventricles to contract travels from the AV node through the two branches of the _______________

cytokine

the signaling molecule that regulates white blood cell formation and activation is called ________

The major factor that determines which types of cells can be infected by HIV is

the specific surface receptors present

granzymes

the storage granules of cytotoxic T cells contain enzymes that stimulate apoptosis in target cells. These enzymes are specifically called ________

between the trachea and sternum

the thymus is located

cell

the type of adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is ________ - mediated immunity

systole

the working phase; refers to contraction of the chambers

endothelium

thin layer of cells in the innermost part of the arterial wall; surrounded by a relatively thick middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

An embolus that becomes completely stationary when it lodges in a small blood vessel is called a

thromboembolism

Parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria, are transmitted _____.

through the bite of a mosquito

Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar found?

trachea

Between right atrium and ventricle

tricuspid valve

True or false: A person with acute phase (category A) HIV infection typically is asymptomatic.

true

True or false: If an HIV antibody test is negative, there is a chance the person can still transmit HIV.

true

false

true or false: innate immune defenses typically take between 7 to 10 days to fully develop

false

true or false: the lymphatic system consists of the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the lymphatic organs

Which disease was once called "consumption"?

tuberculosis

Select the diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance.

tuberculosis gonorrhea enterococci staphylococcus aureus

The nucleic acid packed inside an HIV particle consists of _____.

two molecules of single stranded RNA

gap junctions

used to aid in simultaneous contractions of the cardiac fibers

sphygmomanometer

used to measure blood pressure (usually in the brachial artery of the arm)

Select ways in which HIV can be transmitted.

vaginal intercourse injection with contaminated needle rectal intercourse ingestion of breast milk

atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

valve located between the atrium and the ventricle; supported by strong fibrous strings called chordae tendineae

Select all of the following that are components of a typical vein.

valves endothelium connective tissue

A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)

vector

In the pulmonary circuit blood flows from the ---------pulmonary into the------atrium.

vein left

hepatic vein

vein that runs between the liver and the inferior vena cava; after blood has filtered slowly through the liver, it is collected by this

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart are called-----.

veins

What are the two main cavities in the human body?

ventral and dorsal

The chambers located beneath the atria that are the stronger pumping chambers for the heart are called ventricles. cuspids. auricles. atrioventricular chambers.

ventricles

The human heart has four chambers; two atria and two-----.

ventricles

The thick-walled, lower chambers of the heart are called----.

ventricles

The blood vessels that drain capillaries are

venules

The HIV provirus is defined as _____.

viral dna inserted into the host genome

integration

viral dna inserts into host cell genome

fusion/entry

viral envelope fuses with host cell, hiv rna is released

reverse transcription

viral rna genome is converted into dna

The causative agent of influenza is a _____.

virus

Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?

virus

budding

virus exists host cell

coronary bypass operation

way to treat an artery clogged with plaque; a surgeon takes a blood vessel (usually a vein from the leg) and stitches one end to the aorta and another end to a coronary artery located past the point of obstruction

any debris or pathogens are engulfed by macrophages

what happens to lymph as it passes through a lymph node?

angina pectoris

when a coronary artery becomes partially blocked

defibrillation

when a strong electrical current is applied to the chest for a short time in an attempt to reestablish a coordinated heartbeat

lymphatic system

which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?

D) rheumatoid arthritis

which one of these is an autoimmune inflammation of the joints? A) rheumatic fever B) myasthenia gravis C) multiple sclerosis D) rheumatoid arthritis

How soon after HIV infection can an at-home test detect its presence?

within a matter of weeks