Bio Midterm Review MC- March 2022

which describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule

4 polypeptide chains called globins. There are 2 forms of globins: alpha and beta

what must happen during bone marrow therapy before being injected back into patient?

A virus carrying the normal gene is injected and then the DNA molecules carry the normal gene into the genome of stem cells

Which characteristic corresponds with stage 4 breast cancer?

Cancer has fully metastasized and spread outside the breast. Cancer is incurable.

what are not in energy drinks

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

organic molecule

Contain chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms called hydrocarbons. Anything containing carbon

in a normal cell, G1 is the checkpoint for

DNA damage

which enzyme fits DNA to synthesize daughter strand

DNA polymerase

transcription process

In nucleus, RNA polyamerse exposes the nucleotide bases of DNA, a copy of mRNA is made from the DNA strand. Uracil is used instead of thymine. mRNA is edited and leaves the nucleus.

why would a researcher use PCR

PCR makes copies of a gene of interest, it can detect mutations and identify pathogens in infections

chemical digestion

Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

attached to sugars in DNA

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

mutation in a tumor suppressor gene

allows unregulated cellular growth

DNA is made up of

alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups

cells growing towards tumor through capillaries

angiogenesis

benign tumors are not a threat because they

are not cancerous

digestive system function

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste

examples of organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Apoptosis

cell death

Interphase

cell duplicates contents of cytoplasm, and DNA replicates in the nucleus. Chromosomes are not yet visible, pair of centrioles are outside the nucleus

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes and proto oncogenes can result in cancer. If both are mutated

cells can divide rapidly leading to cancer

cancer cells

cells that grow and divide continuously at an unregulated pace

DNA is compacted into

chromosomes

Metaphase

chromosomes aligned at spindle equator midway between spindle poles

where do tumor suppressor genes look for damage

code for proteins to find damage in G1 phase

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by

decreasing the activation energy

RBC shape

donut

DNA shape

double helix

largest amount of ATP is produced in which part of cellular respiration

electron transport chain

red blood cells are responsible for

gas exchange throughout the body

which traits are considered inheritable

genes: genetic diseases, hair eye color,

cancer can be influenced by

genetic or environmental factors

correct sequence of events in cellular respiration

glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

how do energy drinks work

increase energy levels, increase mental awareness, reduce muscle fatigue

in which stage does a cell spend most time

interphase

Phases of Mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis

purpose of translation

link amino acids together to form proteins from RNA

long term energy storage

lipids

purpose of transcription

make an RNA cope of a DNA sequence

sickle cell results in

malformed hemoglobin molecules

proteins

monomer: amino acids polymer: polypeptides, proteins

fats

monomer: glycerol, fatty acids polymer: triglyceride

Carbohydrates

monomer: monosaccharide polymer: polysaccharide

nucleic acid

monomer: nucleotide polymer: DNA, RNA

glucose is a

monosaccharide

cancer begins when

mutations disrupt the normal cell cycle

Telophase and Cytokinesis

new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes. Each nucleus contains same number and kinds of chromosomes of parent cell. Division of cytoplasm begins

RBCs do not have

nucleus

in animal cells, DNA is located in the

nucleus

hemoglobin carries

oxygen to the body

tumor suppressor genes for breast cancer

p53 and BRCA1

mechanical digestion

physical breakdown of food

starch is a

polysaccharide

tumor suppressor genes

prevent unregulated cell growth, slow down cell cycle

if damage at g1 is too extensive a cell will

reach apoptosis

hemoglobin functions in

red blood cells

which cell contains millions of hemoglobin per cell

red blood cells

prophase

sister chromatids are held together at the centromere, spindle begins to assemble separating centromeres outside of the nucleus

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate, become daughter chromosomes. Spindle fibers disassemble and each pole gets set of daughter chromosomes

chemotherapy works by

targeting the cell cycle to prevent cell division in rapidly dividing cells

lipds are different because

they are hydrophobic

what is in energy drinks

vitamins, minerals, food additives, and stimulants.

translation process

within cytoplasm, mRNA moves to a ribosome, tRNA reads codons (3 nucleotides) of the mRNA. For each codon, the corresponding amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA and assembled. The polypeptide is released and the ribosome and mRNA may be used again.